החוג לספרות של תואר ראשון

TOMAS HOLCROFTS โ€“ REVOLUTIONARY DRAMA

ืื™ื™ืžื™ ื’ืจื ืื™: Thomas Holcroftโ€™s Revolutionary Drama: Reception and Afterlives, Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2023

A key figure in British literary circles following the French Revolution, novelist and playwright Thomas Holcroft promoted ideas of reform and equality informed by the philosophy of his close friend William Godwin. Arrested for treason in 1794 and released without trial, Holcroft was notorious in his own time, but today appears mainly as a supporting character in studies of 1790s literary activism. Thomas Holcroftโ€™s Revolutionary Drama authoritatively reintroduces and reestablishes this central figure of the revolutionary decade by examining his life, plays, memoirs, and personal correspondence. In engaging with theatrical censorship, apostacy, and the response of audiences and critics to radical drama, this thoughtful study also demonstrates how theater functions in times of political repression. Despite his struggles, Holcroft also had major successes: this book examines his surprisingly robust afterlife, as his plays, especially The Road to Ruin, were repeatedly revived worldwide in the nineteenth century.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ



ื“ื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืง โ€“ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืขืจื‘ื™

ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื“ืคื ื” ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื). ื“ื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืง: ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืขืจื‘ื™. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2022.

ืžื”ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืขืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืžื”ื• ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื“ืœื™ืœื” ืœืกื›ืกื•ืš ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชืง ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™? ืื™ืœื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื’ืข ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช? ืžื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืžื ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื? ืžื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš? ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœืขืจื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื”ื?

ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืคืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื“ื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื•ืช ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™-ืขืจื‘ื™, ื•ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืชืžื•ื ืช ืžืฆื‘ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ. ื—ืœืง ืžืžืืžืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ; ื—ืœืงื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื•ื“ืจืช ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื•ืจืื™ื™ื” ืคืกื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืžื’ืœืžื™ื ื’ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ โ€“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืจืš ืื–ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืคื•ื›ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ืจื—ื™, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื”.

ื”ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื:

ื“"ืจ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”; ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืจืืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื.

ื“"ืจ ื“ืคื ื” ื™ืฆื—ืงื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ืžื—ืงืจื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืจื‘-ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜; ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

ืฉืืจ ืจื•ื— โ€“ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืชื

ืืกื ืช ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช), ืฉืืจ ืจื•ื—: ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืจืืชื. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2022.

ืืกื•ืคืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืงื•ืจืขืช ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืœืžืŸ ืžื“ื™ืื” ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืžืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ืขื“ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื’ื•. ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืฉื™ ืคืจื•ื’ืœ ืขื ืžื ื—ื ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจ (ื–"ืœ) ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืคื”. ื”ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ื ืกื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืขืœ ื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ื•ืจืืชื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ืงืขืช ืจื•ื— ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืจ โ€“ ื–ื”ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœ.

ืœืฆื“ ื–ืืช ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื: ืฉืขืจ ื”ืจื•ื—, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืงืจื, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช, ืฉืขืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืืชื”, ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœืฉื•ื ื™, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืกื“ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืคืช ืžืืžืจื™ื ื–ื•. ื–ื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื”, ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช, ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—, ืืš ื‘ื“-ื‘ื‘ื“ ื’ื ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืžืฉื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืœื“ื•ืคืง ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”.

ืฉืืจ ืจื•ื— ืคื•ื ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ืขืคื™ืœ ืืœ ื”ืจ ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื ืืก (ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื›ึถืก ืคืจื ืกื•ึผืก) โ€“ ื”ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื•ืช, ืืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช.

ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื“"ืจ ืืกื ืช ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ, ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ื•ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื ื‘ืจืื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช; ื›ื™ื”ื ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื•ืจืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

Activist Pedagogy and Shared Education in Divided Societies

 Yitzhaki, D., Gallagher, T., Aloni, N. & Gross, Z. (Eds.) (2022) Activist Pedagogy and Shared Education in Divided Societies: International Perspectives and Next PracticesBrill

Collaborative engagement between activist academics from Israel and Northern Ireland highlighted the challenges and potential of working through education to promote shared learning and shared life in divided societies. Following these initial explorations, the volume brought together educationalists from Europe, the United States and South Africa to widen the range of experience and insights, and broaden the base of the conversation. The result is this book on the role of shared education, not only in deeply divided societies, but also in places where minorities face discrimination, where migrants face prejudice and barriers, or where society fails to deal positively with cultural diversity. Together, the contributors challenged themselves to develop theoretical and practical paradigms, based on practical knowledge and experience, to promote activist pedagogies. Their shared purpose was to work for more humane, just and democratic societies, in which education offers genuine hope for sustained transformational change.

