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ื’ืœื™ืช ืงื™ืฆื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ื ื”ย - ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช
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ืชืงืฆื™ืจ
ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืžืกืขื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™), ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ืžืชืœื•ืชย  ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžืืžื” ื•ืžืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืชืื•ืžื”. ืืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื•ืืžื” ื•ืืช ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื” ืขื ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืชืื•ืžื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื“ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืœื•ืช ย ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื–ืงืงื•ืชื” ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืœืžื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืืžื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœ"ืคืจื•ืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืฃ" ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื“ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืงืจืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ื ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืชืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ืœืคื™ื™, ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ื•ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืชื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.

ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื“ื ื”, ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”"ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”-ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”" ืฉืœ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืžืื”ืœืจ (Mahler,1975). ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, "ืžืชืœื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2009). ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืืžื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื (ื‘ืื•ืจ, 2004; ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™ 1990; ืคืœื•ื˜ื ื™ืง, 2003) ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื“ื ื” ื•ื”ืงืฉืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื™ื•ืฆื’ ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ "ืขืฆืžื™" ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื ืคืจื“ืช (Rubin, 1987; Levine, 1995; Brown, 2008).

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช
"ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชืคืจื“ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืื—ื“, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื–ื™ื’ื” ื”ื ืื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง". ืžืืžืจื•ืช ื”ืจืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืืคืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืคืกื•ืก (ืกื•ืœืŸ, 2007).

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”"ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”-ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”" ืœืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืžืื”ืœืจ
ืžืื”ืœืจ ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”-ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” "ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื", ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืž"ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™" ื—ืกืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืจืืฉื™ืชื• ื‘ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช (Mahler,1975). ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืชื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืกืคืจืฆื™ื” ื•ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื›ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ืืš ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื. "ืกืคืจืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ื”ืื, ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช" (Mahler, 1975).

ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”-ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”: "ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™",ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืกืคืง ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™, ื”ืžื’ืข ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื, ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคืชื— ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ "ื’ื•ืจื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™" ืฉื“ื•ืื’ ืœื•, ืžื” ืฉืžืกืžืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™", ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื•ืืžื• ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ (Mahler, 1975 Greenberg, 1983). ืžืื”ืœืจ ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” โ€“ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชืœื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืžืœืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื (ืžื˜ืจื™, 2005) ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื•ื ื— "ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”" ื›ืืœ ืžืฆื‘ ืชื•ืš-ื ืคืฉื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื, ื•ืœื ื›ืืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื (1960, Mahler, 1975). ืจืง ืื ื™ืชื ืกื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืกืคืง, ื”ื•ื ื™ืคึธืชื— "ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™" ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ื’ื‘ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช, ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ื•ืžืœื•ื›ื“ืช, ื•ื›ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืงืฉืจื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ืย  (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2001Mahler 1975; Greenberg, 1983 ;).

ืœืคื™ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”-ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื: ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ: ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืขื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ื”ืื ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืœ"ืœื ืขืฆืžื™". (ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืจ, ย 1991Mahler, 1975 ;). ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœ: ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืžืืžื• ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืืœื™ื” ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ืœืฆื•ืจืš "ืชื“ืœื•ืง ืจื’ืฉื™". (ื˜ื™ืื ื•, 2006; Mahler, 1975). ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ((Rapprochement: ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืจื“ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ืงืจื‘ืช ืืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขืžื” ื•ืืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื•. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืขื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ืื, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. "ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืชื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ - ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืงืŸ ื•ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืœืื™-ืชืœื•ืช - ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืœืขื•ืฃ" (ื˜ื™ืื ื•, 2006, ืขืž' 87). ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจื’ืฉื™ืช:ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื›ืขืช ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืžื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืืžื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืžื‘ื˜ื•. (ื˜ื™ืื ื•, 2006).

