הידר הסבה 2

ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืื•ืจ ื”ื’ืจืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื—ื ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื: ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช, ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืจ.ย ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืฉื•ื ื™, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื”. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ื•ืจืื” ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช, ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช, ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื—ื•ืกืŸ ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืคืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื•.ย 

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ื“"ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืจื•ืชื

ืžืจืฆื”, ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ืžืœืžื“ืช ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ื‘ืฉืคื”. ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื” ืขืกืง ื‘ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ ื ืขื™ื ืขืจื™ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ืช ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืคืจืก ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœื™. ื™ื–ืžื™ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืขื“ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื–ื™ืช, ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™.ย ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื—ื“ื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื”.ย ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื”. ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.ย ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื˜ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ (ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘, ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช).

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ื“"ืจ ืืœืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื“ืœื™ืช

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืืœืคืจื•ื‘ื™ืฅ ื“ืœื™ืชื—ื•ืงืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืชื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช. ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ื“"ืจ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœื ืžื˜ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื ืช 2006, ื•ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฉื ืช 2013, ื•ืžืœืžื“ืช ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื›ื’ื•ืŸ 'ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช' ื•'ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช,' ื•ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ 'ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืงืจื™ืืช ืกืคืจื•ืช,' 'ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,' 'ืกืคืจื•ืช ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,' ื•ืขื•ื“. ื–ื•ื›ืช ืคืจืก ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ย 

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ื“"ืจ ื‘ื“ืฉ ืžืจื‘

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืžืจื‘ ื‘ื“ืฉืžืจื‘ ื‘ื“ืฉ, ื“"ืจ, ืžืจืฆื”, ื—ื•ืงืจืช, ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื” (English as a Foreign Language), ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ืช"ื. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช , ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” , ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื— ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื•ืกืงืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (2ndย career teachers), ื ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ืœื”ื•ืจืื”.

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ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจ ื”ืœืœ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจ ื”ืœืœืฉืžื™ ื”ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจ
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื ื›ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืคืœื”.
ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืžืคืชื—ืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคืช ื•ืžื˜ืžื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช.
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื™ ืžื—ื ื›ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืงืจื ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช, ืžืชืจื’ืœืช ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™. ื•ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื•ืขื“ ืœืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.

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ื‘ืœื•ืžื ืคืœื“ ืžืขื™ืŸ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื‘ืœื•ืžื ืคืœื“ ืžืขื™ืŸื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘". ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื”ื›ืœืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™. ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ื: "ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ืœื”", "ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช", "ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช". ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื, ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื ื•ืžืงื“ืžืช ื”ื›ืœื” ื›ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื.ย 

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ื‘ืจื’ืจ ืฉืจื•ื ื”

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืฉืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื’ืจืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืช ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื ื›ืช ืจืฉื•ืชื™ืช (ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ - ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื).
ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.
ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ: ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื• (B.A)
ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (M.A).
ืขื•ืกืงืช ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ื•ืช ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืกื’ืœื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช.ย 

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ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืœืžืจืฆื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืขื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš, ื’ื™ืœืื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืขื“ 6. ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ื’ื ื ืช, ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืžืจืฆื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื ื™ ืžืืžื ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื: ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ืขืฆืžื”, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช "ืฉืคืช ืื" ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืฉืคื” ืืฆืœ ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ื“ืจื”. ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช "ืืจืฅ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื™".ย  ย 

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ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื–ืœืจ ื ื•ืขื”

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื–ืœืจ ื ื•ืขื”ื ื•ืขื” ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื–ืœืจ, ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื, ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืืช ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช - ื”ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงืœื ื“ - ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื” MOOC ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืœืœื”.
ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ - ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื” - ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช GTD - getting things done - ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

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ื’ื– ืœื™ืื•ืจื”

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื’ื– ืœื™ืื•ืจื”ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืžืจืฆื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”,
ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•-ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื‘ืคืชื— ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืžืชื›ืœืœืช ืจื›ื–ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ื‘.ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžื•ืจื” ,22 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื‘ืœื•ื’ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืœื•ื—ืฉืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื" ืขื ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื“ืขืช: ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืฉืคื”, ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื' ื› 20 ืืœืฃ ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื. ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื ื™ื•ืจื•ืคื™ื“ื‘ืง" (ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช "ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ") ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช.ย 

