התמחות בהיסטוריה

ืื“ื ื•ืขื•ืœื: ืžื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืœืžืื” ื”-21 (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™) ื“"ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืจ, ื“"ืจ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืœย 

ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื•ื ืžืกืข ืžืจืชืง ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืคื ื•ืจืžื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืœื‘, ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ืืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื, ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ืžื™ืžื™ ืงื“ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™, ื ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“?

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ืœื ืฆื— ืชืื›ืœ ื—ืจื‘? ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืืœื•ืŸ ื’ืŸ

ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื˜ืœื˜ืœืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืฉืœื•ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืก ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ื’ื–ื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ืžื—ื™ืจ ื›ื•ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื ืžืชืžื™ื“. ื™ืฉ ืฉืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ืคืจ: "ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœืš, ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”", ื™ืฉ ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉืœ ื—ื ื•ืš ืœื•ื™ืŸ: "ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื”: ืืช, ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื”", ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“?

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ืœืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”? (ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช) ื“"ืจ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืขย 

ืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื“ืขืช ื–ื”. ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืขืกื•ืง: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื›ื ื’ื“, ืชื™ืงื•ืฃ, ย ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื-ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ: ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“; ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช; ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืืงื“ืžื™; ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™.

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ืžื”ืคืื‘ ืืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ืช: ืžืกืข ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ (ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจืฃ) ื“"ืจ ืžืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืฆืจ

ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœืฆืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื? ืื™ืš ื•ืžืชื™ ื”ืคื›ื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœ"ืžืืกื˜ืจ ืฉืคื™ื"? ื•ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืจื•ื–ื ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”? ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืข ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื ืฆื ืœืžืกืข ืฉื›ื•ืœื• ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ, ื‘ื”ื ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœ"ืžืืกื˜ืจ ืฉืคื™ื", ื•ืขื•ื“.ย 

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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”: ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื›ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ (ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—) ื“"ืจ ืืœื™ ื‘ืจ-ื—ืŸ

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืื—ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืชื™ื’ื–ืจ ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคืš: ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืชืฉืขืŸ ื’ื ืขืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืืช ื™ื•ืืจื• ืืจื‘ืข ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื›ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืžืจืงื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื“ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืืกืœืื ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™, ื’'ื ื•ืกื™ื™ื“ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“?

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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช (ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื-ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™) ื“"ืจ ื ืžืจื•ื“ ื˜ืœ

ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื (1865-1861) ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ืชื—ืงื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืžื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืกืœืข ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ืœืžื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ืช ื-ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื›ืš, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ื™ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื ืชื— ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืืœื•, ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืžืกื˜ืจ, ืฉื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื–ื•ื ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™.

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ื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืœ: ื›ืฉืื•ืคื ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืžืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืฆืจ

ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื” "ืฉืื ืœ" , ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืื•ืคื ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจืชืง ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื–. ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืจืชืง ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืื ืœ, ื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ื›ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืคื ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ื ื‘ืจืจ ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคื ื”, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืื—ืจ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืกืคืจ.

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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข: ืž"ืขื•ื“ื“ ื”ื ื•ื“ื“" ื•ืขื“ ืœ"ืฆ'ืืจืœื™ ื•ื—ืฆื™" (ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื-ืกื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™) ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื” ืคื ื—ืกื™

ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืœืžื“ ืืช ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืžืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื™ืก ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืขื“ ืœืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80 ื•ื”-90. ื ืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื–'ืื ืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื, ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ืื™ ืœืื—ืจ 67, ืกืจื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืงืก ื•ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืชื— ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื•ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืœ" ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™.

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ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืืœื™ ื‘ืจ-ื—ืŸ

ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900 ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืช ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžืื” ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื–. ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ืืจื• ืื•ืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื”ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœืœ ืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืื” ืฉืงื“ืžื”. ื•ืื•ืœื ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจืฆื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื“ืข ื•ื‘ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“?

