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ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”ย - ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™: ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช

ื“ืคื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื™ื” - ื”ื ืื•ืจย - ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื™ืช
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ืชืงืฆื™ืจ

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”ย  ืžืชืืจย  ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจืขื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื›ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ,ย  ื“ืจืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืชย  ื•ื”ืชืคืจืกืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™- ืขืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ย  ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืชืคื™ืกืชย  ื”ื’'ื ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ ืขืœย  ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฉืคืขย  ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื›ืœื™ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”. ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืชย  ืœื”ืฆื™ืขย  ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืจืขื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.

ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืชย  ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืชย  ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸย  ืืช ืžืฆื‘ย  ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™- ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ .

ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” - ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืจืคื•ืื™

ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”ย  ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืชย  ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ืช (ื’ืจื ืจ ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ืงืœ, 1994). ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ืžืชื•ืืจื™ืย  ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืชย  ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ , ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืฃ ืœืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ื›ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืฉืคื–ื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ.ย  ( ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’, 1988).ย ย  ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจย  ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืงืฉืจย  ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื”ืคืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื”, ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ื ื™ืžืคื•ืžื ื™ื” ืื• ื”ืคืจืขืช ื” 'ืจื—ื ื”ื ื•ื“ื“' (ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืจ ื•ืฆ'ืื•, 1994). ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ื”ืคืจืขื” ื ืคืจื“ืช ื ื—ืงืจย  ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืข"ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื’ืœ, ืจื•ืคื ืื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ . ื‘- 1868 ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ืœ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืืคืคืกื™ื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืย  ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ,ย  ื’ื ื”ืจื•ืคื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœืื’'ื” ืคื™ืจืกืย  ื‘- 1873 ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื 'ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืง' ื•ืžืฆื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช.ย  ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™, ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืชย  (ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’ ,1988).ย  ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”ย ย  ื˜ื‘ืข ื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”.ย  ื’ืœ, ืœืื•ืจ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชย  ืฉืืกืฃ ืžื”ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืœื 'ืกื˜ื™ื” ืžื ื˜ืืœื™ืช'.

ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื, ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ืœื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” , ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” (ืžืœืกื•ืŸ,ย  1998 ; ืฉื•ื•ืืœื˜ืจ, 1987) ื•ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืงืฉืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช.

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื”ย  ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื›ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื .ย  ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” ืจื•ื•ื— ื’ืย  ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืš ืœืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ย  ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื›ืžื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” , ื”ืคื›ื” ื’ื ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ,ืฉื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื•ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ืืฆืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืจืคื•ืื” .

ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ย  ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื” ื•ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.ย  ืฉื™ื— ื–ื”ย  ืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ื•ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืฆืจ ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 'ืื™ืฉื”'ย  ืื™ื ื ื”ย  ืจืง ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื ื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” (ืžืœืกื•ืŸ, 1998 ; ื‘ื•ืจื“ื•, 1993).

ื”ืฉื™ื—ย  ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ย  ืœืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”

ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ืย  ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืœืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื•ืžืœืงื•ืช (ื‘ื›ืจ, 2001; ื‘ืจื•ืฉ, 1973 ), ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸย  (ื‘ื•ืจื“ื•, 1993 ; ืžืœืกื•ืŸ,ย  1998; ืจืกืงืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, 1994). ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ื”ืื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ื”ื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื ืœืงื•ื™ื”, ื—ืกืจื” ื•ืคื’ื•ืžื” ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื—ืกืš ื•ืžืื’ื• ื—ืœืฉ .

ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืงื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื•ย  (ืžืœืกื•ืŸ, 1998). ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืืœื™, ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืื“ื™ืคื•ืก ,ืžืฉืœื™ื ืขื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ื•ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืื™ืชื•.ย  ื”ื‘ืช ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืŸย  ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื—ืกืจื”, ืคื’ื•ืžื” ืื• ื ื—ื•ืชื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ืช , ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ย  (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 1931).

ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ. ืชืกื‘ื™ืš ืื“ื™ืคื•ืกย  ืกื•ืžืŸ ื›ืžืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ (ืฆ'ื•ื“ืจื•ื‘, 1989 ; ืงื”ืŸ, 1982).ย  ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืชย  ื”ืคืืœื•ืก ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืžืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืžืขืžื“ื™, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™, ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืฉืœย  ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ย  ื’ื•ืจืย  ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื™ื•ื’ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื.