The four main themes around which the book is organized are: educating for democratic-multicultural citizenship, models of shared learning, nurturing intercultural competencies, and reconciling dialogue in the face of conflicting narratives. The book draws on a wide range of international perspectives and insights to identify practical strategies for change in local contexts.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ



ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช - ืชื™ืง ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืก - ื”ื“ืก ืฉื‘ืช ื ื“ื™ืจ

ื”ื“ืก ืฉื‘ืช ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืชื™ืง ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืก

ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ืŸ ืคื’ื™ืก (1930 โ€“ 1986) ื”ื™ื ืžืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื–ื›ื• ืœืชื”ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืกืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื’ืœื”. ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื˜ืจื ื›ื•ื ืกื•, ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื’ื ื•ื–ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ืจื™ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืงื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืดืกื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”ืด ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืก; ืคืขื ื•ื— ื”ืกื•ื“ ื ืขืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• ื•ืขื“ ืœืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืืจืฆื”. ืคืจืง ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื•ืคืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจืชื• ื”ื’ื ื•ื–ื”. ื‘ืกืคืจ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืจืกืžื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ื•ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื•ื–ื™ื, ืžืกืžื›ื™ื, ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“.


ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื• โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™

ื—ื’ื™ืช ื”ืœืคืจื™ืŸ, ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื• โ€“ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื- ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืงื™ืค ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, 2011.

ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ (1900- 1973) ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, "ื”ืžืืกื˜ืจื•" โ€“ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืŸ ืชื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืœื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืคืข ื—ื™ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืื™ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื•ืงื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื. ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืจื‘-ืคืขืœื™ื, ืžืžื—ื“ืฉื™ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืขื•ืจืš ืžื—ื•ื ืŸ, ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืชืจื ืœื™ืฆื™ืงืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช 'ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื' ื•'ืฆื•ื•ืชื', ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืฉื ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.

ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ืช ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ื›ืžืจื“ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื ืื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืฅ ืืช ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”"ืงืœืืกื™ืช" ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”"ืื‘ื•ืช" ื•ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช. ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš: ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื—ื“ืฉืŸ, ืžืœื ืžืจืฅ ื•ืชื ื•ืคืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืฆื” ืœื• ื“ืจื›ื• ืืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื” ื‘ื ืกื•ืชื• ืœืจืฉืช ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—"ื  ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง. ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืกื˜ ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ื“ื•ืช, ืื“ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.

ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ืžืกื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืกื•ืงืจ ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• โ€“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื•: ื”ืกืขืจ ื•ื”ืคืจืฅ ื”ืชื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืคื™ื•ืก ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื™ื“ืข ืชื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ืœื” ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ื›ืžืชืจื’ื ืงืžื• ืขื•ืจืจื™ื.

ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืจื™ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืกืงื™ ืจื—ื‘ืช- ื”ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื‘"ื“ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™.
ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื‘ ืื‘ื•ื“ ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ



ืืช ืœื ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ื—ืœื™ ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื

ื—ืœื™ ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื, ืืช ืœื ืœื‘ื“. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ 77, 2021.

ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš

ื›ึผึธืœ ืึถื—ึธื“ ืฆึธืจึดื™ืšึฐ ืฉืึถืชึผึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ืœื•ึน ื—ึทืžึผึธื ึดื™ืช ื‘ึผึทืžึผึฐื’ึตืจึธื”,

ืกึธืžื•ึผืšึฐ ืœึทื›ึผึทื“ึผื•ึผืจึดื™ื, ืขึธืœึดื™ื ืคึผึฐื–ื•ึผืจึดื™ื ืžึฐื™ึปื‘ึผึธืฉืึดื™ื

ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื’ึผึทืคึฐืจื•ึผืจึดื™ื, ืขึดื ืจึนืืฉื ืฉืึธื—ึนืจ

ื”ึทื ึผึดืชึฐื—ึธื‘ึดื™ื ืžึดื‘ึผึฐืœึดื™ ืžึตืฉื‚ึดื™ื ืึถืœ ื”ึทืงึผึปืคึฐืกึธื”.

ื•ึผืžึดืŸ ื”ึทื›ึผึดื™ืก ื‘ึผึฐืฉืึทื™ึผึธืจึธื” ื”ื•ึนืœึฐื›ื•ึนืช ืœึฐืึดื‘ึผื•ึผื“ ื ึฐืžึธืœึดื™ื, ืžึดืœึผึดื™ื

ื•ึฐื›ื•ึนื›ึธื‘ึดื™ื ื ื•ึนืคึฐืœึดื™ื 

ื‘ึผึดืคึฐื ึดื™ื

ืืช ืœื ืœื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื™ ื˜ืœ ืฉืœื โ€“ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื”, ืžืจืฆื”, ืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ "ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช" ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกืฃ "ื’ืœืจื™ื”" ืฉืœ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ื”ืืจืฅ", ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช "ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื", "ื”ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ", "ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—" ื•ื‘ื‘ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ื”ืกืคืจ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ืงืจืŸ ื™.ืœ. ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืจืŸ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืืงื•"ื.


ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

 

ืžืฉื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™

ื—ื ื” ืงื”ืช, ื—'. ืžืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืชื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” โ€“ ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื”ื•ืฆืืช  ื›ืจืžืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2016.

ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืจ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™: ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืขืจึตื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ืžืชืžื–ื’ืช ื‘ืฉื ืชื™, ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืงืกื•ืžื•ืช   ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืœื” ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ืืช ืื‘ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข. ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ ืฉืขื” ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ ืœืชืคื™ืœืช ื•ืชื™ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื ืชื™. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ื™ ื”ืœื•ืžื“, ื”ื ืขื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ืžืกื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืขืžื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืืš ืžืžืœื ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช. ืขืœ ืงืจืงืข ื–ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“, ืืช ื”ืื™ื“ืื”  ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ื›ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.

ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื•  ืฆืžื—ืชื™, ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืœื™ื˜ืื™ืช ืœืžื“ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืขืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื“ืื” ื”ื–ื•. ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืžืขื’ืœื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื”, ื ื’ื“ ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืžื“ื ื™ื, ืงืžื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืชืคืืจืช; ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช-ื“ืชื™ืช, ืฉื—ืจื˜ื” ืขืœ ื“ื’ืœื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืฆืฆื• ื•ืขืœื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื“ืจ. ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ื•ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืื™ืœืš ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืžื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช. ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื•, ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืขืจืขืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืœืžื“ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ื˜ืื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืืฃ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ืขื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืžืชื. ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคืกื™ืคืก ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืจืชืง.

ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืกื›ื ืžืกืข ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืืจื•ืš ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“"ืจ ื—ื ื” ืงื”ืช ื‘ื ื‘ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืื™ื“ืื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืžืื– ื‘ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื•ื•ืœื•ื–'ื™ืŸ, ืื ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื•; ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจืชื•ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื” ื”ื–ื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื•.

ื“"ืจ ื—ื ื” ืงื”ืช โ€“ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื›ืœืœืช ื’ื‘ืขืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 



ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืกื•ืฃ โ€“ ื˜ืœื™ ืืฉืจ

ื˜ืœื™ ืืฉืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืกื•ืฃ. ื—ื™ืคื”: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืคืจื“ืก, 2022.

ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ืงึธืฉืึดื™ื ื•ึฐืึตื™ืŸ ื“ึผึธื‘ึธืจ. ืฉืึถื™ึผื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœึฐื”ึทืกึฐื’ึผึดื™ืจ ืึถืช ื”ึทืžึผึดื™ืชื•ึนืช ื”ึทืงึผึฐื˜ึทื ึผื•ึนืช, ืึถืช ื”ึทืฉืึฐึผื‘ึธืขื•ึนืช ื”ึทืกึผึฐืžื•ึผื™ื•ึนืช ืžึตืขึตื™ืŸ ื›ึผึนืœ, ืึถืช ื”ึธืึฒื‘ึตืœื•ึผืช ื”ึทืžึผึดืฉื‚ึฐืชึผึธืจึถื’ึถืช ื‘ึผึทื”ึทืžึฐืชึผึธื ึธื” ืœึธืื•ึนื˜ื•ึนื‘ึผื•ึผืก, ื‘ึผึฐืขึดืชึผื•ึนืŸ ื”ึทื‘ึผึนืงึถืจ, ื‘ึผึทืชึผื•ึนืจ ืœึฐื“ื•ึผื›ึทืŸ ื”ึทืชึผื•ึผืชึดื™ื ืฉืึถื ึผึดืงึฐื˜ึฐืคื•ึผ ืขึดื ืฉืึทื—ึทืจ. ื‘ึผึทื—ึดืคึผื•ึผืฉื‚ ื”ึทืžึผึทืชึฐืžึดื™ื“ ืึทื—ึทืจ ื˜ึฐืจึดื™ึผื•ึผืช.