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"ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื™ืŸ"? ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืข

ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื” ืขื ืฉืืœืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื ืคืชืจื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช "ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื™ืŸ" ื›ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™, ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื ืึตื, ื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืชื‘ื• ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื›ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื—ื–ืงืชื•. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืžื“ืŸ, ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืชื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ โ€“ ืื–, ื•ื’ื ื”ื™ื•ื.

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ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื•ื’ื ืžืœื›ื”: ืžื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืžืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืฆืจ

ื”ื™ื“ืขืชื ืฉืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื™ืฉื ื• ืฉื•ืง ืื•ื›ืœ ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื—ืจื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืกืจื™ื ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื? ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืœื›ื” ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉื ื ื˜ืฉื” ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช? ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื›ืืŸ ืžืžืœื›ื” ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช, ืฉืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืœื ื• ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžืจืชืงืช ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื”. ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ื ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช. ื ืขืžื™ืง ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืฆืœื‘ื ื™ืช? ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.

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ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื• (ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจืฃ) ื“"ืจ ื ืžืจื•ื“ ื˜ืœ

ืœืคื ื™ ื›-100 ืฉื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ื’ืณื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืื™ ืฉ"ืขืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช ืฉืœื•". ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืืœื ื’ื ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื• ืœื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื–ืžืŸ, ืขืœื™ื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืžืžืฉ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื”. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“?

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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื” (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืข

ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™: ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื ื–ื›ืจืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื”. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื›ื™ืจ ืฆืžืชื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ืคืจืฉืช ืงืกื˜ื ืจ ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื™ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ื™ืฉืœื‘ื• ืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืกืžืกื˜ืจ ื›ืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื’ื™ืฉื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื›ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉืงืจืื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ (ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืชื™ืžืกืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ).

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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ืข: ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช 21-19: ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืขืชืœื™ื” ืฉืจื’ืื™ ื•ื“"ืจ ื ืžืจื•ื“ ื˜ืœ

"ื”ื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื”ืžืกื›ื ื”, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช". ืืžื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœืคื•ืจืคื™ืจื™ื• ื“ื™ืื– (Dรญaz), ื ืฉื™ื ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื•ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื›ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื ืขื•ืช ืœื”.ย ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“?

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ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ื ื“ืจืœื”? (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืžืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืฆืจ

ื—ืคืฅ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื™ื– ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืจืชืง. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ื ื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ื—ืคืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื? ื”ืื ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ? ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื ื• ื’ื ื”ืคืชืขื”... ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

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ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ: ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื“"ืจ ืืœื•ืŸ ื’ืŸ

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช, ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื ืชื‘ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ืช ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืื“ื (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœื), ย ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื ืชื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ย ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.ย  ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“?

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ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื: ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืคืืฉื™ื–ื ื•ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื” ืคื ื—ืกื™

ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20: ื”ืคืืฉื™ื–ื ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื•ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืœืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืขืžื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืกืจื˜ ื”ื ืืฆื™ "ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ" (ืœื ื™ ืจื™ืคื ืฉื˜ืืœ, 1935). ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ ื•ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื. ื ืจืื” ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ื”ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ืกื˜" (ื‘ืจื ืจื“ื• ื‘ืจื˜ื•ืœื•ืฆ'ื™, 1970) ืื• "ืœื™ืœื™ ืžืจืœืŸ" (ืจื™ื™ื ืจ ื•ืจื ืจ ืคืืกื‘ื™ื ื“ืจ, 1981) ืฉืžืชื—ืžืงื™ื ืžื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืจื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• "ื™ืœื“ื” ืจืขื”" (ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื•ืจื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, 1990) ืื• "ื”ื ืคื™ืœื”" (ืื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉื‘ื™ื’ืœ, 2004) ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจ.ย 

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ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— (ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช) ื“"ืจ ืืœื™ ื‘ืจ ื—ืŸ

ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช. ืขื“ ืœืžืื” ื”-16 ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื• ื‘ืžืจื‘ ื”ืื™ืจื•-ืืกื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช: ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช, ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช, ื”ืขื•ืชื•ืžื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ืคืขื ื’ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช. ืืš ืœืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื›ืจืขืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ืœืžืขืจื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช. ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“?

