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ื“"ืจ ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืฉย - ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”
shemeshi@bezeqint.net

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ

ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื (ืกืื•ืจื‘ืจื’ืจ, 1993), ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื ื• (1974-1889). ืžื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื (ืืจืฆื™, 1991; ืงืœืจืžืŸ, 1992). ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื ื ืžืฆืื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฉืจ. ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื ื‘ื“ืงื• ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื (ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฉืจ).

ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“-ืขืœ-ืื—ื“ (ื“ื ืงืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, 1988). ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื ืœืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ื›ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืจืื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ื›ืžืจืื”ืœื ื›ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœื”. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื ืžืฆืื” ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื: ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช, ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื.

ืจืงืข ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™

1. ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฉืจ (Usher's Syndrome)

ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืงื•ืช ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืžื•ืœื“, ืงืœ ืื• ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืžื—ืœื” ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื˜ื™ืก ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ืกื” (RP) (ืกืื•ืจื‘ืจื’ืจ, 1993). ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ.

ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื, ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉื•ืช; ื‘ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ; ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืž-RP. ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื—ืœืงื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจืื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจืช (ืงื™ืžื‘ืจืœื™ื ื’, 2002).

ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื˜ื™ืก ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ืกื” (RP)

ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื˜ื™ืก ืคื™ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ืกื” (RP) ืžืชืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื ื” ื•ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื”. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื™ืจื” ืื• ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช (ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื‘ืœ, 2001). ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ RP ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”; ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ืงืคื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื“ื” ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉืืจืช ืจืง ืจืื™ื™ืช ืฉืคื•ืคืจืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืงืฉื™ืช (ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื‘ืœ, 2001; ืžื™ื™ื ืจ, 1996); ื•ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืงื, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช RP ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื™ื ื ืื—ื™ื“ื™ื. ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืื˜ื™; ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ, ืขื ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” (ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื‘ืœ, 2001)

ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”

ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืœืงื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืฆื‘ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™-ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืงืœื” ื•ืขื“ ืขืžื•ืงื”. ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืขื”: ืœืงื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช-ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช. ื”ืœืงื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื ืจื›ืฉื•ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืื• ืื—ืจื™ ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื”ืฉืคื”. ืœืœืงื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืคืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช (ืกืžื™ืช, 2001).

ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช

ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™-ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืžื™ื“ืขื™. ืื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“-ืขืœ-ืื—ื“ (ื“ืื ืงืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, 1988), ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ, ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื™ื“ื• ืื• ื™ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืื• ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืžืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ.

ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืŸ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ืœืื“ื"

(ืกืื•ืจื‘ืจื’ืจ, 1993, ืข' vii), ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฃ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช. ืžื—ื“, ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช (ื“ื ืงืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, 1988; ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื‘ืœ, 2001); ืžืื™ื“ืš, ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืจืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ โ€“ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื”, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืื‘ืœื•ืช (ื“ื ืงืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, 1988).

ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืงืฉื” (ื“ื ืงืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, 1988) ืœื—ื•ืœื” ื•ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื ื—ืจื“ื”, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ื“ืื’ื”, ืืฉืžื”, ืคื—ื“, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื (ืžื™ื™ื ืจ, 1996). ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื”ื ืคื’ืข ืขืฆืžื•, ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช: ื”ืœื, ื–ืขื–ื•ืข, ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ (ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื‘ืœ, 2001), ืงื ืื” ื‘ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช (ืื—ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื), ื“ืื’ื”, ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“, ืืฉืžื”, ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื›ืขืก, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืฆืขืจ ืขืžื•ืง, ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื“ื™ืื’ื ื•ื–ื” ื–ื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช (ืžื™ื™ื ืจ, 1996; ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื‘ืœ, 2001).

ย 

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื”, ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืคื•ื—ืชื•ืช (ื“ื ืงืŸ, 1988). ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”, ื•ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•, ืขื•ืœืžื ื ืขืฉื” ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ (ืžื™ื™ื ืจ, 1996), ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช (ืกืื•ืจื‘ืจื’ืจ, 1993).

ย 

ืžืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื•ืื™ืœืš, ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื (ืžื™ื ื ืจ 1996). ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืื‘ ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช, ื”ื”ืชืื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื” ื ื’ืžืจืช, ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช. ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื– ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ื—ืžืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช (ืžื™ื™ื ืจ, 1996).

2. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื ื• (1889-1974). ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ (ื”ื•ืœืžืก, 1991), ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช (ืงืœืจืžืŸ, 1992), ื•ื›ืŸ ืงืชืจื–ื™ืก, ืžืชืŸ ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช (ื ื”ืจื™ืŸ, 1999).

ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”" ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืจื‘-ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” (ืงืœืจืžืŸ, 1992). ื”ืžืœื” drama ื”ื™ื ืชืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช drama, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1985). ื”ืžืœื” psyche ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื ืคืฉ. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื "ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ืœื ืคืฉ ื•ืขื ื”ื ืคืฉ; ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”" (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1985, ืข' 12).

ืžื•ืจื ื• (1985) ืชื™ืืจ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”: ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”, ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข (auxiliary ego) ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ.

ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”

ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืœื” "ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช" ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืช sponte sua, ืฉืคื™ืจื•ืฉื "ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™" (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1985). ืžื•ืจื ื•ย  ื’ื ืชื™ืืจ ืืช "ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™" ื›ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช "ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช".

ืœ"ืคืขื•ืœื”" ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” (ืืจืฆื™, 1991). ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžืืฉืจืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืœืื•ืช. ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืžื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” "ืืžืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ" (ื‘ืœื˜ื ืจ, 1997). ืžื•ืจื ื• ื›ื™ื ื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื–ื• "ืจืขื‘ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”" (act hunger), ื•ืฆื™ื™ืŸ (1985) ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื "ืขืฉื” ืืช ื•ืืœ ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ" (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1975; ืืจืฆื™, 1991).

ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืื™ืœื• (as if). ื”ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, "ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช", ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืจื ื•. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงืจื” ืื• ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1975), ืื• ืืฃ ืœื ื™ืงืจื” ืœืขื•ืœื (ื‘ืœื˜ื ืจ, 1997). ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” (ื”ื•ืœืžืก, 1991).

ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžื•ืจื ื• (1985), ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืžืขื• ื‘ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื (ืืจืฆื™, 1991), ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืžื— ืžื”ื (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1985). ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช; ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข. ืœื›ืœ ืื“ื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ืืœื” ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืฉื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื. ืกืš ื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืคื™ื”ื ื”ื ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื• (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1985), ื•ื”ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื›ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœื• (ืืจืฆื™, 1991)

ืฉื™ื˜ื”

ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช.

ืงื•ืจืคื•ืก ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื: ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื; ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืžืง ืฉื ืขืจืš ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื; ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืœืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช.

ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ:

1.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ (thematic analysis) ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ืฉืงื“ื™ (2003).

2.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืง ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื ื•ืชื—ื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ืŸ (ืฉืจื™ื’, 1996).

3.ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉืืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ื™ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ื ืขืจื›ื” ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื.

ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืœืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื— "ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื”", ืฉื ื‘ืขื” ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžื—ืงื™ืจืชื (ืฉืงื“ื™, 2003).

ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ

ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœื• ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช

ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ (ื™ืคื”, 1994) ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืชืกื›ืœืช (ืจื•ื”ืจื™ื’, 1983). ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื: ืจื’ืฉื™, ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™.

ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื•"ืžืชืงื ืช", ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื. ื”ื ื—ืฉื• ื›ืžื• "ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื 'ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื'". ื”ื ืจืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื "ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืคื•ืจืฆืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช". ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืžืืœื™ื”. ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ืงืœื” ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉ"ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ื’ื ืœื™" โ€“ ืืฉืจ ื™ืืœื•ืŸ (1985) ืžื›ื ื” "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช". ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ โ€“ ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื (ื™ืืœื•ืŸ, 1985) โ€“ ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื. "ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื ื™ ืขืฆื•ื‘, ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืœื ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ืคื” ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื". (ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.)

ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ, ื›ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื ืขื–ืจื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืžืš. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืชืจื ื•ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ

ืžืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœื” ื›ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืืžื ื ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ (ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžื•ืจื ื• [1985]). ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื”ื• ื’ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ (ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™) ื•ื’ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ (ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื), ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืžื•ืจื ื• (1985). ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืกืงื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืชืขืžืช ืขื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขื–ืจื” ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ (ืกื˜ืื•ืคืจืก, 1997).

ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืขื ืขืฆืžื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• "ืื–", ืขืœืชื” ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ื ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจื•, ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืคืจื•ืง ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืกื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ืืจ ื–ืืช ื”ื•ืœืžืก (1993) ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืช. ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”. ื ื™ื›ืจื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ื‘ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ) ื•ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื”. ืžืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืขืœื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ืขื’ื•ืข, ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ืขืฆื‘, ื›ืขืก, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืงื ืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืื– ื•ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืืžืช. ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืจื—ืžื™ื ("ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ืš") ื•ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืขืœื• ื’ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ืขื™ื“ื•ื“, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ("ืžื–ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉื™ื-ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื").

ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•

ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืœืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื; ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืกืžื›ื•ืช (ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช).

ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื. ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช; ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงื ืื” ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช (ื ืžืฆื ื’ื ืฉืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ); ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืขื–ืจื”; ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”; ื•ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืชืขืžืชื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ ืฉื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืจืžืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื•ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช (ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืงืจ, 1985). ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืืœื• ืื™ืคืฉืจื• ื’ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” (ื™ืืœื•ื, 1985).

ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืกืžื›ื•ืช. ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื”ืœืŸ: ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ื–ืงืงื•ืช, ื›ืขืก ื•ืชืกื›ื•ืœ; ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื™ื—ืก ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœ"ื”ืฆืœื”", ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืขื–ืจื”, ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืคื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื (ื‘ื™ืจืŸ, 1997). ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœื” ืฉื’ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ (ื‘ื™ืจืŸ, 1997), ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืœื™ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื (ืงื•ืœืžืŸ, 2001).

ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื โ€“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื•ืขื ื”ืžื ื—ื” โ€“ ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ (ืจื‘-ืฉื™ื—), ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜. ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื— ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืคืชื•ื—, ื–ื™ืžืŸ ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” (ื‘ื™ืจืŸ, 1997), ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” (ื–ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘, 2001). ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื’ื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1975). ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื˜ึถืœึถื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื (ืœื•ืฅ, 1971); ืงืœืจืžืŸ, 1992). ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžืœื โ€“ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื ื—ื” (ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืขื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช) ื‘ื•ืฆืขื•, ื›ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืœื-ืžืœื ืžื•ืœ ื›ืกื ืจื™ืง: ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช (ื‘ืœื˜ื ืจ, ืžื•ื ื•ื“ืจืžื” 1997) โ€“ย  ืื™ืคืฉืจ ื”ื—ืฆื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ย  ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ (ืงืœืจืžืŸ 1994), ื•ื›ืš ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช (ื™ืืœื•ื, 1985), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ื—ืงื™ืจืชื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื. ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœื›ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง (ื”ื™ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”) ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ (ืงืœืจืžืŸ, 1992), ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช (ื™ืืœื•ื, 1985), ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื—ืงื™ืจืชื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื (ืœื•ืฅ, 1971).

ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช

ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืžืฆื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ-ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื ื—ื” (ื–ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘, 2001).ย ย ย  ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ-ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”.

ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ืžืกืจ: ื’ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืชืคืฉื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื•ื›ืžืจืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืช. ื›ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื•ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช. ื›ืžืจืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1985) ืœื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืœืขื–ืจื”, ื•ืœื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ืงืฉืจ. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืืกื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื–ืจื”, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ื›ืขืก ื•ืขืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืชืœื•ืชื ื‘ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช, ื•ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื”, ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”. ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ืงื ืืชื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉื•ืžืขืช ื•ืจื•ืื”; ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”; ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ืชื’ื™ื‘, ืชืจื’ื™ืข, ืชืชืžื•ืš, ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ("ืืช ืจื•ืื”. ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืช") ื•ืชืงืฉื™ื‘. ืœืขืชื™ื, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื“ืจืฉ ืžื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ืœืชืจื’ื ืœื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืืœื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ืช ื ืขื“ืจื”, ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืขืก, ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœืชื” ื’ื ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื ืื” ื•ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™

ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื (ืฉืงื“ื™, 2003) ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ โ€“ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ, ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœืืœื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื”ื ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืžืš. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช, (ืงื•ืจืฅ, 1998), ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืžืžืฆื ืฉื ืชืžืš ื’ื ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืกื•ื›ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ื›ืžืจืื” ืœื ื›ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืื™ืคืฉืจื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืชืจืžื” ืœื”ืขืฆืžืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช, ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“, ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื. ืืœื” ื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืžื•ืœืื• ืจืง ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื ื“ื˜ืจื• ื•ื‘ืจื ื“ื˜ืจื• (1990) ื›ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื”. ืืœื” ื”ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” (ื’ื ืื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื) ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืช.

ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” โ€“ ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฉืจืช ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ (ื’ืจื ื•ืช, 1985) โ€“ ืชืจื ืœื”ืขืœืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื. ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืจืฉ-ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืคืช(surplus reality) (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1965) ืชืจืžื• ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื: ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื”; ื”ืขืฉืจืช ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื; ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ (ืงืžื™ื ืกืงื™, 1981) ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื (ืื•ืฉืจืกื•ืŸ, 1986); ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™; ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœื• ืืฃ ื”ื ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช.

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