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ื“ืคื ื™ ืžื™ืงื”

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื“ืคื ื™ ืžื™ืงื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™, ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื—ืžืžื” ืœื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื.ย ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื ืชืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื–ืจื—ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.ย ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืกืžื ื›"ืœื™ืช ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช.ย ื™ื–ืžืชย ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืจืช ื”ื”ืื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืžื–ื” ื›ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื—ื ื›ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื ืงื• ื•ื™ื™ืก ืจืžืœื” ('ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”'). ืžื ื—ืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื.ย ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืจื•ื— ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช "ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื", ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื 'ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื' ื•'ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื' ืžืืช ื—ื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืคืจ.ย 

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ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ืจื™ืงื™

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื”ื•ืคืžืŸ ืจื™ืงื™BED - ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืจื‘ ื’ื™ืœืื™
MA - ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื, ื ื•ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื’ืžืจ: ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœ"ืœ.
ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื”:
ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™ - ืื’ื•ื“ืช ื ื™ืฆืŸ
ืžื™ื™ื ืคื•ืœื“ื ืก ื•ื—ืžืœื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช - ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื
ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืง"ืŸ- ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘
ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช - ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืงื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ
ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื - ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื•ืช
ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.

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ื“"ืจ ื”ืจืืœ ืืคืจืช

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื”ืจืืœ ืืคืจืชื“"ืจ ืืคืจืช ื”ืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืคื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื“ื•-ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช-ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื“ื•-ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืงืœื™ื ืื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื“ื•-ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ื•ืฉืื™ื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช. ืืคืจืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื˜ืคื— ืคืจื—ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื™ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืคืจืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ.

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ื•ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื’ืœ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื•ื™ื ื˜ื•ืจ ืกื™ื’ืœื ืขื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ! ืฉืžื™ ืกื™ื’ืœ ื•ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื/ื•ืช ื•ื/ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื•ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืื™ืœืš.ย  ื›ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.ย ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืืœื™ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉื•.

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ื“"ืจ ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื”

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื˜ื™ื ื” ื•ืœื“ืžืŸDr. Tina Waldman is a lecturer and researcher in the Department of English Teacher Training. She holds a Ph.D., in Applied Linguistics from the University of Haifa.ย  She teaches undergraduate courses including a seminar in teaching vocabulary, and also teaches in the professional retraining program. Her interests include applied linguistics, combining traditional approaches of language teaching with the latest developments in teaching theory, and collaborative online learning. Her current research and publicationsย  involveย  online collaborative learning as a path to teacherโ€™s resilience and compassionate developmentย 

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ื“"ืจ ื–ืœืฆืžืŸ ืงื•ืœื™ืง ืจื™ื˜ื”

ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ืœืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืขืœืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืงื“ืžื™. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืžื›ื”, ืืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืฅ. ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื›ืฉืคื” ื–ืจื” ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืœื’ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”- English Language Learning Journal ื•ื‘ืคืจืก ืคื™ื˜ืœืกื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืจื›ื– ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ืกืคืจื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื—.ย 

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ื–ืžื™ืจ ืืœื•ืŸ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื–ืžื™ืจ ืืœื•ืŸื“"ืจ ืืœื•ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื ืš, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜, ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ื“"ืจ ื–ืžื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื“"ืจ ื–ืžื™ืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: "ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช", "ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”", "ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช" ื•-"ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช". ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ื•ืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืœื™ื.
ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“"ืจ ื–ืžื™ืจ: ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™; ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช; ืฉื›ื•ืœ ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.ย ย 

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ื“"ืจ ื˜ืœ ืืžื™ืจ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื˜ืœ ืืžื™ืจื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื“"ืจ ื˜ืœ ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ืช ื•/ืื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“"ืจ ื˜ืœ ืžืงื“ื ื’ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืขื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื“"ืจ ื˜ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ ืืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืฉืคื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคืจืกื ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื. ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืืงืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื.ย ย 

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ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื™

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื™ืืฉืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช, "ื‘ืฆืœืืœ" ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ,"ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช "ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ". ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื ื—ืช ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.ย 
ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื.
ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืช"ื ื™ืคื•. .
ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื.ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.ื•ืช, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“
ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืช ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกืžื›ื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช "ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื".