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ืžืœื•ืžื™ื™ืจ ื•ืขื“ "ืžืืจื•ื•ืœ": ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข (ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ) ื“"ืจ ืžืื™ื” ืคื ื—ืกื™

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ื›ืฆื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ืขืžืžื™ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื” ืœื ื—ื–ื• ืœื” ืขืชื™ื“, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื”ืคืš ื”ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืขื™ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช. ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื• ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•? ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ืœืžื“ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื–'ืื ืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื•ื ืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืื™ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืœืกืจื˜ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื™ื•ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

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ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื“"ืจ ืืœื•ืŸ ื’ืŸ (ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื•ืŸ)

ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ื—ืœ ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—, ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืžืฆืคืŸ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช "ื”ื™ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื›ื”". ื”ื—ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืกืจ ื•ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช. ืกืžื™ื ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžืชื™ ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ืžืฆื ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื", ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื ืžืชื—ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

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ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— (ืฉื ื” ื') ืจื•ืช ืคืœื™ื™ืฉืžืŸ

ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ืฉืžืฉ ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืกื“ื ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืœืื•ืคื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข, ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืจ ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื•ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืงืฆื•ืข ืขืฆืžื•, ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืงืฉื‘.

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ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— (ืฉื ื” ื‘') ืฉืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื’ืจ

ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ: ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื’ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื•ืช, ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ืช, ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื›ื™ืชื”, ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฉืœื™ืžื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.

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ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช (ืฉื ื” ื‘') ื—ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืืŸ

ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžืช ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช (ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ื›ื™ืชื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื— ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืงื“ื ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ื•ืขื•ื“),ย ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ื“?

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ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช (ืฉื ื” ื’') ื’ืœื™ืช ืจื“ื™ืข

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืขืœ-ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื. ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”. ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช: ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืชื•ืš ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ื“ื™ื“ืงื˜ื™, ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื” ืžืืžืŸ/ืช, ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.

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ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” - ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ


ืœืžืจืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืจืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” - ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

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ื”ืžืฉืš - ืื“ื ื•ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืœืžืื” ื”-21
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื ืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืจื‘-ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื ืฆื ืœืžืกืข ืžื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื ืกืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืžื ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช-ืจื•ืžืื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืžื ื•ืขื“ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘-70 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื•ืžืจื“ ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื. ื ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืืช ื™ืฉื•ืข, ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื• ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื•, ืืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืžืฆื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ื“ืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ื ื ืกื” ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื“ืชื™, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืืกืœืื ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื•, ื—'ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื“ืžืฉืง, ื—'ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื“, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ, ื”ืคืื•ื“ืœื™ื–ื, ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืกืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจื•ืช, ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื.ย 

ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืก ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื›ืืœื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื•ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื• ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 1500 ื•ืขื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื’ืฉื™ื: ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื—ืงืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ืจืง ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืื™ืจืข? ืืœื ื’ื, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ, ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื; ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื” ืขื ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช; ืฉื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ โ€“ ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.ย 

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ื”ืžืฉืš - ืœื ืฆื— ืชืื›ืœ ื—ืจื‘? ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš
ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื ืข ื•ื ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื›ืื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”. ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ืฃ ืœืกืคืจ; ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช"; "ืจืง ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•": ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ืœืื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ;ื–ืจืžื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ "ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช"; ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—; ืคื˜ืœื™ื–ื: ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื•ืงื˜ ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื“ืจืš ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜: ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.

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ื”ืžืฉืš - ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”: ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื›ืžืงืจื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸย 
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื›ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื ืžื˜ืจื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช-ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช. ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืœืžืžื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื•ืžื“ ืงื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืฉ ืžื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ื”ืคืจืื™ืช ืื™ื ื• ื ื‘ืœื ืืœื ืจืง ืžื•ืืฅ ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”. ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืืœ ื™ืžื ื• ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื“ื•ืจื ื• ืœืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ื. ื”ื ื—ืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช-ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืžื”, ื’ื ืื ืฆื ื•ืขื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืขื“ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืื˜ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”. ืืš ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื’ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื™ืงืจืื• ืžืจืืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช: ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื ืฆื ืœืกื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—. ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืชื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ืช ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื ืกื” ืœื”ืงื ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.

