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ื˜ืœ-ื™ื” ืงืจื™ื’ืจย - ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช
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ืชืงืฆื™ืจ

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ืย  ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ. ย ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ย ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”

ย ืฉืžืคื’ืฉ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”. ืžืคื’ืฉ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืกืงื™ืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ืฉื™ื•ื, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆืœืžื”, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืœื•ืง. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื” ืชื•ืฆื’ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ื’ืžื• ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช.

ืžื‘ื•ื

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ย ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ื”ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ ืœืงืจืืช ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ืย  ื‘ืžืจืคืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืขื‘ื“ืชื™, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืื” ืฉื—ืฉืชื™ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™, ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ื” ืืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื ื–ืžื ื•, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื•ืืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง, ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืคืจื˜ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื›ืฉืฉืชื™ื ื• ืžืชืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื›ื ืข. ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™, ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืึดืคืฉืจื” ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืชืื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”. ืขื•ื“ ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™, ื‘ืกื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ย  ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืขืฆืžื”, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืกื“ื•ืจื”. ย ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื ืกื” ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”.

ย ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ - ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืืฃย  ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคืคื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจื’ืฉื™.

ืฉืืœืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืืช ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (2003) ืฉืชื”ื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืฃ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืื ืœื™ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ืืžื ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืชื ืื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ื: ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื™ื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื“ื—ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืกืจื”. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ื›ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืกื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข.

ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ (2003) ื’ื•ืจืก ื›ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”.

ื‘ืื•ื (2006) ืžื•ื ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ื•ื›ืขืก, ืขืฆื‘, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื™ืฉื’, ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช, ืื™ ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœื–ืจื– ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืืฉืžื” ืขืœ "ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช" ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ื’ื•ืจืงื™ืŸ (Gorkin, 1987) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ื•ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ืื•ื (2006) ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ืžืœื‘ื“ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื™ื™ื—ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืื™ื ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื•ืื‘ืœ, ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ.

ืœื ื™ืื“ื• (Lanyado, 1999) ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืืช ื™ืœื“ื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื™ืชืคืชื—, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›-โ€™care-giverโ€™. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื‘ื”ย  ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ื•ื, ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ.

ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก (Davies, 2005) ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ืฉื–ืžื ื ืชื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื•ืฉื”ื ืœื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืฆืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉื ืจื›ืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื’ืข ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืชื™ื“. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฆืคื” ื•ืขื•ืœื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ื•ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืžืžื“ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืจื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืจืงื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื ืืกืคื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืืจื•ื’ ืื—ื“.

ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช - ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”.

ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ย - ื”ื™ื™ื ืก (Hanes, 2001) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื”ื ืžืฉืš ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื ืฉืืจืช ืจืฉื•ืžื”, ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ืžืฆื‘ ืื• ืจื’ืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืฉื ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1993) ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืจืฉื•ืžื” (Record), ื”ืžืชืขื“ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืงื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.

ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจย - ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1999) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš, ื”ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื•ืœืŸ.

ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื›ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื”ย - ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1999), ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžื•ื›ืœืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”-ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื ืืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ.

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ืช ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืืœื• ื”ืŸย  ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืงืฉืจ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื›ืขืช ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ื‘ื•ืœ (Bull, 2008) ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ืœืขืชื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืชื— ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช โ€“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืžืžื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืžืฉืžืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืžืžื“ ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ืžื•ืŸ (Moon, 2000) ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ื•ื, ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ื•ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื‘ื˜ืื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžืกืข -ย  ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืžื•, ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.

ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช - ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”

ืื“ื•ื•ืืจื“ืก (Edwards, 1997) ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•. ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ืžื–ืžื ืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช. ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจื•ื˜ ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื, ืฉื—ืœืงื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื›ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ื”ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื”ื: ืกืงื™ืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”, ืฉื™ื•ื, ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืœื•ืง.

ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”ย - ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื•ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื™ื”, ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื•ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืกืงื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“. ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื•ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ:

ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ:ย ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1999) ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื” ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื”ืŸ ืื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ.

ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื:ย  ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื›ื ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืชื’ืœื• ื›ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืื• ืกื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.

ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืฉืชื ื”:ย ื”ื™ื™ื ืก (Hanes, 2001) ืžืชืืจ ืžืงืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ย ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1993) ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื›ืœื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ.

ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ:ย ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžื ื• ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”. ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1999) ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื• ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ืฉื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื•ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชื™ืฉื›ื—, ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ:ย ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืจืงื, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”. ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1993) ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืื• ื‘ื”ื›ืœืชื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจืš ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืžื˜ืคืœ- ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ- ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.

ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืืฃ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ:ย ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืžื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื—ืœืœ ืื—ื“, ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ืื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืงืช ื•ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช, ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืชื—ืช ืžืกื’ืจืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ (ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, 2003). ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืฆื™ืŸ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื, ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื•ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช. ืชื™ืขื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆืข ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืืช ื”ืจืข ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืงื“ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (Mcmurray & Schwartz-Mirman, 2001).

ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ (Thompson, 2009) ืžืชืืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืชืŸ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืชืคื•ืก ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ืื•ืชื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื—ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื• ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ื ืชืžื›ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ืœื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื”, ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช (ืกื˜ื•ืจ, 1983).

ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™:ย ย ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื”ืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉื—ืฉื• ื‘ืจืื•ืชื ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉื–ื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชย  (Thompson, 2009). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืงื“ื ืœื›ืš, ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ, ื•ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืžืช ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื”, ื™ืฆืจื• ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื (Busuttil, 1990). ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืชย ย  ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืื• ื’ืœืจื™ื”, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ืืžืŸ, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืืฃ ืœื”ื™ื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ืจื’ืข ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ื•ื˜ืงืกื™. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืกืคืง ื•ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ, ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉ"ืขื‘ื“" ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื•, ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฉืžืข ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื".

ืฉื™ื•ืย - ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืชืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืื ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืœืจื•ื‘ื“ ืžื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืฃ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืงื™ื™ื ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื˜ื ืกืงื™ (Betensky, 1995) ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืžื™ืœื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื’ืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1999)ย  ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืžืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื•ืงึดึดึดึดึดึดืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ืœื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืžื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸย - ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ืื• ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืชื ืื™ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื”ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืคื ื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ืงื”, ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื ื’ื“, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงืœืงืœื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื. ืขื•ื“ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืขื•ืจืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืกื™ื•ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™. ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื• ื‘ื•ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืช.

ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ืฆื™ืœื•ืย - ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ื’ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆืœืžื”. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ืŸ ืืœื‘ื•ื. ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื• ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืจ (Weiser, 1999) ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื›ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืงืคื•ื, ืจื’ืข ืฉืืžื ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืืš ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•, ื•ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช, ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœื•. ื›ืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฆืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืงื‘ืข ื•ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื—. ื›ืš ื’ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืงื˜ืœื’ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžืื—ืกืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.

ื•ื•ื™ืœืจ (Wheeler, 2009) ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื "ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช" (reality-trap) ืืฉืจ ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ืืžืช ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื ืชืคืก ื›ืืงื˜ ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™, ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื›ืฉืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจื” ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ืฆืœื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื” ืฉื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืชื›ื ื™ื, ืœืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืืžื™ืงื” ื”ืจื•ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•. ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ืœื›ืš ืžืชื•ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืœื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื”ืžืื’ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืžืกืข ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื•ืงื— ืืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.

ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืกื™ืœื•ืงย - ืœืจื•ื‘ ื ืฉืืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื•ืžื” ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื—ืœืงืŸ ืืฃ ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื–ืจื•ืง. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืชืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉืืช ืขืžื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืžืžื“ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื”, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืืฃ ืกื›ื ื” ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืืกืชื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ืชื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืชืคืก ื™ืคื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžืื™ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื•.

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืง (disposal). ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1999) ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ื›ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื; ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืจืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฉืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™, ืื• ื”ืคืงื“ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื ืกื™ื’ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืžื” ืœืงื—ืช ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ, ืืช ืžื” ืœื–ืจื•ืง ื•ืžืžื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื, ืžื” ืœืชืช ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ื›ืžืชื ื” ืื• ืœืžืฉืžืจืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจื– ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ื•ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ, ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื”, ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช

ืืฆื™ื’ ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžืจืคืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.