 

ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ืึตืฉื. ื‘ึผึทื‘ึผึนืงึถืจ ืึฒื ึดื™ ืžึฐื‘ึทืฉึผืึถืœึถืช ืžึธืจึธืง ืขึทืœ ืœึถื”ึธื‘ึธื” ืงึฐื˜ึทื ึผึธื”, ื ึถืขึฑืจึถื›ึถืช ืœึทืฉึผืึฐืงึดื™ืขึธื”. ืœึดืงึผื•ึผื™ ื›ึผึธื–ึถื”. ืžึทื‘ึผึธื˜ึดื™ื ืžึดืชึฐืคึผึธืจึฐืงึดื™ื ืžื•ึผืœึดื™ ืกึดื™ื‘ึดื™ื ืกึดื™ื‘ึดื™ื, ืžึฐืžึธืึฒื ึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึทื™ึฐืฉืึดื™ืจ ืจึฐืื•ึผืช, ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ืœึฐื”ึดืกึฐืชึผึทืžึผึตื. ืื•ึผืœึทื™ ืžื•ึผื˜ึธื‘ ื”ึธื™ึธื” ืœึดืงึฐืคึผึนื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ ืฉืึถื”ึทื›ึผึนืœ ื”ึตื—ึตืœ ืœึดื ึฐื–ึนืœ ื›ึผึธื›ึธื”.

ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ืกื•ึนืฃ. ื—ื•ึนื–ึฐืจึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืกึฐืงึดื™ืœึธื” ืงึฐื“ื•ึผืžึธื” ืฉืึถืœึผึนื ื™ื•ึนื“ึทืขึทืช ืฉื‚ึนื‘ึทืข. ื”ึทื’ึผื•ึผืฃ ืฉืึถืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ืขึธืžึดื™ื“ ืœึนื-ืžึฐืฉืึทื ึผึถื”-ืžึธื”. ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ืžื•ึนืชึฐื—ึดื™ื ืื•ึนืชื•ึน ื•ึฐื”ื•ึผื ืžึดืชึฐืžึทืกึผึตืจ ื‘ึผึธื ื•ึผ. ืœึดืคึฐืขึธืžึดื™ื ื ึดืคึฐืชึผึทื— ืฉืึทืขึทืจ ื›ึผึฐืžื•ึน ื”ึทื‘ึฐื˜ึธื—ึธื”. ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื‘ึผึธืึดื™ื ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนื›ึฐื—ึดื™ื ืœึฐื”ึดืชึฐืขึทืฆึผึตื‘ ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนื›ึฐื—ึดื™ื ืœึฐืคึทื—ึตื“ ื•ึฐืฉืื•ึนื›ึฐื—ึดื™ื ืฉืึถื‘ึผึฐื‘ึทืช ืึทื—ึทืช ื ึดื–ึผึธื›ึตืจ.

ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ื“ึผึฐื‘ึทืฉื. ื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ื•ึฐื™ื•ึนืชึตืจ ืžึดืกึฐืชึผื•ึนืคึฐืคึดื™ื ื‘ึผึทื›ึผึทื•ึผึถืจึถืช. ืึดื ื ึตืฆึตื โ€“ ื ึธืฆื•ึผืฃ. ื›ึผึฐืฉืึถืึทืชึผึธื” ืžึทืžึฐืœึดื™ืšึฐ ืื•ึนืชึดื™, ืึตื™ืŸ ืขื•ึนืœึธื ืžึดืœึผึฐื‘ึทื“ึผึตื ื•ึผ. ืึทืชึผึธื” ืฉืื•ึนืึตืœ ืึดื ื”ึดืฉืึฐืงึตื™ืชึดื™ ืึถืช ื”ึธืขึฒืฆึดื™ืฆึดื™ื, ืึฒื ึดื™ ืฉืื•ึนืึถืœึถืช ืึดื ื”ึดืชึฐืงึทืฉึผืึทืจึฐืชึผึธ ืœึทื˜ึผึถื›ึฐื ึทืื™, ืฉืึฐื ึตื™ื ื•ึผ ืฉืื•ึนืึฒืœึดื™ื ื–ึฐืžึทืŸ. ืฉืื•ึผื‘ ื•ึธืฉืื•ึผื‘ ืžึฐืกึทืชึผึฐืชึดื™ื ื™ื•ึนื-ื™ื•ึนื.

ื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื ืฉืึถืœึผึธื ื•ึผ ื’ึผึฐื“ื•ึนืœึดื™ื ืžึตื”ึทื—ึทื™ึผึดื™ื. ื‘ึผึธืขึถืจึถื‘ ืึฒื ึทื—ึฐื ื•ึผ ื ึดืฉืึฐืขึธื ึดื™ื ืขึทืœ ืกึดืคึฐืœึตื™ ืชึผึถื” ืกึฐื’ึปืœึผึดื™ื, ืžึทืฆึผึดื™ืœึดื™ื ื–ึถื” ืึถืช ื–ื•ึน, ื ึดืคึฐืœึธื˜ึดื™ื ืœึฐืึตื™ื–ื•ึน ื ึฐืงึปื“ึผึธื” ื‘ึผึทืžึผึถืจึฐื—ึธื‘, ืขึดื ืจึตื™ื—ึท ืขื•ึผื’ึทืช ืชึผึทืคึผื•ึผื—ึดื™ื, ืขึดื ืงึถืจึทืข ื–ึธืขึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผึทืกึผึทืคึผึธื” ื”ึทืชึผึฐื›ึปืœึผึธื” ื•ึฐืขึดื ื›ึผึฐื‘ึธืกึดื™ื ืฉืึถืžึผึฐื ื•ึนืคึฐืคึดื™ื ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืžึดื‘ึผึทืขึทื“ ืœึทื—ึทืœึผื•ึนืŸ, ืžึทื“ึผึดื™ืคึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐื ึดื™ืขึธื”.

ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœ, ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื” ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ื›ื ื”, ืžืคื•ื›ื—ืช ื•ืžื›ืžื™ืจืช ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืจืงื™ ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ืขืœ ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื• ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื™, ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืจ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™, ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ึผืช ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืŸ.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

 

ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช - ืžื™ ืžืคื—ื“ ืžืงืจื™ืกื˜ื‘ืœ?

ืœื™ืœืš ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื˜-ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ ืžืคื—ื“ ืžืงืจื™ืกื˜ื‘ืœ? ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงืจื™ืื”. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืžื ื•ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2017.

ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื ืงืœืขืช ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื‘ืœ, ืคื•ืืžื” ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืคื ื” ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ื ื“ืžื” ืœื” ืžืฉืขืžื ื•ืœื ืฉื™ื™ืš. ื‘ื™ื™ืื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื‘ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื”ืฆืขืชื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช.

ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื ืคืฆื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืืžื” ื”ืื ื™ื’ืžื˜ื™ืช ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืจื—ื•ืงื” ืžืขื•ืœืžืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืžื™ืฅ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืงืจ ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืื•ื˜ื•-ืืชื ื•ื’ืจืคื™, ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืœื™ืœืš ื ื™ื™ืฉื˜ื˜ ื‘ื•ืจื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžื’ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื“ื•ืข ื ืฆืžื“ื” ื›ื” ื‘ืขื•ื– ืืœ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื‘ืœ ืฉืœื”. ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืžืชื—ืงื” ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืขืžื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืžืคืขื™ืžื” ืœื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช.  

 

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

 

 

ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคื•ื ื’'ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” โ€“ ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื ืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช

ืžื™ืžื™ ื—ืกืงื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืจื•ื‘ื™, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคื•ื ื’'ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžื ืงื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืžื, 2023.

ืžื‘ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืงื•ืœ ืžื•ืฉื›ืœ, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืฉืจ, ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื•ืฉืœื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืœืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืœืฉืจืชื•ืช, ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ: ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ืกืขื•ืช. ืžื ืงื•ืช/ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื•ืช, ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช/ืžืกื•ืžื ื•ืช, ื–ืจื•ืช/ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื•ืช, ืืคืกื™ื•ืช/ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“, ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืชื— ื—ื•ื ืง; "ื›ืœื™ ืจื™ืง" ื•ืžืœื. 

ืœืื” ืื™ื ื™

ืกืคืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืžื™ ื—ืกืงื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืคื•ืจืฉ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจืชืง ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ื” ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืขืžื“ื™ื•ืช, ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื›ืืช ื•ืžื•ื“ืจืช. ืงืคื“ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืžื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื“ื›ืื ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืคื’ื™ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉื›ืคืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืค. ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื” ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืงื”.

ื—ื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ื™ืœ

ืžื™ืžื™ ื—ืกืงื™ืŸ โ€“ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื•ืžืœืžื“ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ืขืจื›ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื–ื™ื• ื ื•ืฆืฅ ืžื“ืžืข โ€“ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (2019, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’). ืžื“ืจื™ื›ืช ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.

ื“ื™ื ื” ื—ืจื•ื‘ื™ โ€“ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืจ. ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืžืœืžื“ืช  ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจืคืช. ืขืจื›ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืœื” ืงื•ืฉ ื–ื”ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืคื•ืจืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ืจื•ืช (2017, ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื’ืžื).

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

ืžื‘ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื โ€“ ืžื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”

ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืจ, ืžื‘ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืจื•ืžื. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ, 2021.

ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21. ืจื•ืžื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžืฉืคื˜, ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืžื‘ื•ื ื–ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื˜ืฃ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืžื›ืคืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืกืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื•ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”, ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืžื, ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื”ืœื• ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื•, ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื•ืขื“ ืจืฆื— ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ ื•ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื•ืก, ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืชื›ื›ื™ื ื•ืžื–ื™ืžื•ืช, ืชื—ื›ื•ื, ืžืขืฉื™ ืขื•ื•ืœ, ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืื—ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชื”ื™ืœื”, ืืš ื’ื ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘, ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืื”, ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื ืคืจืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›-700 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืจื•ืžืื™ืช, ืฉื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื ืื‘ืงื•ืช, ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•, ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.

