bein-hamilim-banner

ื“"ืจ ืขื•ืžืจ ืœื ืก- ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”, ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื“
omerlans@013net.net

ย 

"ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืžืชื• ื•ืืœื• ืฉื—ื–ืจื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช"ย - ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ืœ

"ืื ื™ ื‘'ื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึนืšึฐ' ื ื•ืจืื™, ืืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืžื ื•, ืื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช. ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉืืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆื..." - ื›ืš ืคืชื— ืื”ื•ื“, ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ, ืืช ืคื’ื™ืฉืชื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืฆืคืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœ ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ืžื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื ืขืจืฆืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื•ื’ื™, ื“"ืจ ืจื•ืชื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืŸ.

ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื—ื™ืคืื™ ื—ื•ืจืคื™ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ื‘' ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืืช ืจื•ืชื™ ืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื™. ืจืง ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืœืœ ื•ืฉื‘ื— ืžืื•ืชื ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ ืžื–ืœ ืฉื–ื›ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืฆืœื”. ื•ื›ืš, ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื—ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืจืฆื”, ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ื— ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ "ืึทื™ึฐื™ืงื•ึนืŸ", ืกืžืœ ื•ืžื•ืคืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื”. ืจื•ืชื™ ืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ื•ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืœื•ื›ื” ื”ืฆื ื•ืข. ื”ืฉืชืจืจ ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื "ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื“ื•ื". ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉืงื˜, ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืจื•ื’ืข, ืคืชื—ื” ืจื•ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื•ืกื™ืคืจื” ืขืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืขื ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืคื ื” ืืœื™ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. "ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื", ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืœื ื•, "ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื—ืžืฉ-ืžืื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืคืชื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช, ืžื™ื“ ื—ืœืคื” ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื”: 'ืœืžื” ืื ื™? ืœืžื” ื‘ืืชื ืืœื™? ื‘ืžื” ืื ื™, ื”ืงื˜ื ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื›ื ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช?..."

ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ืจื” ืœื™ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื” ืฉื—ืฉืชื™, ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ืขื™ืช, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชย  ื”ื—ืจื“ื”, ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขื™ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืื– ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื›ื” ืžื ื•ืกื” ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื—ื•ืจืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื”. ืื”ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•; ื›ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ึผื•ึธืŸ-ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื™ื™ืื•ืฉื• ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœื• โ€“ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืชืžืฆื™ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื™ืคืชืจื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืžืฉืจื“ื™.

"ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ืกืžื“ืจ ื“ืจืš ืื•ืจืŸ", ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืกืคืจ. "ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™. ื”ื›ืจื ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื• ืœื ื ืคืจื“ื ื• ืžืื–. ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ ื•ืžืขื“ื™, ืืฉืชื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืืžื ื, ืœื ื’ืจื ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ื•ืขืกืงื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” - ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ืœื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœืงืคื” ื›ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื–ื•ืจื ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืงื•ืคืฅ ืืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“, ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ืœืžื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขื“ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืืช ืกืžื“ืจ".

"ื›ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื’ื“ืช ื‘ื™, ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™; ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืขืฅ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื•ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืฉืื‘ื—ืจ. ื•ื›ืš, ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ืœืœื›ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื•ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืžื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื. ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืื ื™ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ ืชืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืœ ืฉืœื”, ืื•ืจืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืขื–ืจ ืœื™, ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื” ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช,ย  ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ื”ืคืขื ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉืขื–ืจ, ืœื™ื•ื•ื” ื•ืชืžืš. ื™ื—ื“ ืžืฆืื ื• ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืชื• ื•ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.

"ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” 'ื—ืœืง'. ืขื“ื™ ื ืœื—ืžื” ืขืœื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื”, ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”, ืจืง ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช. ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช".

ืื”ื•ื“ ืขืฆืจ, ื ืื ื— ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืืœื™ ืžื‘ื˜. ืฉื™ืขืจืชื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ื”ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™.

"ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™", ื”ืžืฉื™ืš, "ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ืชืจืื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข: 'ื‘ื•ื, ื ื•ืกืขื™ื'". ืื”ื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืš ื—ื: "ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืฆื‘ื, ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืžื™ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืœืฆืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืœื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจืื” ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืžืจื•ื‘ืข ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ืฉื›ืžื•ื ื™. ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ืืจื ืงื™ ื•ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืืชื•. ื ืกืขื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื‘ืžืจื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื.

"ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื–ืžื ื• ืงืคื”, ืื•ืจืŸ ื ืขืฅ ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ื•ื“ืจ ื›ื–ื”. ืคืชืื•ื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืคื ื™ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื•ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืฆื˜ืžืง, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืข ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืจืง ืœื ืฉื™ืขืจืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื”. 'ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžื•ืช', ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ. 'ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื”, ื•ื’ื ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ืœืžื“ื™ ื•ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื‘ืœ. ืžืฆืื• ืœื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืขื ื’ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ'.

"ืฉืชืงืชื™. ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ. ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื—ื“ ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉ : 'ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ืœื ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ืงื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื–ื”. ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื›ื—ืฉื•ืช, ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืคื“ ื•ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืกืžื“ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืืชื” ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื–ื”. ืขืœื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืžื•ืš'.

"ืžื›ืืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืžื”ืจ. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ืื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืฉืคื–. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื‘ืื• ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘, ืืš ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืจ ืžื”ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืชืคืก ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• 'ืขื ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”', ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ืื•. ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ืžืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื ื•ืจืื™".

ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ ื ืฉืžืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืคืชื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ืจืžื– ืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืคืชื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกืขืจื” ืฉื›ืžื•ื” ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ืจื‘ ื•ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื•, ื ืฉืžืขื• ื›ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืืš ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื™, ืฉืœ ืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ืœ, ืฉืขื™ืžื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืื”ื•ื“ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“.

"ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ?" ืฉืืœืชื™ ื›ืฉืจืืฉื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืคืจืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ืงื•ื‘ืœืจ-ืจื•ืก (1973/2002), ืฉื—ืงืจื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ื•ืœ. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ื“ ืžืืžืจื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื‘ืœ ื•ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ื” (1917/2002). ืœืจื’ืข ืงืฆืจ ืื—ื“ ื ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ืคื— ื”ื™ื•ื”ืจื”, ื•ื”ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืขืจ ืขื ืžื” ืื”ื•ื“ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“.

ื•ืื”ื•ื“ ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืฉืœื•: "ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื™ ืœื•, ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืฉืคื– ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ืžืœืื”. ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ืกืžื“ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจ, ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื•. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืฆืœื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื“ืื’ืชื™ ืœื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื‘ืขื” ืœื ื–ื–ืชื™ ืžืฉื. ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืŸ-ื‘ื™ืช. ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืขื•ื“ ืžื”ืฆื‘ื, ื•ื’ื ืขื ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื.

"ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ื”ื™ื ื•ื. ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช, ืžื—ื‘ืงืช ื•ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื•, ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื• ื›ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ื’ืจืžื• ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืงื•ืจืขื™ ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื‘ืขื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ื–ื” ืกืžื“ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื•. ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืื•ืจืŸ ื•ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืฉื—ึธืœึทืงื ื•ึผ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ื•ืื™ื—ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื•, ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื–ื” ืงืจื” โ€“ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื–ืง ืžืฉื ื™ื ื•. ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘, ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืœื, ืžืชืื”ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ, ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืืฉืžื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืกื‘ืš ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืฃ.

"ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื–ื›ืจื”, ื•ืžืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืžืจื—ืง, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืคืกืง- ื–ืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืกืคืง ืฉืกืžื“ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื: ื—ื›ืžื”, ื™ืคื”, ืืžื ื ื”ื“ืจืช, ื—ื‘ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืคืœื•ื ื˜ืจ ืขื ืง. ืžื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœื”, ืื ื–ื” ื™ืชื’ืœื”, ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ, ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื ืฉื•ื: ื”ืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ื•, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ืžื• ื–ื” ืงืฉืจ ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘. ื•ืื ื™, ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื ื™, ืฉืจื’ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ืคื˜ืจ ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ืง ืืฉืชื•? ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืกืžื“ืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื™, ืื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืจืง ืชื•ืฆืจ-ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืืชื•. ืžื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื™ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืชืื•ืฉืฉ, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื›ื–ื” ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืชืคืชื— ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ืฉืฆืœื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจืงืข?"