ืกื•ืœืŸ (ืกื•ืœืŸ, 2007, 1992 ,1991) ืžื‘ืงืจืช ืืช ืžืื”ืœืจ, ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื’ื ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ืœื›ื•ื“ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœ ื”ืื, ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื–ืžื ื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื›ื ื˜ื™ืฉื”, ื›ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื˜ืจืื•ืžืชื™ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ืกื•ืœืŸ ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”"ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื" ื›ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืื-ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”"ื™ื—ื“" (jointness), ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื˜ืจื™ืื“ื”: ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœ ื”ืื, ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืฉื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”"ื™ื—ื“", ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. "ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื™ื—ื“" ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ืฉื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืฉืจ ื”ืกื•ื—ืคืช ืื•ืชื ืœืืฉืœื™ื” ืจื’ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”"ื™ื—ื“", ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœื ืงื™ื™ื "ืœื ืขืฆืžื™" ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ืกื•ืœืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ืœื” "... ืืช ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”"ื™ื—ื“" ืœืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜, ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘... ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืื•ืœื ืงื•ื ืฆืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ืชื–ืžื•ืจืช. ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื”... ืžืื—ื“ื™ื ืืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื˜ืฉื˜ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื•ื›ืœื™..." (ืกื•ืœืŸ, 2007, ืขืž' 133). ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘"ื™ื—ื“" ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืชื• ืžื”ืื—ืจ, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”"ื™ื—ื“" ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืœืœื ื—ืจื“ื” ืžื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ืžื”ื™ื‘ืœืขื•ืช ืื• ืžื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื. ืกื•ืœืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื” ืจื’ืขื™ืช, ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื•ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืืžื• ืœ"ื™ื—ื“", ื•ืื™ื ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” "ืงื‘ื•ืขื”", ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืžืื”ืœืจ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”. ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ "ื™ื—ื“" ื”ืื ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื (ืกื•ืœืŸ, 2007).

"ืžืชืœื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช" ืœืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜
ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื›ืžืกืข ืž"ืชืœื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช" ื“ืจืš "ืชืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช" ืœืื™ ืชืœื•ืช โ€“ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืื ื›ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ืœื ื•ืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืกืข ื–ื” ย (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2009).

"ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช": ืœืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช ื”"ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื”". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืื, ืฉืžืžื ื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ื•ืœืคืชื— "ืขืฆืžื™" ืžืฉืœื• (Winnicott, 1962). ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืจืื” ื‘ืื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ืช ื•ื˜ืขืŸ, ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” (ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืœื™ื“ื”) ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืืžื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ืขืจ ืœืชืœื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืืžื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ "ืžื•ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช" - "primary maternal preoccupation") ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืงื•ืคื”, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง (going on being""), ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืš ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. (ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, 2003, ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2007).

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”" ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื-ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ืžืื”ืœืจ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื” ืขื ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช-ืคื™ื–ื™ืช (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2009). ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉื”ืฉื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง... ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœื”ืชืคื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืœื™ื”..." (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2007, ืขืž' 44; ืžื˜ืจื™, 2005 ). ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื–ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื”ืชืืžื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™", ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื ื™ ื”ื—ืœืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื ืžืžืžืฉืช ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ืื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”, ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื” ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืžืจึธืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืฉืžืคืชื— "ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื•ื–ื‘" ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2009). ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื— ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื ืฉืืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื” (ืžื™ืœืจ, 2000). "ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช" ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื•ื ืง ืžืฉื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืื ืžื™ื ื™ืงื” ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”, ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ืชืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“, ื•ืœื• ืงืจื ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ "ืœืงืจืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช", ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉื”ืื“ื ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžืœืื” (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2009).

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ืืฆืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื

ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”-ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื

ย 

"ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™... ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•; ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื’ื•ืคื•... ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœื• ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื ืœืื—ืจื™ื; ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืชื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืชื™ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืชืจ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื" (ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, 1990, ืขืž' 27).

ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืžืื— ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืื—ื™ื• ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ื•ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื—ื™ื•. (ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, 1990; ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2001). ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื“ื ื ืคืจื“ (ื•ืœื ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉืœื) ื‘ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืฉืœื•, ื•ื™ืคืชื— ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืชืื•ื (ื‘ืื•ืจ, 2004). ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”-ืื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ Mahler, 1975)) ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ื”ื‘ื ื” ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื›ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืœ: ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืืžื• (ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื) ื•ื’ื ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืื— ื”ืชืื•ื (ื‘ืื•ืจ, 2004; ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, 1990).

ืชืื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™. ย ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืืžื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืžืคืชื— ืœื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื, ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืคืชื— ื›ื™ืื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง "ืจืขื‘" ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ืชืœื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช "ืขืฆืžื™" ื•ื—ืจื“ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื” (ื‘ืื•ืจ, 2004; ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, 1990). ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ "ื™ื•ืชืจ" ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืชืื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ย ืœืคืชื— ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื” โ€“ "ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื•ื–ื‘", ื”ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื• ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœื•, ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื•ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ืชืœื•ืชื™-ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื• ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ (ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, 1990).

ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ืืฆืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื

ืคืœื•ื˜ื ื™ืง ืžื ื™ื—ื” (ืคืœื•ื˜ื ื™ืง, 2005) ืฉืื—ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื—ื ืืžื: "ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืฉืœื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื ืงืœื˜ืช ื›ืœ ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืฉื ื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืฉืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืฉืœื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช, ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข... ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืคื ืžื”... ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™" (ืคืœื•ื˜ื ื™ืง, 2005, ืขืž' 49; Stern, 1985).

ืœืื•ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืกืš ื‘ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื. ื”ืชืื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ: ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืชืงื™ื ื” ืขืžื” (ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, 1990). ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืกืš ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืคื ืžืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื, ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืงืจืงืข ื ื•ื—ื” ืœ"ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช", ื”ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืงืฉืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื ืžืกืคืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืชืื•ื ืœืืžื• (Leonard, 1961). "ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช" ("Twinโ€“inter identification") ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืื—ืจ, ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ื”ื“ื“ื™, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ื™ื• .(Hartman, 1934-1935) ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื” - ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”, ืฉื™ืชื‘ื˜ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืงื™ื ื” (Siemon, 1980). "ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช" ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœ"ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืชืื•ืžื•ืช" (""Twining reaction), ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” (Joseph &Tabor, (1961. ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืชืื•ืžื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืงื”, ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ (ื”ืื— ื”ืชืื•ื) (ืกืžื™ื ืœื ืกืงื™, 1990).

ย ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ื›ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช, ืืš ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื”" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2001, ืขืž' 114). "ื”ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ืžื”. ืื•ืœื ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืžืกืžืœื™ื ื’ื ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช: ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช... ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืขื•ืœื, ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื• ืขืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื• ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•" (ืกืžื™ืœื ืกืงื™, 1990, ืขืž' 15).

ย 

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืžืืคืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช

ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืื—ืช ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™". ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”"ืขืฆืžื™", ื•ืื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื•, ืชืชื‘ืกืก ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื”ื‘ืขื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ 2007). ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืชืืžืช, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืžื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื™ืกื•ืคืงื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข, ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™, ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืจึธืฆื” ืื•ืชื• (Brown, 2008). ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ืชื”ื•ื•ื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ื•ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื• ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช "ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™" ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™. ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ื .(Rubin, 1987) ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจื™" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2007), ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืืคืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื›ืื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื–ื” .(Rubin, 1987) ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื›"ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจื™" ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ื›"ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ" ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2007Brown, 2008 ;). ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืง ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื, ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื” ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื”ื–ื ื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžืกืคืง ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” "ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื”", ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืœืืช ื”ืื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื” (Brown, 2008).

ย ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื—ืฉ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืขืฆืžื™", ื ืคืกืงืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ - "ืœื™ื‘ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืขื™ืช, ื ื‘ืœืžืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืžืกืชื’ืœืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœืงื•ื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉืชื™ืžืฆื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื•ืฅ" (ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, 2006, ืขืž' 195). ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืกืคืง ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ืคืฉื™ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ "ื”ืขืฆืžื™" ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช, ื”ืื ืฉืื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™, ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื ืขืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘"ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจ" ืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช "ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™" ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœ"ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื•ื–ื‘". ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ื•ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™; ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื—ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช; ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• (Matthews, 1992 ,1999; ย Brown, 2008).

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืฉืขืŸ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื• ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื•ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ืกื•ื, ืœ"ื˜ื™ื™ื—" ืื• ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉื”ื ื” ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ(Levine, 1995) . ืืฆืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืชืงื™ื ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" (Mahler,1975), ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื ื•ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืฉืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ืขืฆืžื™" ื”ื ื•ืœื“ ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื—ื™ .(Rubin, 1987)

ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช (Hosea, 2006). ืœืคื™ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”"ืื ื™-ืขื•ืจ" ืฉืœ ืื ื–ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ืจ ื›ืื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื” (ืื ื–ื™ื™ื”, 2004). ื‘"ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื’ืขื™ืช" (ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, 2001) ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžื’ืข ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™". ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื—ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืžืจ, ื—ื•ืœ, ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ืข ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" (Hosea, 2006).

ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™". ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช, ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ืžืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ, ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืคื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื™ืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื”. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืคื” ืฉืชืจื’ืฉ ืืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื• (Levine, 1995). ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืื ื• ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื ื• (Rubin, 1987). ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืœื•ืžื“ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ืœืชืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™". ย ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœื ื•ืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืืช ืชืžืฆื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื›ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืงืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ (Rubin, 1987,Levine, 1995). ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืจื—ืงื”, ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืื• ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™", ืืœื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ โ€“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ "ืขืฆืžื™" ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ืžืœื•ื›ื“. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื• ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื• (Rubin, 1987).

ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜ ;Kohut, 1971) ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, 2006(, "ืขืฆืžื™" ื—ืœืฉ ื•ื—ืกืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื”, ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช. ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉ"ืขืฆืžื™" ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ื›ื“ ืฆื•ืžื— ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื ืžืฉืงืคืช ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ืžืจืื” ื”ืžืืฉืจืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื”ื. ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื“ืจืš ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™. ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื—ืกื›ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ืฉืงืคื• ืœื• ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื• (mirroring transference). ื›ืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืคืชื— ืชื—ื•ืฉืช "ืขืฆืžื™" ืื™ืชื ื” ื•ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, "ืขืฆืžื™" ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ย ;Kohut, 1971)ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, 2006). ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืืžื•, ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”, ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืžืืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื”ืคืš ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื ืคืจื“. ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ, ืืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืืฉืจื•ืช (Rubin, 1987). ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืงืฃ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืชืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืจืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื”ืืžืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช "ืขืฆืžื™" ื ืคืจื“ ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ (Rubin, (1987.

ย 

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื”

ื“ื ื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™) ื”ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืœื” ืื—ื•ืช ืชืื•ืžื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืกื‘ืœื” ืžื—ืจื“ื•ืช, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืจึธืฆื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ: ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืฉืœื” ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื”, ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืืช ืžืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ - ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืชื—ื–ืง ืืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื” ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืืžื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืื—ื•ืชื”.

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ย ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืื ื™ ืžืจึธืฆื”", ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืชืื•ืžื”, ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ืืžื” ื•ื ื–ืงืงื•ืชื” ื”ื ื•ืืฉืช ืœืžื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืžืืฉืจ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ืœืื•ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจืคืจ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื™ื”ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื” ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืฃ ืœืงืจืืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืงื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืœืงืจืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช, ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”.

"ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืžืจึธืฆื”". ย ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื“ื ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื”, ืฉืื™ืชื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืžืืžืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืกืคืง ืชื•ืฆืจ ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืืกืชื˜ื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช.

ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ื‘ืœืขื•ืช. ย ื“ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื”, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืื-ืชื™ื ื•ืง - ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ืœืขื•ืช, ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื•ืช, ืคื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื: ื“ื ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืœ ืขืฅ ื•ื›ืจื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ื—ื” ืœืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืœื•ืข ืคืขื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—: ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืืžืจื”: "ื”ื ื” ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœื™", "... ื‘ืœืขืชื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื”". ื“ื ื” ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืชืช ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ "ื—ื™ื‘ื”" ืœื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืœืขื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืขื•ืฆืžืชื. ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื• ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืคื—ื“ื™ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžืชื” ืžื•ืœื. ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื›ื—ืกืจืช ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื: ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืคื ื“ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื”: "ืงืฉื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ... ื”ื ื ื‘ืœืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•". ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.

ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ย ื“ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืชืื•ืžื”: ื›ืฉื ืฉืืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืชืืจืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ย ืฉืื—ื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ืชื”. ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืงืžื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื—ื•ืชื”, ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื”ื, ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขืžืŸ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ . ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ื ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื” ื•ื‘ืชื” ื•ืืžืจื”: "ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื” ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืžื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจืื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช". ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืืžื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื“ื ื” ื ื™ื”ืœื” ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช.

ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื. ย ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืขื– ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืœืืžื” ื•ื ื–ืงืงื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืžื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืžืืฉืจ. ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืžืฆืข ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื•ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2007; ืžื˜ืจื™, 2005). ืจืง "ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื•ืื ื™ ื ืจืื”, ืžืฉืžืข ืื ื™ ืงื™ื™ื. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช..." (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2007, ืขืž' 131-130). ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืชืคืชื—, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื” ืชืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœื• ืžืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืฆื“ื” ืœืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื“ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื—ื•ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืžืฆืข ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืžืชื•ืš ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื” (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2007; ืžื˜ืจื™, 2005).

ื“ื ื” ื™ื™ื—ืกื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™. ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืจ "ื”ื ื•ืœื“" ืžืžื ื”, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืื™ืžื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืจืš ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื’ืžืจืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืชื›ืช ืœืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืกื™ืžืŸ, ื—ื•ืชื ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื”. ื›ืคื™ ื”ื ืจืื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื ื–ืงืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื” ื›ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื”.

"ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™" ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ. ย ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื“ื ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืœื” ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช. ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืžืืžืฅ ืœ"ืจืฆื•ืช" ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” (ืืช ืืžื” ื•ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช), ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื "ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™" ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ; ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืง, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื” ื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื ื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืžืขืฆื•ืจื™ื, ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช, ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™, ืœื”ืชืœื›ืœืš ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœื” ื•ืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกื•ืคื™. ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื›ืขืก ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื“ื ื” ืฉืืฆืœื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืืคืจืง ืื•ืชื”, ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœืืžื” ืชื•ืฆืจ ืกื•ืคื™, ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ืกืชื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืื– ื—ืฉืคื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ, ืœืงื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ, ืืš ื’ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื“ื ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื” ื•ืœืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื”. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™, ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™, ื•ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ืฆืขื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืกืขื” ืž"ืชืœื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช". ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืงืœ ื•ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื• ื™ื“ืข ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืจื” ืขืœื™ื” ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ืขืฆื ื”ืชื™ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•, ื™ืฆืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ย (ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื˜, 2004; ื ืฆืจ, 2004).

ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืจืคืจ, ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื“ื ื” ืืช ื›ืžื™ื”ืชื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. "ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื... ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขื•ืฃ... ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื...". ื“ื ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื™ ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ื“. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ื“ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืืžื”, "ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช" ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืื•ืžื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืฃ. ื”ืคืจืคืจ ื”ื ื• ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืœื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”, ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืžื’ื•ืœื ื—ืกืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื—ืกืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื•, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ื ืคื™ื• ื•ืœืขื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืืœ ืขืœ. ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ื—ืกืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืชื™ืช ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืจืคืจ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื”, ืื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™: "ืขื™ื‘ื•ื™" ืž"ื“ื•-ืžืžื“" ืœ"ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“" ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื ืคื— ื•ืžืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘.

"ืขืฆืžื™" ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช. ื“ื ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื™ื–ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื—ืจื” ืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”: ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืชืœืช-ืžืžื“ื™ืช, ื”ืชื•ืคืกืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘. ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื“ื ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ื ืžืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืืฆืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื—ืกืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื ื•ื›ื—ืช ื•ื—ื–ืงื”.

ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™". ย ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืฉืขื•ืœืžื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื” ื”ืชืžืœื ื•ื”ืชืขืฉืจ. ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฉืื•ืชื• ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืžืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืจื‘ ื•ืขืฉื™ืจ. ื“ื ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ืžืžืœื›ื” ืงืกื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื•ื ืกื™ืš, ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ื” ื–ื•. ืžืคืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืกื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื’ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื ื”ื’ื ื• ื“ื ื” ื•ืื ื™ "ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืฉืœื•ืžื”". ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื ืžืฆืื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจื•ืกื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื›ื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื“ื ื” ื›ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื•ื”ืชืืžืฆื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”. ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืฉื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืชืขืจืขืจื• ื•ื™ื™ื”ืจืกื•. ื“ืื’ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืงืกื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื• ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื”ืจืก ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืฉื“ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื›ื–ื‘ืช, ืžื™ื•ืืฉืช ื•ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื ื—ืžื” ื•ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“, ืืš ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืชืขืชื™, ื“ื ื” ืืžืจื”: "ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉืงื ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ื”ืจื•ืกื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ืืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ". ื“ื ื” ืฉื™ืงืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื”, ื•ื”ืคืขื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื’ื™ื ื” ืœืžืžืœื›ื” ื•ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ื”.

ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™". ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ื ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช "ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™" ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืืš ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืคืชื• ื‘ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™". ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืฉื™ืงืžื” ืืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœื” ืžืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืฉืœื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ื’ื ื•ืช.

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ย ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื” "ื›ื™ืžื™ื”" ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื“ื ื” ืžืฉืชื“ืœืช ืœืจึธืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื™, ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืคื™ื”. ื“ื ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื™, ืืช ื›ืžื™ื”ืชื” ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช: ื”ืจื‘ืชื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“, ื ื”ื’ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืฉืžื” ื•ืืช ืฉืžื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœื”, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืฉืชื™ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืขื–ืจื” ื•ืกื™ื•ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืžืืฉืจ ื•ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื™ ืžืœืื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ื•ื“ืจื›ืŸ - ื›ืœืคื™ื”. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื” ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืืžืคืชื™ื•ืช. ื™ื–ืžืชื™ ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ื ื” ืฆื™ื™ืจื” ื•ืื ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืจืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืžื•ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื™ืงื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื“ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ื ื” ื ื–ืงืงื” ืœืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” "ื–ื•ืœืช ืขืฆืžื™" (selfobject) (Kohut, 1971), ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืืช ื›ืžื™ื”ืชื” ืœ"ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช" ื‘ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืื ื™" ืœ"ืœื-ืื ื™", ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืฉืžื” ื•ืฉืžื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.

