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ื“"ืจ ืขื™ื ืช ืฉื•ืคืจ ืื ื’ืœื”ืจื“
ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“
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ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื” (ื‘ื ืคืฉ) ื•ื‘ืกื•ืžื” (ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ). ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืืฆื™ืข ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื” ืœืกื•ืžื” ืžืชืขืจืขืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืชืงืคื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช (person) ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื•" (ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜,1945, ืขืž' 45). ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื™ืชื•ืืจื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืชื. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืชื•ืฆื’ ืกื“ื ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืกื“ื ื” ืืชื—ืงื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื.

ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื” (ื‘ื ืคืฉ) ื•ื‘ืกื•ืžื” (ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ). ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื›ืชืงื•ืคืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื™-ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช (1969Winnicott, ) ื•ืื™-ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช (Arnett, 2000), ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื”* ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™ - "ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ". ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืช (1968, Erikson) ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช (Bloss, 1967). ืืช ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืœืฆืœื•ื— ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื” ืœืกื•ืžื” ืžืชืขืจืขืจื™ื. ืืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื™ื—ึธื•ื•ื” ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื• ื›ื—ืœืง ื–ืจ ืœืื ื™. ื”ื ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืชื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื•ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื

* ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงื‘ื”/ื–ื›ืจ ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืกืจื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืœื ืขืจื•ืช/ื ืขืจื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขืจื™ื ื•ืœื ืขืจื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“.

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ.

ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”. ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื•ื•ืกืช, ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
ื”ืงื•ืœ). ืืœื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ, ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ื˜ื™ื‘ื ืื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื. ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื—ืจ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข.

ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืขืฉื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 1936). ื‘ืฆื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ื“ ืœื”ื“ื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืชืขืฆืžื™ื, ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ืœื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื—ืง ืืœ ื”ื ื’ืœื” (ื”ื•ืค, 1996). ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืืœ ื’ื•ืคื•ย  ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืขื•ื ื’, ื”ื ืื”, ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ืคื—ื“, ื‘ื”ืœื”, ืืฉืžื” ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื”.

ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืชืงื™ื ื”.ย ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื• (ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 1945) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืœืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช. ืื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืคืจืข, ืชื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืคืชื— ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืืš ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช (ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜,1949).

ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืขืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ. ืงืจื™, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืฉืคืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื•ืชืื ื“ื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืžื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื;ย ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ึผืชย - ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ,ย ืฉื›ืœืชื ื•ืชย - ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืชย ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ-ื ืคืฉย - ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”.

ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ึผืชย - ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ. ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื™. ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืงื•ืคืฆื ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฆื ืช. ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›"ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ื™" (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฆืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื“ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืœื‘ื™ืฉืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”, ืฉืื™ื ื "ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื" ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื). ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืœื™ ื•ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืฉื›ืœืชื ื•ืช -
ย ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื ืžื ืข ืžืกื™ืคื•ืง ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื-ื“ื—ืคื™ื. ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื›ื•ื ืกืช ืคื ื™ืžื”, ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื. ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื—ืจื“ื”. ื”ืœื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืคื ื™ ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช. ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ืกื’ืคื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (1936), "ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืื•ืžืจ "ืจื•ืฆื” ืื ื™" ื”ืื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื‘"ืœืื•"... ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื”ื ืื” ืžืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.

ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื’ื•ืฃ-ื ืคืฉย - ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื›ื—ืœืง ื–ืจ ืœืื ื™. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืžืคืฆืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”: "ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจืช"). ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืชืคืก ื›ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ืงืœื”. ืžื ื’ื“, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”. ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื—ืœืงืŸ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงืŸ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืจืขืจื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืžื”.ย ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ-ื ืคืฉ.

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื
ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช (Block, 2001). ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืืคื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื•ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืงืจืงืข ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช (Emunah, 1990).ย ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืขึธื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ืœื•ื* ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืง.

* ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ "ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข, ื•ืžืฉืžืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื", ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื•ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืขืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืื• ืœืฆืžื•ื— ืื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ย  (ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, 2011/2003, ืขืž' 219).

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”* ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืขืก, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ) ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ืืจ ืœืขื™ืœ, ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื‘ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื”ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ("ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”"). ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืงืœื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื.ย ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืืœื™, ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช (being) ื•ืœื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” (doing).

ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉื•ื”ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘, ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืœืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื“, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ืžื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช. ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื ืžืฆื ืขื ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™, ืœืœื ื‘ื”ืœื” ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื•ืœืื™ืชื•ืชื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœื‘ื“.

ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืงืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื* ื‘ืžืœืœ ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” (ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจืื•, 2009 McGarry & Russo,). ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื•, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืกื•ืžื”, ื—ื“ ื”ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ; ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื•ืฉ "ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ". ืงืจื™, ื”ืคื ืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœ ื•ืžืื™ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื. ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื

* ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืชย  ืื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช.
** ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”ย  ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช: "ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”... ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื... (ื›ื“ื™ ืฉ) ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื•, ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉื™" (ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2003/1971, ืขืž' 133).

ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ืช, ืžืžืฉื—ืง ืื• ืžื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ (Johnson & Eicher, 1990). ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื•ืžื“ ื›ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืื•ืชื. ืœื ื•ืข ืžืฉืžืข ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืชืฉื•ืงืชื™". ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื ืื” ืžื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื•ืจ ืชื•ื—ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืง. ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืืคืฉืจ, ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืฃ-ื ืคืฉ ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™.

ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ - ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช. ืื ื–ื™ื™ื” (ืื ื–ื™ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืฉื‘ืจ, 2000, ืขืž' 58) ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืคืฉ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื›ืื•ื‘ื• ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ืžื ื’ื“, ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื—ื•ืฉ, ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื-ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ" (2011/2001, ืขืž' 192) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืžื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช-ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฉืขื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช-ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื ื—ืœืžื• ืขื“ ื›ื”.ย 

ืืฆื™ื’ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ื‘ืกื“ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœืงื•ืจื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช-ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืกื“ื ื”. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื ื•ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื (ืœืงืฆื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื) ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืจืงื“ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืจืงื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžืฉื™, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื). ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.ย 

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืกื“ื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช:
"...ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื”. ื›ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืชื•, ืขืœื• ื‘ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืžื—ื ืง ื•ื’ื•ืขืœ. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฆืขื•ืง ื‘ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ื•ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ. ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื™. ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืื™ืคื” ืœืคืจื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืจื• ื‘ื™. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“. ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืขื•ื’ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื™ ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ืฉืœื™. ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™, ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืื–...".

ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ืžืชืืจืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžื—ื ืง ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ. ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœื ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืคืจื˜ ืœืชื ื•ืขื”, ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืจื’ืฉ.

"...ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื ืขืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ืคืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื ืขื” ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ืื™ืš ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ื™. ืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื. ืื ื™ ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ืจืื•. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ืฆืคืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ืคืœื’ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ืขื–. ื”ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืžืขืฆืžื™ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืœื”ืฆื™ื’. ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืฉืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“. ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ...".

ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื—ื“ ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื’ื•ืฃ-ื ืคืฉ ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช.

"...ื›ื ืขืจื”, ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘, ืขืฆื‘, ืคื—ื“ ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื ืขื™ืžื”, ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืขื˜ื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™, ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื™ ืœืฉื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืจื›ืš ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ื”. ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™, ืœื—ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื” ืžืฆืื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื ืชื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืื– ืœืขื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช... ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื ื•ืข ืืช ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื“ืชื™ ืžืžื ื•, ืœื ื•ืข ืืช ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืชื™ื™ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืœื ื•ืข ืืช ืžื” ืฉืฉืคื˜ืชื™ ื›"ืœื ืจืื•ื™". ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืฆื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™-ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ืื•. ื“ืจืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื ื—ื•ื• ื›ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจืชื™ ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ื—ืžืœื” ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื—ืžืœื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื...".

ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื ื–ื›ืจืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื“ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ืื• ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.

"...ื›ืฉื ืขืชื™ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ื›ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช, ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจ. ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื•ืจืงืŸ. ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืื ื™ 'ืžื•ืฆื™ืื”' ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื™ ืื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืœื™. ื’ื•ืคื™ ืืžื ื ืฉื™ื“ืจ ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจืชื™ ืžื”ืจ, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™. ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื•ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื”, ืœืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื ืืคืฉืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืื™ืฉื”...".

ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ืžืชืืจืช ื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื ืกื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข, ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ย  ื•ืžื•ืชืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”.

"...ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืคื•ืจืง ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื. ืœืื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงืจืงืข. ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื“ื” ื—ืงืจื ื™ืช ื•ืกืงืจื ื™ืช, ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœืช ืฉื‘ื•ืœืขืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœื ืขืจื” ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžื”ืงืจืงืข, ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”, ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืจืืฉ. ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื”ืจืืฉ ืžื›ื•ืคืฃ. ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืžื‘ื˜. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกืงืชื™ ืœืจืงื•ื“, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขื ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ื. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช. ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื”ืจืžืชื™ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืงืข. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืขื•ืคืคืช, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื–ื•ื–. ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœ... ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืื‘ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื—ื“ ืžืคืœื— ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™. ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื–ื•ื– ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืš ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืงืคื•ืื”. ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื•ืคื™. ื ืืœืžืชื™ ื“ื•ื, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืžื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืกื•ืขืจืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื.
ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื™ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืœื™ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื™. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื›ืช ื•ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื“ืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื–ืง. ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช. ื‘ืœื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืŸ ืจื’ืข ื—ืœืง ืžื“ืจืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื—ืฉื” ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ื‘ืฆื“ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขืœื...".

ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ืžืชืืจืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืชืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืงืจืงืข. ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืœืงื— ืžืžื ื” ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืจืฉื•ืชื”. ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืžืืžืจ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืขืžื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ืžื”. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืข ื•ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœื”ืฉืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืขืจ ื›ื™ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: 1. ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœื- ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. 2. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•. 3. ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ืžืœื” ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™. 4. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื ืจืื•ึผืช ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืื—ืจ.

ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืขืจื•ืฅ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืžืื™ื™ื ื•ื–ืจ. ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืชย  ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ืช, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื, ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื ืชื™ืžืฆื ืจืฉื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืขืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืืœื•, ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื.
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, ืช' ื”' (2001). ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืข' ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ืฉ' ื•ื™ื’ื•ื“ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ย ย ย  ืœื—ืœื•ื (ืขืž' 195-184). ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2011.
ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, ืช' ื”' (2004). ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืข' ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ืฉ' ื•ื™ื’ื•ื“ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืชย ย ย  ย ย ย  ย ืœื—ืœื•ื )ืขืž' 234-216). ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2011.
ื”ื•ืค. ื“' (1996). "ื•ืชืคืงื—ื ื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ื". ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ื™"ื (1), 70-63.
ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื' (1936). ื—ืจื“ืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื”ืื ื™ ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”. ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘:ย ย ย  ย ย ย  ย ื“ื‘ื™ืจ. 112-101, 1977.
ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“"ื• (1945). ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช. ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื•ื–ื‘. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2009.
ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“"ื• (1949). ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืคืกื™ื›ื”-ืกื•ืžื”. ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื•ื–ื‘. ืชืœ- ย ย ย  ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“, 2009.
ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“"ื•, (2003/1971). ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืจืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ืžืฉื—ืง ย ย ย  ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช (ืขืž' 134-128). ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.
ืฉื‘ืจ, ืง' (2000). ื“ื™ื“ื™ื™ื” ืื ื–ื™ื™ื”. ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.


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