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ื”ืžืฉืš - ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื• ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืชืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื˜ ื”ืจืก ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื ืขืœ ืืฃ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืจื’ ื•ืจืฆื— ื—ืกืจื™ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื“ ืกื•ืคื” - ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืขื ืžืชื•ืขืฉืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ืฉื’ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ืฆืจืคืช ืœื”ืคืฆืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืชื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœืฆื“ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื’ื ื‘ืคืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ืกืจืช ืชืงื“ื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ. ื—ืงืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื™ื•ื ื’ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื”ื. ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืกื ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื โ€“ ื–ืืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืจื“ื™ื•, ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื•ื”ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืฉื™ื ื• ืœืœื ื”ื›ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืžื”ื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืื” ื–ื•? ื•ื”ืื ืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœื”? ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ื™ื ืกื” ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช.

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ย ื”ืžืฉืš - ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”:ย ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื•
ื‘ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ื ื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช "ื”ืžื™ื™ืœื“ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”" โ€“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืชืžืš ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืกืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืขื•ืžืง ื‘ื”ื ื ืชื•ื ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ื ืœืžื“ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ื›ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืจื’ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื•, ืฉื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื ืชื ืกื” ื‘ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืžืฆืขื™ ืขื ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื–ืืช ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืกื™ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื—ืจื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื ืฆื—ืช ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืจื—. ื ื—ืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืจืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืžืฉื ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช-ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ืฉื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ื™ืœื“ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.

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ื”ืžืฉืš - ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ืข: ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ืช 21-19: ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ืย 
ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช, ื’ื–ืขื™ื ื•ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”, ื’ื ืื ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžืชื. ื‘ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ืข" (Contact Zones) ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื”ื™ืจืืจื›ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืชืขืจืขืจืช. ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืฆืžื™ื—ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืืจื”"ื‘, ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ืข ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื• ืกื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” "ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”" ื•"ื”ื™ืกืคื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”".

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ื”ืžืฉืš - ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ: ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™
ืžืชื—ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ืคื ืื™, ื–ื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ืจื•ืช, ย ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื›ื•'), ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืžื“ ย ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™-ืขืจื›ื™ ย (ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืœ ืกืคืงื ื•ืช, ืžืื‘ืง ืžื•ืœ ืงื‘ืœื”, ย ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื›ื•'). ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืชื— ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”. ย ื™ืฉ ย ืฉืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”- "ืื•, ืื•" ืœืขื•ืžืชื ื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžืžืชื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ืœื ืชื— ืžืงืจื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ, ย ื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืชื— ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ: ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ืฉื›ื—ื”, ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืœ ืกืคืง, ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื™ื—ื“, ืžืกื•ืจืช ืžื•ืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืžืื‘ืง ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ย ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ย ื’ื™ืฉืช "ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ" ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื— ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ "ืฉื™ื— ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช" ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืชื•ืคืก ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.

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ื”ืžืฉืš - ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื—
ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืื—ืจ "ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงื”" ื•ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืฉื—ื•ืœืœื• ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืืžืจื™ืงื”. ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• . ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ืฉื ื•ืฆืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ืš ืขื“ ืœืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืคืจื˜ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื›ืคืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืขืงื™ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื—ืคื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื’'ื ื•ืกื™ื™ื“. ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืขื ืงืช ื”ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืขืงื™ืฃ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืืœื” ืœื ืžื”ืกืก ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช "ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช" ื•ืœื”ื“ื™ื— ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—. ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืช ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ืขืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื? ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ืขืฉืจื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ืœืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•? ื•ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ื• ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื–ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ื™ื•ื?

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ื”ืžืฉืš - ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ืช
ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” (ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื—ืงืจ, ื•ืขื•ื“). ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื’ืฉืžืชื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™. ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืืžื ื™ื ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื; ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื; ืงื‘ืœืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืžืืžื ืช; ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื“ื’ื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜/ื™ืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช ืขื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื›ืžื•ืจื”.

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