ื‘ืจื•ืฉ ( 1973) ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืœืงื•ืช ื”ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ย  ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืœืงื•ืชย  ื‘ืขืฆืžื™, ืื• ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืฉืจื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ( ื‘ื›ืจ,2001 ; ื’ื•ื“ืกื™ื˜, 1985) ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ืช, (deficit of the self),ย  ื›ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸย  ืงืฉืจื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื–ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืชย  ื™ื—ืกื™-ย  ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ื”ืื™ืฉื” , ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ื”"ืื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”" ืื• "ื”ืื ื”ืจืขื”" ื”ื•ืขืžื“ื” ืขืชื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœืื™ืฉื”, ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืื™ ืชืงื™ื ื•ืชย  ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืื›ืœื”,ย  ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”ย  ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจย  ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื•ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื”; ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืš, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืกื›ื•ืœย  ื•ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืžืื’ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”- ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”ย  ื•ืœืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ (ื‘ืจื•ืฉ, 1973; ืจืกืงืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, 1994) ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื”ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช (ืจืกืงืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ , 1994).

ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ย  ( ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืจื•ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืจ , 1978) ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืืฉืžื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸย  ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื•ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืขืงื‘ ืœืงื•ื™ื™ืย  ื‘ืชืคืงื•ื“ื” , ื”ืขื“ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชย ย  ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” . ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช.

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ย  ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื”ย  ื”- 19ย  ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืœืจืคื•ืื” ( ืืฉืจ, 1992; ืฉื•ื•ืืœื˜ืจ 1987;ย  ื‘ืจื˜, 1997; ื’'ื•ื™ืก, 1997).ย  ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืชืขืœืžืชย  ืžื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื•ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจย  ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”.ย  ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืชย  ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชย  ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœย  ื”ื’ื‘ืจย  ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ,ื•ืœื ืžื•ื–ื›ืจืชย  ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ ื›ื•ื— ืžืกื™ื™ืขย  ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืฉืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืชื• ( ืจืกืงืื™- ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, 1994).ย  ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืย  ืฉื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืืฉืžื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ื‘ืช ืขืงื‘ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™ ื”ืœืงื•ื™ .

ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”ย  ืœืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœย  ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช (ืจืกืงืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, 1994). ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื’ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”- ืื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืจืฉืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื”ย  ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื- ืชื™ื ื•ืง (ืžืื”ืœืจ, ืคื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ, 1975). ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื” - ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”'ืขืฆืžื™' . ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”ย  ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืคื™ื”ย  ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื”ย  ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชย  ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืจื—ืง ืžื”ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืชย  ื”'ืขืฆืžื™'ย  ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ.

ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื— ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ื”ืขืฆืžืื™, ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™,ย  ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™. (ื‘ื•ืจืง, 1992), ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืชืœื• ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”- ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™ ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืืฉืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื— ื‘ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช "ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช" ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื”ืื™ืฉื”, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื” ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืชื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื–ื”ื•ืชื”, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืคื”, ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช (ื”ื˜ืฉื™ื ืกื•ืŸ, 1994).

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื”ืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ย  ื›ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื ื—ืงืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื ืคืฉื”, ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” (ื’ืจื ืจ ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงืœ, 1986). ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื ื—ืงืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืจื”ย  ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™- ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ย  ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™โ€“ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื›ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื•ืžื ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืชย  (ืžืœืกื•ืŸ, 1998; ื‘ื•ืจื“ื•, 1995).

ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื”ย  ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช

ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ืกื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชย  ื”ืฉื™ื—ย  ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื”ืŸย  ื ืฉื™ื,ย  ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”ย  ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.ย  ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”, ื”ื”ืจืขื‘ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ,ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื” ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ( ื’ื™ืžืœื™ืŸ, 2006 ; ืžืœืกื•ืŸ, 1998). ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืคืชื— ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”ย  ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืชย  ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืืช ืชื™ื•ื’ืŸ ื›ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื•ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื‘ืจื˜, 9971 ; ื’'ื•ื™ืก,1997; ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, 1997).

ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”ย  ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืชย  ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœย  ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื” . (ืคื™ื™ืจื‘ืจืŸ ,2007 (. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืย  ืœืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” (ืคื™ื™ืจื‘ืŸ, 2007). ืงื•ืคืจ (2005) ื˜ืขื ื”ย  ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”,ย  ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืคืขื”, ื•ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชย  ื–ื• ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืšย  ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”.ย  ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื” ,ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื” (ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืœื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื”), ื•ื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸย  ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืœื-ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช.ย  ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืจืคื•ืื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™, ื•ืืฉืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืžื—ืœื”.

ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžืขื™ืŸ "ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ื›ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘'ืขืฆืžื™',ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื•ื—ืกืš ื‘'ืขืฆืžื™', ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃย  ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื•ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ืย  ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ืย  ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชย  ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™- ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืย  ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืชย  ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—.( ื‘ื•ืจื“ื•,1993; ื”ื•ืกืงื™ื ืก, 2002; ืžืœืกื•ืŸ, 1998; ืคืœื•ืŸ ืงืฆืžืŸ ื•ื•ืœื™, 1994; ืกื˜ืจื™ื’ืœ ืžื•ืจ, 1994; ืจืกืงืื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืจ, 1994)

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.

"ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช" ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื”ื•ืกืงื™ื ืก (2002), "ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ" ( ืขืž. 232).ย  ื’ื ื•ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ( 1999) ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืชย  ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื”ย  ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืชย  ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื”,ย  ื›ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•- ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœื”. ื•ื•ืœื“ืžืŸ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช. ื”ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืชย  ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื ,ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช.

ื”ืชืจืืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ย  ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืย  ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื•ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืชย  ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื”.ย ย  ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจย  ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื”, ืžืขืžื“ื”, ืžืงื•ืžื”, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื”,ย  ื•ืžืจืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื•ืžื ืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื”, ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ื. (ื‘ืจื˜, 1997; ื”ื•ื’ืŸ 1997; ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืŸ 1997).

ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, (1997, 2003) , ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืย  ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ืย  ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ืย  ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื•ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ืย  ื›ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืชย  ืžืืœื™ื”. ื”ืชืจืืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืชย  ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชืงืคื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—, ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™: ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”

ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื—. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ื.ย  ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ, ืชืคื™ืฉื”ย ย  ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” (ืœื–ืืจ, 2005).

ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื” ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ืžื’ื“ืจย  ื”ื ืฉื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœย  ืชื—ื•ืย  ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”.ย  (ืื“ื•ืืจื“, 2008 ; ื”ื•ื’ืŸ 1997; ืœื•ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ,1997; ืจื—ื‘ื™ื”-ื”ื ืื•ืจ 2008).

ืฉืืœื•ืชย  ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืŸ:

- ืื™ืš ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืจืขื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ (ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”) ืžื•ืกื‘ืจืชย  ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช (ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ย  ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช) ?

- ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ?

- ืžื” ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืชืจืืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช?

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ:ย  ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจย  ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชย  ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื (ืœื–ืืจ, 2005).ย  ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื—ื•ื ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ (ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜) ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœย  ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”, ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื”ย  ืชื•ืจื ืœืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ.

ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™, ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ ืžืงืจื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช.

ืžืžืฆืื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ :ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” โ€“ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™

ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื”

ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื• ( 1994 ื; 1994 ื‘), ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืขืžื“ืชื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื” "ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื”" โ€“ ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืžืชืืจืช ืžื‘ื ื”ย  ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืžืœื›ื“. ืชืื•ืจ "ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื”" ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืืจ, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื•,ย  ืžืฆื‘ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ย  ืื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”. ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืย  ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช "ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื”" ื”ื: ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ / ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ.