ื—ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื–ืงืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื™ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ืžืชืคืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืืฉืจื™ื, ื›ืœืคื™ื” ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ "ืขืฆืžื™", ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ืขืจืš. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืœื“ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื“ืจืš ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื” ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืชืช ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืžืžืฉื™ื•ืชื”. ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืจืื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื›ืžื˜ืคืœ "... ื”ืฉื‘ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื... ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ 2007, ืขืž' 133). ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœื•, ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืžืฉื™. ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜ ( , Kohut, 1971; ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, 2006( ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื“ืจืš ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืงืคื• ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• (mirroring transference) ืขืฉื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืคืชื— ืชื—ื•ืฉืช "ืขืฆืžื™" ืื™ืชื ื” ื•ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, "ืขืฆืžื™" ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ื”ื•ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื•ืจ, ืืช ืžืชืŸ ื”ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืืฉืจื•ืช (Rubin, 1987).

ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื“ื ื” ื™ื“ืขื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉืžื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืื• ืชืžื™ื›ืชื™. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื‘ื“ืขืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื• "ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื”", ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืฉืืจืš ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ืขืชื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ื“ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื“ื ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืงื—ืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขื ื›ืš ื‘ื ื•ื—.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื“ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืชืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืืžื”, ื‘ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืชืื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœืงืจืืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช "ืขืฆืžื™" ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ.

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืชืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืื ื™ ืžืจึธืฆื”", ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืชืื•ืžื”, ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืขื ืืžื” ื•ื ื–ืงืงื•ืชื” ื”ื ื•ืืฉืช ืœืžื‘ื˜ื” ื”ืžืืฉืจ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืคืจืคืจ ื•ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉืกื™ืžืœื• ืืช ื›ืžื™ื”ืชื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื” ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืฃ ืœืงืจืืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื•ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘, ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื ื” ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื“ื ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืงื ืืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืœืงืจืืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”: ื“ื ื” ื‘ื ืชื” ืžืžืœื›ื” ืงืกื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœื”. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืš, ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื›ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืœ ื“ื ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจืก ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื ื”. ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืฉื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื ื”ืจืกื” ื“ื ื” ืชื™ื”ืจืก, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœ"ืขืฆืžื™" ืœื”ื™ื”ืจืก. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื” "ืขืฆืžื™" ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื˜ื•ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื›ื–ื‘ื”, ื”ืจืก ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืœืžื“ื” ื“ื ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”, ืœืชืช ืชื•ืงืฃ ืœืงื™ื•ืžื”, ืœื›ื‘ื“ ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ โ€“ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ "ืขืฆืžื™" ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ืžืœื•ื›ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ (Rubin, 1987).

ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืฆืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื” ื™ืกื•ืคืงื• ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืกืคืง ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” "ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื”", ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืœืืช ื”ืื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ื“ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™, ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืชื ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื•. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื“ื ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืงื•ืœื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžืช ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.

ย 

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ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”

ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, ืช.ื”. 2001. ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื’ืขื™ืช. ืžืชื•ืš: ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, ืช.ื”. 2003. ืžืฆืข ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืื ื–ื™ื™ื”, ื“. 2004. ื”"ืื ื™-ืขื•ืจ". ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื‘ืื•ืจ, ืœ. 2004. ืชืื•ืžื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜. ื“.ื•. 2007. ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“. ื•. 2009. ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื•ื–ื‘. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื.ื•. 2001. ื”ื™ืœื“, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•. ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.

ื˜ื™ืื ื•, ืฉ. 2006. ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืŸ. ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืช"ื.

ืžื˜ืจื™, ื™. 2005. ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืคืฉ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, ืก.ื. ื‘ืœืืง, ืž.ื’'. 2006. ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื•. ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืžื™ืœืจ, ื. 2000. ื”ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.

ื ืฆืจ ืจื•ืช, 2004. ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ืกื•ืœืŸ, ืจ. 1992. 'ื™ื—ื“' ื›ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœื›ื“ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื. ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•' (3): ืขืž' 205.

ืกื•ืœืŸ, ืจ. 2007. ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

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