ื“"ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ืžื•ืจื” ืœืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืžื.

 

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

 

ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• - ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืจืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืจ - ืžื‘ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืœืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”

ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช, ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช, ืืœื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ืื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืก, ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ืชื™ืช, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื”ื. ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื›-1200 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžืžื ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-5 ืœืคื ื”"ืก โ€“ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงืœืกื™ืช. ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื โ€“ ื—ืงืจื ื™ื™ื, ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื•ืžืจื“ื ื™ื ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ โ€“ ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืจืชืง ืื•ืชื ื• ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ืžื›ืœ ืืœื” ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื•ืฉืชืชื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
ื“"ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ืžื•ืจื” ืœืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ืžื. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื’ืœ - ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช - ืžืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ

ืžืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช

ืื•ื ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฆืจืคืช ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืกืคืจ ื“ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ? ื”ืื ืชืชื›ืŸ ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืœ? ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื’ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื‘"ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช", ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื’ื™ืœ 12 ื•ื™ื•ื.

ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืžื™ืœืื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื ืฉืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื›ืคื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืคืกื™ืงื•ืชื™ื”ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื™ื.

 

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ โ€“ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™

ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื‘ื™ืฉืจ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™: ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2014.

 

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื. ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื• ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“. ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”, ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ื•ื— (ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืื—ื“), ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขื“ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื˜ืื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื•ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืฆื ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•.

ื”ืกืคืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืชืช ืคืฉืจ ืœืื™-ื”ื ื—ืช ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ืื ืฉื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”. ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืคื•ืชื— ืคืชื— ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื• ืขืžื“ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช-ืขืจื›ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ ืœื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื. ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ื•ืžืžื™ืœื ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืชืคืงืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ืคืฉื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื˜ืคื— ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื โ€“ ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. 

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš, ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ืชืคื™ืกื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฉื“ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื— ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืฆื“ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™-ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ืืฉืจ ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืขืจืš ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื‘ื™ืฉืจ - ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื•

ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื‘ื™ืฉืจ, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ืžื–ืจื—

ืžื”ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช? ื”ืื ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื–ื™ืง? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื? ืžื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืœื ื™ืกื•ื— ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœ"ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื–ืจื—ื™"? ืืœื” ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื™ืžืŸ.

ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืคื™ืคื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืงื“ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื• ืคืขืจื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื“ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื‘ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ื‘ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœืžืช ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืชืคื™ืกื” ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื–ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ืคืขืจื™ื ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื, ืœืงื“ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื›ืœืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”. ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื“"ืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื‘ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืงืœื™ื ื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™. ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘, ื›ื™ื—ืกื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืื‘ื™ืฉืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืื ืฉื™ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืฆืœื™ื”.

 

 

 

ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช - ื ืžืจื•ื“ ื˜ืœ  - American Civil War

 

Nimrod Tal ,The American Civil War in British Culture: Representations and Responses, 1870 to the PresentPalgrave Macmillan, 2015.

This book explores the continuous British fascination with the American Civil War from the 1870s to the present. Analysing the War's place in British political discourse, military writing, intellectual life and popular culture, it traces the sources of Britons' appeal to the American conflict and their use of its representations at home and abroad.

 

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช - Cold War Paradise

Atalia Shragai, Cold War Paradise: Settlement, Culture, and Identity-Making among U.S. Americans in Costa Rica 1945-1980Lincoln, NE: The University of Nebraska Press, 2022


Cold War Paradise: Settlement, Culture, and Identity-Making among U.S. Americans in Costa Rica 1945-1980, The University of Nebraska Press, 2022

In the wake of the Cold War, a diverse group of U.S. immigrants flocked to Costa Rica, distancing themselves from undesirable U.S.policies at home and abroad. Enchanted with Costa Ricaโ€™s natural beauty and lured by the prospect of cheap land, these expatriatesโ€”former government employees, businessmen and privileged bourgeois, dissident Quakers and self-seeking hippies, farmers and ecologistsโ€”sought a new life in a country that was often dubbed the Switzerland of Central America.