ืื”ื•ื“ ื ืฉืขืŸ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื›ื•ืจืกื”. ื”ื•ื ื ืฉื ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืคืจืง ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืžืื” ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ, ืžื—ื›ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ืช ืืชื™ืจ ืืช ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื ืคืฅ ื—ื•ื˜-ื—ื•ื˜, ืœืœื ืกื›ื ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ. ืื ื™, ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืจื’ืข ืืœ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื™.

* ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืžื” ืงืจื” ืคื”? ื”ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืื• ืฉืžื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฉืœื™ื” ืจื’ืขื™ืช?ย 

* ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ื›ื” ืžืกื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ืื”ื•ื“ ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื” ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘?

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื•, ืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืื‘ืœ, ืฉื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืชื. ืืš ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉืชื™ืืจ ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื–ื” ื•ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ืœ.

ืฉื ื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื โ€“ "ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื" ื‘-1914, ื•"ืื‘ืœ ื•ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ื”" ื‘-1917 โ€“ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื”.

ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“. ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžืฉื ื™. ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ ืื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ (ื—ื•ืœื ื™) ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ืขื•ืŸ. ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•.

ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืขืจ, ืฉืืฆืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืžื•ืชืื, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืขืจ ืœื›ืš ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืง, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื˜ืžืช ื”ืฉื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื—ืคื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 1914).

ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื“ื—ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘"ืื ื™" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ึผึธืื—ืจ, ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื” ืžื•ืฉืงืขืช ื‘"ืื ื™", ื•ืื˜ ืื˜ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืงืขืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”. ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืจื ืคืจื•ื™ื“ "ื™ึธื—ึฒืกึตื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜". ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืขื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืจ ืจืคืœืงืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ (ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช). ื›ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื’ืœื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืžื•ื’ื’ืช ืžื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ื•ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื•.

ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉืงืขืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘"ืื ื™" ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื”ืฉืงืขืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ึผึธืื—ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉื ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื›ื™ื ื” "ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช" โ€“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘"ืื ื™". ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœื” ืื• ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื›ืื‘ ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืื• ืื“ื ืฉื ืคื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืขืงื‘ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ืขืกื•ืง ื•ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื•ื–ืจ "ืœืœืงืง ืืช ืคืฆืขื™ื•". ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืชืื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 1914).

ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ -

ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืžื‘ื”, ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื”, ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืข ืืจื•ื›ื”, ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื, ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืœืชื•ื›ื”. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืืฆืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืคื™ื›ื”, ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ึนื•ึถื” ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืงืจื•ื‘, ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ืื›ื–ื‘ื”, ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืขืœื™ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ืฉืœื— ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ืจ (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 1914). ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื“ื ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœ"ืฉืœื•" ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืจื“, ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“. ื›ืš ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืื˜-ืื˜ ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืžื“ ืื™ืฉื™, ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืžืฉืจื“ื• ืฉืœื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื“ "ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ", ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืคืฆื™ ื”ื“ืงื•ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืชื•, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื™ืืœืฅ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืงืขืชื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืื—ืจ.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” "ืชืงื•ืข" ื•ื”ืื“ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืื– ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžืฉื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ (ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™). ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืœื™ื‘ื ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ืื—ื“ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ, ืฉื‘ืžืกื’ืจืชื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืืœ ืขืฆืžื™, ื”ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื™ื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ืœย  ืžืชืจื—ืฉ "ืฆืขื“-ืฆืขื“", ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ, ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืงืจื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืงืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 1914).

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื›ื™ื—ื” ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืžื•, ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืขื ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืชืจื’ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื”, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ื™ื™ืฆืžื“ื• ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืœืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ื•ื™ืกืจื‘ื• ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืœื›ืช.