ืจื•ื ื”: "ื›ืŸ-ืœื-ืื•ืœื™"

ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™), ื‘ืช 10, ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื–ื” ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉื—ืง. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขืจื›ื ื• ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจ. ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืกื•ืก ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืคืกื” ื•ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืจืื” ืจื’ืฉ ืจื‘ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื•ืชืจืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช โ€“ ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื™ื”. ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืจื™ืงื” ืžื“ื™, ื•ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื“ื™, ื•ื”ืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชืŸ. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช; "ื›ืŸ", "ืœื" ื•"ืื•ืœื™", ื•ืื ื• ืžืฉืื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ื”"ืœื" ื•ื”"ืื•ืœื™" ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœ "ื”ื™ื›ืŸ". ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ืจื•ื ื” ืœืกืงื™ืจื” ื•ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื” ืื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืกื™ื•ื.ย  ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืจื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ืื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช.

ืชื•ืžืจ: "ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘-5 ื“ืงื•ืช"

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืจ (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™),ย  ื‘ืŸ 9, ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืจืคืื” ืœืื—ืจ ื›-20 ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืฉืœืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืžื• ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื•ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง. ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืœื™ื—ืก ืฆื•ื ืŸ. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›-5 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื, ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืชื•ืžืจ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืœืงื•ืคืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืŸ. ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืชื•ืžืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืจืื•ื•ื”, ื ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉืžืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“, ืžืชืคืขืœืช, ื ื–ื›ืจืช ืืชื• ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”, ื›ืืงื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืกืคืง, ื•ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื—ืฃ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœื›ืš. ื’ื ื”ืฉื™ื•ื ื ื‘ืข ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืจ ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื”.

ืžืฉื”: "ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ืฅ"

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™), ื‘ืŸ 11, ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืกืคืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืžืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืจืงืข ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืงืฉื”, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื—ืกืš ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื• ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ืฅ ืฉืชื—ื›ื” ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื”. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœืžืฉื” ืœืฆืœื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ืŸ ืืœื‘ื•ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืคืขื ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ื•ืคืขื ื™ื—ื“. ื›ื•ืก ื”ืžื™ืฅ ืขืžื“ื” ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืฉืื–ื™ื– ืื•ืชื” ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื”. ืžืฉื” ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื•ืฉื™ืœื‘ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจืš ืฉื™ืฆืจ. ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืก ื”ืžื™ืฅ ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื”ื–ื ื” ืื• ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืœื—ืกืš ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืฉืžืจ ื•ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.

ย ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืกืงืจืชื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ย  ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื” ื›ืืŸ, ื”ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ืื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืœื”ืขืœืžืชื ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืืœื•, ืืœื ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ื•ื.ย 

ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื ืคืจืกืช ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™, ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืŸ ืฉืกื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืื•ืชื• ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื•. ืืฃ ืฉื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ื—ื•ืœืงื” ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ, ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืžืขืœื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœย  ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก (2005 ( ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืื–ื›ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื•ืœื ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื, ื›ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ื•ื, ื”ื•ืžื—ืฉื• ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”. ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื›ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™, ื•ืื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืจื’ืขื™ื ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื›ื ื•ืœืงื‘ืข ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืกืžืŸ ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืชื•ื›ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืกื™ืœื•ืง, ืœื”ื ืฆื™ื—ื ื•ืœืฉืžืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื.

ื•ื›ืŸ, ื ื“ืžื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื›ืืžื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืžืฉืœื”ื, ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ื•ื˜ืงืกื™, ืฉืชื•ืื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื’ืข ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื”. ืœื—ืœืงื ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืืœื‘ื•ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื•, ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืจืฉืžื™ ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.

ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื’ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื•ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื•ืœืคื™ื” ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืช. ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ, ืืœื ืจืง ืœื”ืฆื™ืข, ืœืคืชื•ื— ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืœื‘ื˜ืื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื›ืืŸ, ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœืกืžื•ืš ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“.

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