Cold War Paradise is a social and cultural history of this little-studied immigration flow. Based on extensive oral histories of these immigrants and their diverse writings, ranging from womenโ€™s club cookbooks to personal letters, Atalia Shragai examines the motivations for immigration, patterns of movement, settlements, and processes of identity-making among U.S. Americans in Costa Rica from postโ€“World War II to the late 1970s. Exploring such diverse themes as gender, nature, and material culture, this study provides a fresh perspective on inter-American relations from the point of view of ordinary U.S. emigrants and settlers. Shragai traces the formation and evolution of a wide range of identifications among U.S. expats and the varied ways they reconstructed and represented their individual and collective histories within the broader scheme of the U.S. presence in Cold War Central America

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื™ื™ื›ืจื˜ - ืžืคืจื™ ืขื˜ื•ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื™ื™ื›ืจื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืœื“ื™ืืœื•ื’

ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื•. ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืขื•ืœื ื•ืื“ื, ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืคืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ:
ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื ื›ื™ื.

ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื ืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžืื“ ื”ื™ื•ื โ€“ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืฉืžื”ื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืฉื”ื ืœื‘ ืžื”ื•ืชื”.

ืจื‘ื™ื‘ ืจื™ื™ื›ืจื˜ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื”, ืžืจืฆื” ื•ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
ืกืคืจื• ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื˜ืจื–ืŸ โ€” ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช .2021

 

 

 

 

 

 

 ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช - ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช

ืจื•ืขื™ืช ื“ื”ืŸ, ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช  ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ืงืื ื˜, ื”ื™ื’ืœ, ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ืกืืจื˜ืจ. ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, 2019.

ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื ื” ืœืกืžื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื›ืจื™ืข ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ืื•ืžื ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื ืชื‘ืข ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ืื ื›ืš, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ื™ื "ืื™ืš ืžืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื” ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช".

ืกืคืจ ื–ื” ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื•ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื–ื™ืงืชื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืฉืจ.  ืงืื ื˜ ื•ื”ื’ืœ, ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ืกืืจื˜ืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืžื›ืš. ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ืื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”. ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœืคื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ืื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื”ื™ื ืชื ืื™ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืงื™ื•ื ืื“ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœืฉืืช ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ื•. ื”ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื "ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื•" ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืื—ืจืช ืžืžื” ืฉื ื”ื’ ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ืคืงืจื•ืช, ืืœื ืืฃ ืžื˜ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื•ืœ ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจืงื•ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืืจื˜ืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืื ื˜, ื”ื’ืœ ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืžืงื ืืช ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืฉืืœื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืžื—ื“, ื•ื›ื›ื–ื• ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืžืื™ื“ืš. ื›ืš, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืกืคืง ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื•ืฆื’ืช  ืืžื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืกืชื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืฉืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
ืขืœื™ื™: ื“"ืจ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”, ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ืžืจืฆื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจ: ืงืื ื˜ ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื“: ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

ืžืคืจื™ ื˜ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื’ืœ - ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื™ื™ืจ - ืจื™ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืžื ื˜ืจืจื™ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืžื ื˜ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื™ื™ืจ

ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืื” ื•ืžื™ืœืื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืจืง ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื”ืŸ, ืœื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืคืš: ื”ื™ื ื ื”ื ืชื” ืžื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™. ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื”ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœืชื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช: ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื•ืืžื ื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืฉืขื”.

ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจืงื•ืจ ืœืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, 'ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื', 'ืžืฉืžืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื' ื•'ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉืœื ื•'. ืžืงืจื™ืื” ื“ืงื“ืงื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื•ืจื™ื”ื โ€“ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืฆื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ื โ€“ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื• ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช-ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ืžืคืœื’ืชื™ื™ื-ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืขืฆื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ื›ืื—ื“, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ืžืขื ื ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช.

ื‘ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื ื™ื™ืจ ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืจื™ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ืžื ื˜ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฆืจื• ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืฉื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื—ืจื’ื• ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ. ืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“: ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืฆืžื— ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืœื• ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ืžื•ืžืฉื• ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืชืคื•ื’ื’ื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ื.

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

ืžืคืจื™ ื˜ืขื• ืฉืœ ืกื’ืœ - ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื - ืฉื™ ืคืจื•ื’ืœ

ืฉื™ ืคืจื•ื’ืœ, ืคื˜ืคื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืจืžืœ, 2016.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’ืฉื•ื, ื ื•ืงืฉ ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืกื•ืงืจื˜ืก ื•ืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืžืชืคืชื— ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ื ื•ืœืขื•ืœื, ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืœืืžื•ื ื”. ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื  ืจืง ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืืœื ืืฃ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื•. ื›ืš, ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื“ืจืžื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช, ืฉื”ืžืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื™ื ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”. ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืžืกืชื—ืจืจ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื, ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ืžื•?