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ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ืจื‘

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ืจื‘ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ (MA) ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืšย  (BED)ย  ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™.
ืืฉืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืขืœ 30 ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืžื—ื•ื–ื™ืช ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ืคืขืจื™ื.
ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืช ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจืื”. ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืกื˜ืื–' ื•ื—ื•ื ื›ืช ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ืจืฉื•ืชื™ืช.

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ืœื–ืจ ื’'ื•ื“ื™

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืœื–ืจ ื’'ื•ื“ื™ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ืชื—ื•ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื‘ืขืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช (ื”ื™ืœ"ื”). ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

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ืžืœื›ื” ืคื– ื—ืŸ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืžืœื›ื” ืคื– ื—ืŸืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื–ื” 15 ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ BED ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ MA ื‘ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”.
ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงืฉื‘ ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื.
ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช "ืžืฉื™ืงื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ืฃ ืœืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืงื“ืžื™.

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ื“"ืจ ืžืกื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื‘ืงื”

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืžืกื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื‘ืงื”

ื‘ืขืœืช Ph. D ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 2011. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœืช ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื ืช 2017. ืžืฉื ืช 2012 ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืจื›ื–ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ "ื”ืฉืœื•ื" ื‘ืžืฆืคื”-ืจืžื•ืŸ. ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื“ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื, ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช, ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื. ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื•ืžืขืจื™ื›ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืขื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื™ ืื ื“ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง Wolbachia ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืชืฉ ืจืžื•ืŸ. ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื’, ื–ื•ื›ืช ืคืจืก ืงืจืŸ ื•ื•ืœืฃ ืœื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืฉื ืช ืชืฉืก"ื“, ื–ื•ื›ืช ืชื•ืืจ "ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”" ืœืฉื ืช 2017. ืคื™ืจืกื•ื: Transcriptional Regulation of The KSHV ORF35.

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ื“"ืจ ืžืจืงื•ื‘ื™ืฅ-ืืœืคืกื™ ื“ื ื”

ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื” ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืงื”ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜, ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจืกื™ื ื•ืžืœื’ื•ืช, ื—ืงืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืคื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื›ื ื•ืข ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ืžื—ืงืจื™ื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ืขืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืœืžื“ืช ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื•ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข.

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ื“"ืจ ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื˜ ืœื™ืœืš

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื˜ ืœื™ืœืšื“ืดืจ ืœื™ืœืš ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื”. ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื•ืžืœืžื“ืช ืฉื™ืจื”, ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ (2019-2020), ืขืžื™ืชืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืค"ืช (2015-2017), ืขืžื™ืชืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ืช ื•ืื ื–ื”, ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ (2016), ื•ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก (2010).
ืกืคืจื™ื”: ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื‘ืœ ืœืก"ื˜ ืงื•ืœืจื™ื“ื’' (ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ, 2011), ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื: ืžื•ืชืจ ื•ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื” (ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืดืช, 2016), ืžื™ ืžืคื—ื“ ืžืงืจื™ืกื˜ื‘ืœ? ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื” (ื’ืžื ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2017), ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื’ืžื ื˜ (ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, , 2019), ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื (ืขืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื ื˜ืข ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ-ืคื–, 2022).
ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช: ืฉื™ืจื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช,ย  ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”, ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ืฉื•ืื”, ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื, ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื.

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ืกื“ืŸ ื’ื“ื™ืชย 

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื’ื“ื™ืช ืกื“ืŸื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืขื ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื”ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจืœ ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื•ื”ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”. ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื–ื” ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืกืง ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื‘ ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื”. ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื”, ืžืจื›ื–ืช ื•ืžืœืžื“ืช ืืช ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ืื™ ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืชืขื•ื“ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื” ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื”.ืจื›ื–ืช ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืžื’ื™ืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ ื™"ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš 12 ืฉื ื”.

