bein-hamilim-banner

ืžืืช ืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื˜ย - ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ื•ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ืช
las@post.com

ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื›ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™, ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืขืจื›ื”.

ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžื’ื™ืฉ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืงื•ืคืกื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืคืกื˜ืœ ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืคืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื™ื‘ื—ืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื›ืœ ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื•ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื•. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช, ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช.

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืงืœื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืชื›ื ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืื™ื™ื. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœื•. ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”ย  ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›-20 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžืจืคืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ื‘ื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืชื• ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.ย ย ย 

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื:

- ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืงืฆืจื”.

- ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘-45 ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืคืกื˜ืœ ืฉืžืŸ.

- ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ

- ืืคื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœื• ืœื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช

- ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ, ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื ื˜ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘.ย ย ย ย 

- ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื.

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ (1971). ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ "ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช (ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื˜, 1989). ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืฉืงืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื™ื‘ื” ืžืœื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจื• ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืขืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ืžืง ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืฉื•ื ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื ืœืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืžืฆื“ื™. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื”ืœื™ืš, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.

ืืฃ ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื˜ืจื ื ืขืจืš ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืจื‘ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘-ื”ื™ืงืฃ.

ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืชืจืžื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”, ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื”ืฉื“ื”, ืฉื ื™ืชื•ื—ื” ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ืช.

ืกืงื™ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืช

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจืื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื” (1971). ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื (squiggles) ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืื• ืงื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืื—ื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ 1971). ืงื™ื™ืŸ (1983), ืžื•ืจื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช, ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ (scribble) ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ. ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืงื• ืจืฆื•ืฃ ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื‘ืš ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ื. ื”ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ (scribble) ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ื•ืืœื” ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืืœื” ื ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื“ื“ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื ืžืชื•ื›ื ื ืช ื•ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ื (ื ืื•ืžื‘ืจื’, 1966; ืงืจืžืจ, 1971 ; ืื•ืœืžืŸ, 1992).

ื’ื ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ( (squiggleื•ื’ื ื”ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ (scribble) ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืžืงื‘ืฅ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื“ื™ืžื•ื™. ื‘ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžืฉืืจ ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื‘ืš; ื‘ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืฆื•ืจื”.

ื–ื™ื’ืœืจ (1976) ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงืจืฉ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืื• ืœืžื•ืคื ืžื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ โ€“ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื–ื•, ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืœืžืŸ, ืฉืชื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ืœื” ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, "ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืืชืจ" (ืื•ืœืžืŸ, 1992).

ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื“ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื

ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืช, ืขืฅ ื•ืื“ื (ื‘ืง ,1966( ื•- DDS(ื›ื”ืŸ, ื”ืžืจ ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืจ, 1988) ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื ื—ื”. ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ((DCT ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉ, ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช (ืงื™ื ื’ื˜ ,1952). ื’ื ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื”ื ื‘ื“ืง ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช, ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืกื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื ืœืื—ืจ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ (ืœื‘-ื•ื™ื–ืœ, 1998; ืœื™ื‘ืžืŸ, 1999; ื›ื”ืŸ, 1983; ื›ื”ืŸ,ื”ืžืจ ื•ืกื™ื ื’ืจ,1988).

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืจืช, UPAP, ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืื•ืœืžืŸ (ืื•ืœืžืŸ, 1992), ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืฆื‘ืข ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื ื™ืœื” (ืฆื‘ืข ื—ื•ื ืฆื”ื‘ื”ื‘), ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ:

1. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™

2. ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื ื™ื™ืจ.

3. ืฆื™ื•ืจ (scribble) ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ

4. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืื• ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื

ื”ืจืฆืฃ ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืžื˜ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืขืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ (ืื’ืœ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื•ื˜ื˜ ืืฆืœ ืงื•ืงืก, ืื’ืœ, ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื˜,2000).

ืื•ืœืžืŸ (1992) ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื ืžืฆื ืื“ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืืŸ ืชื•ืœื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื“ืจื›ื•, ืืœื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื•ืื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื”. ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ, ืœืœื ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ืœืขืงื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื ืžื™ื›ืŸ, ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ืจืคื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™.

ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจื™ื, ื•ืœืžื™ืงื•ื

ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืจืฆืฃ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกืงื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ โ€“ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืง ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืืžืฆืข ืืš ืœืœื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœื–ื•ื’ื•ืช, ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืกื“ืจ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื”ืžืคืขื™ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืื• ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืื• ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืฃ. ืžื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื•ืฉื™ืฉืœื‘ื• ืืช ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœืืžื™ืจื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœืžื”.

ืœืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช. ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืงื•ืคืจ, ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืขืชื™ื, "ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข; ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ื•ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขื•ืœื" (ืงื•ืคืจ, 1978). ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืืžืฆืข, ืืจื‘ืขื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื 8, 4, 2. ื”ืžืกืคืจ 2 ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ื’, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืœืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืื• ืชืœื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืœื“ื•-ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื•

ื”ืžืกืคืจ 4 ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™. ื–ืืช ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ, ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ื”ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ (Cooper, 1978).

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืžืกืคืจ, ื™ื•ื ื’ย  (1953) ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช, ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืื• ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘.

ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืžื’ืฉ ื—ื•ืœ

ืืžืืŸ (Ammann, 1991) ืžื—ืœืงืช ืืช ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื, ืฉืžืืœื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื. ืืžืืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ ื•ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืจื—ืง, ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืจื•ื—. ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ ื•ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื“ืžื” ื•ืœืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื. ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ืืžืืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘-ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ืž"ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก" ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข. ื”ืจื‘ืข ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘-ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื™ืžื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื ื ื™ื ืื• ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืžืจื›ื– ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืื’ื• (ืฉื),ย  ื•ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื. ื–ื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจื” (Cooper, 1978). ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ื•ื”ื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืžืชืืจืช ืืžืืŸ.

ื™ื•ื ื’ (1953) ื“ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉื›ื–ื• ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ: "ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ืš ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื™ืฉ ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ื” ืœืฉืžืืœ ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ืคืฃ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืคืš. ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื•ืžืจ: ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืฉืœ ืฉืžืืœ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืฉืžืืœ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ. ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืœื ื ืชืคืฉ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืขืชืง ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื•, ืขืœ ืืฃ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ ืžืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ื•ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจ. ืื ืœืงื—ืช ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ืฆืขื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืจื›ื– ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ" (ืฉื, 225 .para. p 263). ื™ื•ื ื’ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ: "ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื"ย  (ืฉื, para.226, p. 264).

ย 

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช

ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื•, ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืคื ื™ืžื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข (ื•ืœื ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ) ื•ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื™ื“. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืžื ื˜ื•ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื–ืจื•ื ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื•, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื›ื•ืœื• ื›ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ืคืฉ ืœื ื•ืข ืœืฉืœื‘ ื•ืจื‘ืœื™ ื›ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืงื•ืจืœืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืœืขืชื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื›ื™ื, ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื’ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื’ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™. ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืคื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืžื™ืงื•ื, ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื’ืจืืคื™ย  ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื.

ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื”, ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ: ื›ืš ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื— ืžืกืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื. ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื-ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืžืกืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข, ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ (McKim and Steinbergh, 1983). ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.

ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืœื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืฉืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื”.

ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื”ืื ื›ื™. ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ื• ื—ืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื• ื•ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•, ืืš ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™ ื•ืœื ืžืชืขืจื‘. ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ืชื—ืจื•ืช. ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ โ€“ ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืชื™ื“ โ€“ ืชื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื“ืฃ ื›ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžืืœ ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ืœื ื™ื™ืชืคืฉ ื›ื—ื•ืกื ืคืขื•ืœื” "ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืืœื™, ื™ืฉ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ืžื™ื ื•.

ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื ื™ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 50X70 ืก"ืž ื•-45 ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืคืกื˜ืœ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ื“ื™ื•ืง ืจื’ืฉื™. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ืงืคืœ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ. ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื™ืชืคืฉื• ื›ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”, ืื• ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ. ื’ื ืืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงืคืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ื›ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืื ื›ื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืžืชื›ื—ืฉื™ื ืœืงืคืœื™ื ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.

ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™: ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช

ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื• ืœื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืกื“ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืืœ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืงื•ืคืฆื™ื ืœืœื ืกื“ืจ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœืžื˜ื”, ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ืื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ.

ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื” ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉืืจื• ืจื™ืงื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื–ืืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืืš ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื ื™ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื” ืจื™ืงื”.

ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื

ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ืคืฅ, ื ื•ืฃ, ื“ืžื•ืช ืื“ื, ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื•ืื– ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืจืื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจ ืฉื ืจืื” ืœื•. ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื™ืžืชื•, ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.

ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ื•ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžืขื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข, ื•ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ ื‘ื•. ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื“ืฃ.

ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ืืŸ, ืื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืชืชืงื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื™ื“ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืชื•.

ืฉืœื‘ ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช

ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœื›ืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืฆืช. ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช, ื›ืžื• "ืกื™ืจื”" ืื• "ืขืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื”", ืื• ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• "ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ" ื•"ื—ื™ื“ื”".

ื›ืืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉืš, ื›ื“ืœื”ืœืŸ:

ืœื•ืžืจ ืืœื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื•;

ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช;

ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื“ืคื”; ืื•

ืœืžืฆื•ื ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืื• ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื›ืงื•, ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืฆื•ืจื”.

ืฉืœื‘ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™: ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ

ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืืช ืคืชืงื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืžืกืคืจ ืžื•ืขื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืœื•ืช ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ ื”ื“ืฃ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื. ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื ื•ืœืกื“ืจื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืชื•ืื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืžืŸ ืงื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ืœืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ืŸ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืกื•ืคื™.

ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืฉื™: ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืžื ื•ืช

ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืจืื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืกืžืœื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื™ืฉ. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื”ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข, ืฆื•ืจื”, ืงื•, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืจืฉ ืืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงืฆืจื”

A4

A3

A2

ืข ืช ื™ ื“ย  /ย  ื”ื• ื• ื”ย  _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ย  ืข ื‘ ืจ

A1

B4

B3

B2

B1

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืชืฆื™ื’ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขืฆืžื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื›ืœ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื–ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืกืคืจ. A โ€“ ืœืžืขืœื”; B -- ืœืžื˜ื”. ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืž-1, ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ (ืขื‘ืจ), ืขื“ ืœ-4 ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ (ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืชื™ื“).

ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ืŸ 26 (ืชืจืฉื™ื 2 ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืขืž' 116)

ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ืื” ืืš ืžื•ื–ื ื— ืœืžืจืื”, ืื™ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืืš ืœื ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกืงืจื ื•ืช, ืฉืงืข ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฆื‘ืข, ืงื• ื•ืฆื•ืจื” (ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžืก' 1). ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” 1 (A1 A2 B3 B4) ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื ื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื”. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” 2 (A3 A4 B1 B2) ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืจื‘ ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช. ื‘-A1 ื•ื‘-B4 (ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” 1) ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช V (B4 ืžืฆื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืœื‘ืŸ). ื‘-A2 ื•-B3 ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื’ืœื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜. ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” 2 ื”ื A3 ื•-B1, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื’ื•ืœื” ืื• ืžืขื•ื’ืœืช. B2 ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช X ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘-4A ื™ืฉ X ืžืชืขื’ืœ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืขืฉื™ืจ. ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื“ืฃ ืœืฆื“ ื™ืžื ื™ ื•ืœืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœื™ ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™. A1 ื•-B2 ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืช X. ื‘ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื A2 ื•-B1 ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขื•ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“. ื‘-A3 ื•-B4 ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ืงื‘ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ื”. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ A4 ื•-B3 ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขื•ื’ืœื™ื. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื•:

1. ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื ื—ืจื ืขืœ ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™ื•. ืืš ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™ื• ื–ืœื’ื• ื›ืžื• ื’ืฉื, ื•ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื’ืฉื ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื’ื‘ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืงืจื™ื.

2. ืื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉ ื—ืจื, ื•ืื– ื“ืžืขื•ืช. ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ืžื—ืคืฉ ืงืฉืจ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ื. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืงืจื™ ืžืขื˜.

3. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงืจื™ื, ืื ื• ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ื, ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื—ืจื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื.

ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื•ืŸ ืžืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ. ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื (ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช) ื•ืจื’ืฉ. ืœืืจื‘ืข ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื ืชืŸ ืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช, ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ืจืฆืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืจืื” ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืจืื™ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื™ื, ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข. ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื ืชืŸ ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืื’ื•ืชื™ื•.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื”

ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขื•ื’ืœื™ื ืื• ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื•ืกื’ืจื™ื ืื• ืขืžื•ืžื™ื, ื—ืœืœื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ืื• ืจื™ืงื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ-ืคื™ ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืื• ืžื•ืคืฉื˜, ื—ื™ ืื• ื“ื•ืžื. ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžืฉืงืคืช ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื›ืจื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.

ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืฆื‘ืข, ืžืจืงื, ืงื•, ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื›ื™ื. ืœืขืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืžืงืฆื‘ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืงืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื–ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื.

ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืœื›ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืžืžื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ืืช ื–ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”, ืฆื‘ืข ืื• ืชื•ื›ืŸ. ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืืœื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ื›ื™ื.

ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ 3 ืœ-1 , ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืคื•ืš ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”. ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืก ื™ืŸ-ื™ืื ื’, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ื–ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื ืฉื™, ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืš.

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืชืŸ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื™ื ืฉืฆืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื—ื‘ื•ื™, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื–ื”ื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื”ืคื›ื™ื ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื’ืจืคื™. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ ืื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืœื-ืžืื™ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขืœ ื“ืฃ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืคืœ ืœืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ืื• ื ื•ืฉื. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉื’. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ ืกืžื•ื™, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืง, ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœืžื•ืช.

ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ืจืฆื•ื™ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคืœ ืื—ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื‘ืข, ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื. ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืžืขืงื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื—ื–ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจืช ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ืคืฉ. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฆืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

References

Ammann, R. (1991). Healing and transformation in sandplay: Creative processes become visible. LaSalle, IL: Open Court.

Bassin, D. I., Wolfe, K. M., & Their, A. (1983). Childrenโ€™s reactions to psychiatric hospitalization: Drawings and storytelling as a data base. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 10, 33-44.

Buck, J. N. (1966). The House-Tree-Person technique. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.

Cane, F. (1983). The artist in each of us. (rev. ed.). Craftsbury Common, VT: Art Therapy Publications.

Cirlot, J. E. (1996). A dictionary of symbols. London: Routledge.

Cohen, B. M., Hammer, J., & Singer, S. (1988). The Diagnostic Drawing Series: A systematic approach to art therapy evaluation and research. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 15(1), 11-21.

Cohen-Liebman, M. S. (1999). Draw and tell: Drawings within the context of child sexual abuse investigations. The Arts In Psychotherapy, 26, 185-194.

Cooper, J. (1978). An illustrated encyclopaedia of traditional symbols. London: Thames and Hudson.

Cox, C., Agell, G., Cohen, B., and Gantt, L. (2000). Are you assessing what I am assessing? Letโ€™s take a look! American Journal of Art Therapy, 39(2), 48-67.

Jung, C. G. (1953) Individual dream symbolism in relation to alchemy. Psychology and Alchemy, CW 12. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Kinget, G. M. (1952). The Drawing-Completion Test: A projective technique for the investigation of personality, based on the Wartegg Test Blank. New York: Grune and Stratton.

Kramer, E. (1971). Art as therapy with children. New York: Schocken.

Lev-Wiesel, R. (1998). Use of drawing technique to encourage verbalization in adult survivor of sexual abuse. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 25, 257-262

McKim, E., & Steinbergh, J. (1983). Beyond Words. Green Harbor, MA: Wampeter Press.

Naumberg, M. (1966). Dynamically oriented art therapy: Its principles and practice. New York: Grune and Stratton.

Steinhardt, L. (1989). Six starting points in art therapy with children.In H. Wadeson, J. Purkin, & D. Perach (Eds.), Advances in art therapy (pp. 336-356). Chicago: Wiley and Sons.

Steinhardt, L. (2000) Foundation and form in Jungian Sandplay. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Ulman, E. (1992). A new use of art in psychiatric diagnosis. American Journal of Art Therapy, 30(3) 78-88.

Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Therapeutic consultations in child psychiatry.

New York: Basic Books.

Ziegler, R. G. (1976). Winnicottโ€™s squiggle game: Its diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness. Art Psychotherapy, 3, 177-185. USA: Pergamon Press.

ืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ื•ืจืืฉ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ: las@post.com

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช: ืœื™ืืœื” ืื‘ืจืžื•ื‘ื™ืฅ

ย All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission from the American Art Therapy Association, Inc. (AATA). Originally published in Art Therapy: Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 23(3), 112-118