ืื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžึดืฉื ื™, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ืขื ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื›ืขืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ, ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ืื›ื–ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืื• ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืœื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืœืขืฆืžื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืš, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื’ืจืฉื•, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืจื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกื‘ื•ื›ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืจื‘ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื’ื ื”ืฉื ืื” - ื•ืœื ืจืง ื”ืื”ื‘ื” - ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืจื‘ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜.

ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืฉ. ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช (Indifference), ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ืœืขืฆืžื•. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื ืืชื• ื•ื‘ื›ืขืกื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืฉ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืกืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžืฉื ื™. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืฉื” ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ื–ื•, ืฉื ืื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื“ื—ืคื™ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ื” ืœืฉื ืื”. ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 1914). ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ืืฆืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืืจื’ื ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ืœื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื” โ€“ ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืžืขื™ื“ื”, ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืกื•ืงื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉืงืขืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื’ืจื•ืฉ.

ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (1914) ืชื™ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ โ€“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•; ื”ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ืืš ื›ืขืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืชื— ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ.

ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื‘ืœ -

ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืกื‘ืจ ืฉืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื” ืžื”ืžื•ึผื“ืขื•ึผืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ืงืื”, ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืงืจื•ื‘. ื”ื”ืงืื” ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื’ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืžืจื” ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืื›ืŸ ื ืคื˜ืจ, ืฉื”ืžืงืจื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืจืง ื—ืœื•ื ืจืข ืฉื—ืœืžื ื•.

ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืืžืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืื›ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืจื” ื•ืงื™ื™ืžืช - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื ืคืฉ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉื” (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 1914).

ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžืฉื ื™, ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžึดืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืื“ื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื• ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ืื• ืื–, ื ืืœืฆืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื ื’ โ€“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื•ืœืฉืœื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ; ืื• ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ โ€“ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ, ืœืขื•ึตื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืš ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกืจืช.

ืื ื ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื“ื ืฉื ืืœืฅ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ื ื™ืชืงืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืฃ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื›ืš ืฉืงื•ื“ืžื•, ืืฉืจ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ื•ืžื™ื•ื–ืžืชื•, ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืชย  ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ึผืช ื•ื ืžืฆื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืจืงืข, ื ื•ืฉืฃ ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ืžื—ืœื™ืคื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืœ.

ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžึดืฉื ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืžืชืงืฉื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืœ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœืคึทื ื•ึนืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืขย  ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœืขืชื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื ืคื˜ืจ โ€“ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืฉืงืขืช ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ื–ื›ืจื•. ืœืขืชื™ื, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืชื™ืคื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžื•ืฉืงืขืช ื‘"ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“".

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžึดืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื‘ืœ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืจื“ื™, "ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชื" (1990). ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืžืชืืจืช ื•ืจื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื ืจื•ืช ื ืฉืžื”", ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืื” ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืขืœ ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื ืื• ื”ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ืขืžื ื ื™ื”ืœื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื•, ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ "ื ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”" ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืจืฃ ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ. ื›ืš, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœื, "ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืœื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื”", ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื–ื›ื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื.

ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (1914) ืžืชืืจ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžึดืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืื›ื–ื‘ื”, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืื• ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืื ื™ืช (Manic Defense). ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™, ืœืœื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ืœ, ืœื”ืฉืงืขืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืื ื™ ื–ื”, ืื ื• ืคื•ืกื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžืื ื™ ืžืœืžื“, ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ื—ื–ืงื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœืงืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืžื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืืชื• ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืš.

ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืื”ื•ื“ ืกื™ื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ื”ืฉืชืจืจื” ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืืจื•ื›ื”. ืœืจื’ืข ืงืฆืจ ื”ืชืคืชื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืžึดืฉื ื™, ืฉืœืคื™ื• ื”ืŸ ืื”ื•ื“ - ื”ืžืชืื•ืฉืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื• ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืžืจื” ืขืœ ืœื›ืชื• ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื ืคืฉื•, ื•ื”ืŸ ืกืžื“ืจ - ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืกืจืช โ€“ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืœื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ื•ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกืจืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืื ื™ืช.

ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžืจืžื–ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ื”ืŸ ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืฉืžื—ื•ืช: ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืื”ื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืืœื ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ, ืœืงืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืฉืจื•ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ.

ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ืืžืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืื™ื ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ืœื™ ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ, ืžื” ื’ื ืฉืžื™ื“ ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœืžื™ ื ื™ืชื ื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื”... ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ืžืชืขื ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืžืข ื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ ื”ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืฉื•ืคืขื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืืจ - ืžืชืงืฉื—ื•ืช ืœืจื’ืข ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชื ืชืงื•ืช.

ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ (1992), ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžื ื ื•, ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ ื’'ื•ื–ืฃ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืžืจื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœืคืชื— ืืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ึผืชื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืจืš ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื–ื• ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื“ื• ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืง ื™ึทืœึฐื“ึดื™, ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™, ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื•. ืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื“ื—ืง ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืืš ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ืคื•ืงื•. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ, ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•, ื›ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืจื•ื—ืฉืช ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืขืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื.

ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื™ืคื” ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกืขืจืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื”ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืžืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ื ื•ืชื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ.

"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื”ื•ื“", ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•, "ืื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืขืชื™ืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื’ื ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืžืœื‘ืœื‘, ืขื ืกืžื“ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืš ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืกืžื“ืจ. ืื ื™ ื’ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจืช ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืชื” 'ื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึนืš' ื ื•ืจืื™. ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘'ื‘ึผึฐืจื•ึนืš'. ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืคืชื— ื•ืฆืฅ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ืงืจ-ืขืจืš".

"ื”ืคืชืขืช ืื•ืชื™", ืืžืจ ืื”ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื™ืš ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. "ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืชืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื-ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ื”ืื—ื“ ืœื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™".

"ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง", ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืœื•, "ื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืกื™ืคืจืช ืœื™. ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื”ื•ื“, ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื‘ืœ ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชืœื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ืื“ื ืฉืฉื›ืœ ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆืœื—. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื•ืช ืืฉืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช. ืื•ืชื• ื’ื‘ืจ ื’ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื›ืคืจื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื. ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืกืขื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื•ืขื•ืจืจ ื–ืขื ืจื‘ ื›ืœืคื™ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืœืคื™ ืืฉืชื• ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื. ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืขืก: 'ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ ืื™ืš ื•ืžืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื™. ื’ื ืœืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืคื” ืืช ื”ืืฃ!'"

ืื”ื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืš ืฉึตื ื™ืช. "ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ. ืžื” ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ืข, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืชืช ืœื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ?" "ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš", ืืžืจืชื™. "ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืžืžืฉ ื™ื—ื“ ืงืฆืช ืื—ืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชืš ืœืงื—ืช ืคืกืง ื–ืžืŸ. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืชืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืกืชืชืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ 'ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื—ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื•ืœ', ื™ืืžืจ ืœืš ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื•ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื“ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืš ื•ืžื“ื•ืข, ื•ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื”".

ื›ืš โ€“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ - ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืจืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืื ืื”ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืืœื• ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ืงืฉื” ืจืง "ืœื ืžืชื•", ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ ืžื ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ืœ ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื•ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืื ื™ืช, ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื• ืฉืื›ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช...

ืื”ื•ื“ ื—ื™ื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืš ืขืฆื•ื‘. "ื”ืืžืช, ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงืฆืช ืžืชื—ืžืงืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืŸ ืื™ืชื™. ืื›ืŸ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืš ืžื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ื—ื™ื™, ื›ืš ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืืžื™ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืžืฆื“ืš".

ื‘ื‘ื™ืœื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”

ื•ืจื“ื™, ื“. (1990). ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชื: ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืฉื•ืื”. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชืจ.

ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื–.

(1914/2007). ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื. ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ื•ืžืืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื–ื”. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’.

(1917/2002). ืื‘ืœ ื•ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™ื”. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’.

ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, ื’. (1992). ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืคืจื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืช-ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื“ืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.

ืžืืžืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื“ืŸ, ืขืž' 84-104.