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ื“"ืจ ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ื›ืจืžื™ืช

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืกืœื•ื ื™ื ื›ืจืžื™ืชื”ืฉื ื” ืžื•ื ืชื™ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ: ืจืืฉ ืชื—ื•ื ื’ื™ืœ ืจืš - ืœื™ื“ื” ืขื“ 3 ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืกื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืื ื™ ืžืคืชื—ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืคื•ืขืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื’ื™ืœืื™ ืœื™ื“ื” ืขื“ 3, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงืฆืข, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืจืกื™ื: ืกื“ื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื’ืžืจ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ (ืขื ืงื•ืœื’ื”). ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช (ืžื”ืื•ื ื™.ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช) ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (ืžืื•ื ื™. ืช"ื). ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™ ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื•ืฉื“ื” (RPP).

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ื“"ืจ ืกืคื™ืจ ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืœื™ื”

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ื˜ืœื™ื” ืกืคื™ืจ ืœื•ื˜ืŸื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ื•ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ืจื‘ ื’ื™ืœืื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (6-21) ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”. ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืจื™ื›ื–ืชื™ ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ื™ ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืกื‘ื” ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืกืžื›ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ ืžื‘ื•ื ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืจืกื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช.ย 

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ืคืœื•ื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื˜ืœ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืคืœื•ื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื˜ืœืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช\ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช .ย 
ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื.
ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคืจ 'ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื”'- ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื” ืœื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ,
ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ, ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.ย 

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ืคืกืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืคืกืงืœ ืžื™ื˜ืœืžืจืฆื” ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืžืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื›ื™ื•ื, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘. ืขืžื™ืชืช ืขื–ืจื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜. ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืžื—ืงืจ: ืื•ื˜ื™ื–ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.ย  ย 

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ื“"ืจ ืคืจื™ ืžื•ืจืŸ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืคืจื™ ืžื•ืจืŸื“"ืจ ืžื•ืจืŸ ืคืจื™, ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืกื’ืœ ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘"ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื", ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื‘"ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื", ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช "ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจ".ย ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื "ืื™ื›ื™ืœื•ื‘" ื•ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื“"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžืœืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืœืจืคื•ืื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืจืื™ื•ืช.ย ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื”: "ืžืจื•ื— ืœืจื•ื•ื— ื‘ืคืจืฉืช ื”ืืœืžื ื” ืžื“ื™ืžื•ื ื”"; ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื›ืชื” (ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื“"ืจ ื ื ื” ืืจื™ืืœ): "ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจ: ื”ืจืคืชืงืช ื“ืคื•ืก"; ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’: "ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ื ื“ื™", (ืคืจื•ืค' ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ืกืคื™ ื•ื“"ืจ ืžื•ืจืŸ ืคืจื™ - ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช), ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืขื–ื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื•ื–ื›ื• ืœืชืžื™ื›ืช ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืก ื•ื”ืงืจืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœืžื“ืข.ย ย 

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ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืขืœ

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืืœื•ืฃ ื™ืขืœืืฉืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“..
ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืช ืืงื“ืžืื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื.

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ืงื•ืกืžืŸ ืœื•ื‘ื”

ย ื‘ืขืœืช ืชื•ืืจ MA ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ื“ืจื›ื”, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืชืœืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื™ืฆืขืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš-ื ื™ื”ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™, ืฉืžืฉืชื™ ืกื’ื ื™ืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ืขื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™. ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™- ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช, ื—ืงืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ื“ืกื”, ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช.

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ื“"ืจ ืฉื‘ืช ื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืก

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืฉื‘ืช ื ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืกืจืืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช
ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ: ืคื•ืกื˜ ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื–ื, ืคื•ืกื˜ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ืคื•ืกื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžื’ื“ืจ, ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื ื“ืœ (2023 - 2024)
ืขืžื™ืชืช ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื•ืŸ (2022 - )
ื”ืงื™ืžื” ื•ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ (2017 - 2022)
ืกืคืจื™ ืดืชื™ืง ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืก: ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ืœืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคื’ื™ืก ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•ืด ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2022.ย 

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ื“"ืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ ื“ื ื”

ื”ื›ืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช - ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื™ ื“ื ื”ื‘ืขืœืช ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ื•ืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ืคื•ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
ืขื•ืกืงืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš. ืžืคืชื—ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”" ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืื” ืขืœ ื•ืจื‘ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช.ย 

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