'ื”ืขืฆืžื™' ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ย  ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœย  ืžืฆื•ื™ืจย  ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ย  "ืงื˜ืŸ, ืคื’ื™ืข ื•ื™ืงืจ". ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจย  "ื›ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™, ื—ืกืจ ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ื“ืจื” ื•ื—ืกืจ ืžื™ืŸ" ( ืขืž' 63). ื”ื›ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ / ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ . ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ืคื ื™, "ืžืขื™ืŸ ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ย  ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•". 'ื”ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ'ย  ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื›ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžืื™ื™ื ืื• ืจื•ื“ืคื ื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื•, ืื• ืžืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•, ืื• ื—ื™ื” ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืข. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ืคื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืงืจืืช ืชืงื™ืคืชย  'ื”ืขืฆืžื™' ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ืฆื ืžื›ืœืื•. (ืขืž' 62-63). ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ืคื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ ืจืข. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื•. ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸย  ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ย  ืฉืœ 'ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื”' ื”ืžื’ื™ื ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ.ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื•ย ย  ืžื ืชื—ืช ืืชย  ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื™ืจื•ย  ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœย  ื‘ืืžื ื•ืชย  ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืชย  ื™ื—ืกื™- ืื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜. ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื“ ื•ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ื›ืœื ืขืฆืžื• . ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื•ย  ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ืืช ื’ื ื˜ืจื™ืค (1982) ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืชย  ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกื“ื• โ€“ืžื–ื•ื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ืย  ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื—ืœื” ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจืข . ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื›ื•ื“ "ื”ืžื’ื•ื ืŸ" ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืข, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ืื’ื• ื—ืœืฉ.ย  ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืฆืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ืœื. ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื•, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ืชย  ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื™ื ืช, ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื”, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื”. ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื™ื ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื—ืฉื”ย  ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœืช ื•ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืข, ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื•ื ื ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช.ย  ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื”ย  ืžืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื’ื• ื”ื—ืœืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื•ื—ืจื“ืช ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื™ื ื•ืชย  ื”ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ, ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืข. ื—ืจื“ืช ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื•ืชย  ื—ื–ืงื” ืืฃ ืžื—ืจื“ืช 'ื”ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ' ืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื™ืย  ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื”ื:ย  ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืข, ืืฉืจ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืื’ื• ื—ืœืฉ, ื•ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื•ืืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืกืจ, ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช :ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”

ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืจื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•- ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ 'ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•'. ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื• ืžืชืืจืช ืžืขืจืš ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืขืจื” ื—ื•ื•ื”ย  ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื” ืžืื•ื™ืžืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆืžื•ืช, ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื’ื ื”, ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืชื’ืจื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื•, ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืœืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขื ื”ืื ื•ืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืœืงื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืœืฉืช ื”ืื’ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื”. ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ื—ืงืช ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื• ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจื•ื“ืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื”, ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืœื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืขื™ืžื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื ืขืจื”. ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื• ืžื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืื™ื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื ื ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ( ื‘ื•ืจืง, 1992). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื ืžื—ืงืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžืžื ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื ืืฉืžืช. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืชื•ืจื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ (ื‘ืช ืื), ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขืจืš ืœืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืœืชืคืงื•ื“, ื•ื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื ื›ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”, ืื™ื ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ืขืจื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™.

ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฆืื˜ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื™ืย  ืžื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœืย  ืฉืœ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื”ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฉืช ืื’ื•, ื•ืืช ื”ืื ื”ื™ืย  ืžืืฉื™ืžื”ย  ื‘ื’ืจื™ืžืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”. ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื›ืš, ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™, ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื ื ื•ืงื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืฆืื˜ื•, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ ืœื ื ื›ื ืก ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื•ืกื—ื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ื“ืช., ื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ืžืื™ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ.

ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™, ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”

ืž. ืงืจืื•ืœ (1980), ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžืชืืจืชย  ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืจื›ื”ย  ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”. ืงืจืื•ืœ ืžืžื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ย  ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”ย  ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ืย ย  ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื“ื™ื ืืžื™ื™ื: ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™, ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ืย  ืืœื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืย  ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืœื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื.

ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ย ย 

ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” , ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืงืจืื•ืœ, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชย  ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืคืชื— ื•ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ืฉื™. ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื™ืชย  ืฉืœ ืืžื. ื’ื ืงืจืื•ืœ ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืื. ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ื•ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืย  ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืชย  ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืจืฆื•ืช.

ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื›ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื•. ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืคื—ื“, ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ืย  ื•ื”ืืคื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื ื” ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™.

ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™

ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ย  ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืžื•ืš, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืงืจืื•ืœ, ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ย  ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ืฆื ื™ื. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืœื™ืฆืŸ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืœืขื’ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš, "ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช". ืงืจืื•ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืžื•ืš: ื”ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืฉืจืชย  ืืช ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื‘ ื ื•ืงืฉื”.ย  ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืชย  ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงืจืื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืงืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืœืขื’ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื—ื•ืš, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื” ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืœืžืจืื” ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืชย  ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ื ื—ื•ืชื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ืคื ืžื•ืช ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื’ื“ืจย  ื”ื ืฉื™, ืžื’ื“ืจย  ืฉืžื•ืขืจืš ืœืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ-ืœืคื™ย  ื”ืขื ื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช.

ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืœื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ย  ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชืืžื”, ืžื‘ื•ื›ื”ย  ื•ื”ืกืชืชืจื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช . ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ืฉืฉ , ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื”ื ืขืจื”. ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœย  ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืžื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืื•ืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืžื™ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™. ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื ืชืคืก ื›ื ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื ืฉืœื˜, ืœื ืžื•ืขืจืš, ื•ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืคื’ื™ืขื”ย  ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืงื˜ืœื’ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.

ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”

ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื”, ืื•ืžืจืช ืงืจืื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื›ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื›ืคื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื•. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”ย  ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื’ื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืชื›ื ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงืจืื•ืœ, ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืขืจื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœื”, ืืš ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืชย  ืืœื™ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉืœื”. ืงืจืื•ืœ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืคืจืขื”, ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื ืขืจื” ืขื ื”ืื ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื‘ ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื”, ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืงืจืื•ืœ, ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืจื™ืžืชย  ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืืช ืคื’ื•ืžื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.

ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ย  ืžืชืžืงื“ืชย  ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช , ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™, ื”ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื•, ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื”. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื”ย  ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื”. ื–ื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืชย  ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”ย  ืฉื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืื” ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ื”. ื’ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ย  ืžื—ื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžืคืขื™ืœ, ืžืชื“ืœืง, ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื”ย  ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืžื›ื•ื ื”.

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช: ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœย  ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•- ื“ื™ื ืžื™ย  ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ื—ื™ื” ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช.ย  ืงืจืื•ืœ ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ "ื”ืžื‘ื•ื–ื”", ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื ืžื•ืš, "ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜" , ื•"ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื•ืขืจื›ืช" ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื•ืื‘ ื ื•ืงืฉื”. ื”ืื ืืฉืžื” ื‘ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืชื” ื•ื”ืื‘ ืืฉื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ื”.

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื“ ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจืย  ื’ื ื”ื•ืย  ืœื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช, ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื”. ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ืืชย  ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืขืจื” ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™- ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื•. .ืงืจืื•ืœ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจย  ื›ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื”ื ื›ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืจื”, ืืœื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื™ืฉื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชืŸ. ืงื‘ืœื” ืื• ืื™-ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ, ืงื‘ืœืชื” ืื• ืื™-ืงื‘ืœืชื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืœื™ืช, ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืฉืชื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™,ย  ื•ืขืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืขืงื‘ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืงื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื”ืคื ื™ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื” ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ืœื”ืคื ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™.

ืงืจืื•ืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื›ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืœื™ื™ื, ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื” ืœืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืืฉื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืืฃ ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ืคื ื ื•ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงืจืื•ืœ ืžืชืขืœืžืช ื•ืžื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืšย  ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ืขืจื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช.

ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”

ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (1994 ื, 1994 ื‘')ย  ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ืช ืชืจืžื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ืจืื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื ืฉืขื ืชย  ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ื–ืงืฉื ืก .ย  ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ,ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸย  ืขืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื.ย  ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื”ืคืจืขืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช BL . (ื”ืคืจืขื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ). ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” (ื˜ืจื ื–ืงืฉืŸ), ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืฆืจื›ื™ื, ื•ืžืื•ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ืจ, ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืชย  ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”ย  ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืชย  ืœื™ืฆื•ืจย  ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•

ืคื™ื™ื”, ื™ืœื“ื” ืื™ืฉื”

ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืชืืจืช ืื™ืš "ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ [1] ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืชืืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืคื™ื” ืจื–ื” ืฉืฆืคื” ืžืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื™ (ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ-ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื™ื”) ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื,ย  ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช", ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื”ย  ื™ืœื“ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืื™ืฉื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื”ื™ื ืฉ"ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื". ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื›ืš ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžืจื’ืฉ . ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื™ืคื” ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืฉืื™ื ื•ย  ืžื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื”, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ , ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ.ย  ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจย  ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืžื˜ืคืœืช ืชืžื•ื ื” "ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ".

ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจย  ื”ืฉื ื™ [2] ืฆื•ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ื“ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ื ืขืจื” ืžื›ื•ืจื‘ืœืช ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื™ืคืกื”. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื”, ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื–ื”, ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชย  ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืคืœืช.

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฉื™ื›ื” (attractivness) ืืฆืœ ื ืฉื™ื. ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™. ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™, ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื›ืš. ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืคื”ย  ืœืžืขื˜ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘, ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ืœืžื‘ื˜ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ย  ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.ย  ื’ื ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ืžืจืฆื” ืฉ"ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ" ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืชย  ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื” "ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื". ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•. ื”ื“ืžื•ืชย  ืžื›ื•ื ืกืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื•ื’ืจืช ืฉืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ื•ืย  ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.ย  ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช, ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืชืงื™ืคื”, ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”, ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื”. ื”ื ืขืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœืชื•ื›ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช, ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืค ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข. ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื ื“ืจ ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™. ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™. ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื›ืœืœ ืœืžืฆื•ืงืช ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื”, ืืœื ืจืง ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืื.

ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™- ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื•ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. "ื›ืžื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืš ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืคื™ืกื™ืช. ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืœื“ื”, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืชย  ืžืกืคืงืชย  ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขืกืงืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื” (transaction) ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืชย  ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืชืจืืคื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”". ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืืโ€™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœืฉย  ืื-ื™ืœื“-ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœย  ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื˜ืคืœืช-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช-ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืย  ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืคื’ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืœืืžื”, ื›ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉื’ืจื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” .

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช: ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”

ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื’ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื’ืžื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืชย  ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ืื. ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืงื˜ื™ื ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื ื›ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช. ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืงืฉืจื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืขืœืžืช ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ื”ื ืขืจื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžืช ืžื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื ื™, ื—ืฉื•ืคื”, ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขืœืžืช ืžื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื”, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœืžื—ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื”ย  ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืจืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ื›ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืœื™ืช.

ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืงื” ?

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืชืงื•ืขื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืคื™ืกื™ืช, ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื, ืจื“ื•ืคื™ื, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™ื•ื, ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื•ืžื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš ืžืจืื™ื ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ืย  ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืย  ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™, ืœืœื ืขื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืจืื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื›ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืคืจื˜: ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื”, ืคื’ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™, ืื’ื• ื—ืœืฉ, ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื ืขืจื”, ืืฉืžืช ื”ืื, ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื”ืื‘ ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”.ย  ื”ืย  ืื™ื ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ืย ย  ืœืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืขืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืžื—ื“, ื•ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื” ืœืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื›ืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ื— ื›ื•ืคื” ืขืœื™ื”, ืžืื™ื“ืš, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื”ื ืžื’ื•ืœื ื‘ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืงื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื”/ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ืžื“ื›ืืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื—, ื•ืืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ื—, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ื—ืง ื•ืžื“ื›ื ืื•ืชื”.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืœืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”

ื’'ื•ื™ืก (1997) ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืขืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืชื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืชย  ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื™ื•ื ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ย  ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื™ืงืกื•ืŸย  ื•ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ( 2004) ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืคืฆื” ((objectificationย ย  ื•ืœืกืงืกื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™, ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืš. ื”ื•ื’ืŸ (1997) ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸย  ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ย  "ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื”", ืืœื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ "ืื™ืš ื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช, ืื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช".

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ย  ืฉื”ื ืขืจื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžืžื ื”. ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ืœื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ื™ื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืขืจืš.ย  ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™-ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืืœื™ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™, ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื• ื•ื“ื—ื™ืงืชื• ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืœื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื•ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืžื—ื™ืงื”. ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื•ย  ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ื•ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืœื ืจืื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ.ย  ื”ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™. ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืจืื” ืื• ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ย  ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”

ืืฉืจ, ืž. ื’'. (1992) ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื 'ืื—'.

ื‘ื›ืจ,ื. (2001). ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืงื•ื, ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื”: ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™. ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื ืข"ืฉ ื™"ืœ ืžืื’ื ืก, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.

ืจื—ื‘ื™ื”-ื”ื ืื•ืจ, ื“. (2008) ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™: ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ื›ื ืก ื™ื”ืช - "ื”ืื—ืจ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”" , ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื’ื™ื ื•ืกืจ.

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