 

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

 

 

 

 



ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื•ื•ืช - ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ื” ืœื•ื‘ื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง (ืื ื˜ืง) ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ - ืžืืช ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืข

ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืข, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื•ื•ืช: ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™ื” ืœื•ื‘ื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง (ืื ื˜ืง) ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ. ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ื™ื“ ื˜ื‘ื ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื˜ืื•ืช, 2023.

"ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื”ืกืกื™ื, ืžื”ืจื”ืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื”ืœื•ื—ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื•ืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื ื–ื”, ื—ืœื•ืœ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื
ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ืขื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขื– ืœื ืงื•ื, ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื" ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ
"ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื ื• ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืื“ื" ืฆื‘ื™ื” ืœื•ื‘ื˜ืงื™ืŸ
ืฆื‘ื™ื” ืœื•ื‘ื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง (ืื ื˜ืง) ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืจืืฉื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืœื•ื—ื (ื”ืื™"ืœ) ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื“ ื’ื˜ื• ื•ืจืฉื”, ืฉืคืจืฅ ื‘ืชืฉืขื”ึพืขืฉืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1943 ื•ืžืื– ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ, ื›ืืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื• ืืœ ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืžืืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™. ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช, ื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืคืœื’ืชื™, ื”ืขืœื• ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื ืก ื•ืจืื• ื‘ื”ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืขื ื•ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื ื ืจืฉืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฆื—ื• ืขืœ ืžืคืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืืš ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืฉื• ืงื•ื•ื™ ื“ืžื•ืชื. 80 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืจื“ ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื ื ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ื”ืกืžืœ: ืฉื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ืžืจื›ื– ืงืœื™ื˜ื”, ืœื•ื— ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ.
ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื•ื ืืœืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื˜ืื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™ื” ืœื•ื‘ื˜ืงื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฆื•ืงืจืžืŸ ืขื ืชื•ื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื›ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืจื“ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื”ืŸ, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื. ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืคืจืฉืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื˜ื• ื•ื‘ืžืจื“ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฉืช ืชืœื ืขื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื ื˜ื•ืฉื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืงื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืกืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืขื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื‘ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื™ื™ื›ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืกืจืช ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.

ื“"ืจ ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื™ ื”ื’ื˜ืื•ืช ืข"ืฉ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ. ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื—ื•ืช ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื”: ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“), ื–ื•ื›ื” ืคืจืก ืข"ืฉ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉึพืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸึพืฆื‘ื™, ื•ื”ืืฉื” ืžื” ืื•ืžืจืช? ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช (ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืžืื’ื ืก).

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ

 

 

ื”ื—ื•ื’ ืœืกืคืจื•ืช - ืžืงืจื— ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื• โ€“ ืชืžืจ ืงื˜ืงื•

ืชืžืจ, ืงื˜ืงื• (2016). ืžืงืจื— ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื• โ€“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื. ืจืกืœื™ื ื’.

ื”ืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื— ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ืืฆื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆืื• ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื 1933-1945, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื, ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื”ืžืื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืชื•ื›ื ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื™ืก ื•ื”ืžื’ืžืชื™. ื–ื”ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื™ืฉื•ืคื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ืจืžื ื™ื, ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืชืžื• ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื, ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื ื™ื ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื ืืฆื™ืช.

ื”ืกืคืจ, ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืื” ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœืื•ืžื ื™ืช, ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื›ื—ืฉื™ื, ืœื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ื”ืื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžืงืœื™ื ืจืืฉ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื–ื•ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืžืจืื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืื™ืš ื ืฉื–ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืคื’ืื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื™ืš ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจื•ึผื ื™ ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœ-ืื“ื ื”ืืจื™.
ื”ื ืืฆื™ื–ื, ื›ื“ื™ื• ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืื™ื˜ื•, ื ืกืคื’, ื—ืœื—ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ืงื™ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ื›ืชื™ื ืืช ืจืื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื•; ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืชื ื•ืžื”ื›ืจืชื ื”ืฉื›ืœื™ืช, ื›ืœื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื–ื™ืงื™ ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื•ืช, ืžื ืข ืžื”ื ื›ืœ ืขืจืขื•ืจ ื•ืกืคืง, ื”ื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืฉื“ื“ ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืชื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื˜ืœื™ืช ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื“ื, ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืจืจื”.

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืžืขืœื” ืชื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœ"ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™": ืžื” ืขืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื ื•?

ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืš ืœืคืชืข, ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš?

ื“"ืจ ืชืžืจ ืงื˜ืงื• ื”ื™ื ืžืจืฆื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื; ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื•ื‘ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื ืืฆื™ื ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื”ื; ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื; ืื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื—ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืข"ืฉ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืฆื•ื’/

ืœืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื—ืฆื• ื›ืืŸ