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ืกื™ื’ืœ ืคืœื™ื ื˜: sigalflint1@gmail.com

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ
ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘"ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”", ื”ื ืกืžื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื’ื“ืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”", ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื–'ืืŸ ืžืืจื™ ืœืคืจื ืก ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1756, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”". ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืกื‘ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื“ืจืš ืงืจื™ืื” ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”", ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื” ืงึฐืฆื” ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืžืฉืงืคืช ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช; "ื”ืคืจืขื”" ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืจื–ื” ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ("ื—ื™ื”") ืฉืœื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื” ืจื™ื ื“ืœ (Reindl), ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื™ืคื”" ืœ"ื—ื™ื”" ื›ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ืš ืงืจื™ืื” ืคืจื”-ืื“ื™ืคืœื™ืช, ื™ื•ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช "ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื‘ืื’ื“ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืž"ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื”" ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ืื™ืชื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ื”ื™ืคื”" ื•"ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื‘ืกืฆื ื” ื•ื™ื•ื“ื’ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ื™ืคื”" ืœ"ื—ื™ื”" ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—:ย "ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”", ืงืจื™ืื” ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื“ืจืžื” ืคืจื”-ืื“ื™ืคืืœื™ืช, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”, ืื’ื“ืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”"

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื”
ื˜ืœื™ื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™) ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ื—ืชื” ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ื›ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ืžื”ื“ืคื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืœืช. ืžืฉื ื›ื ืก ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ ื ื™ืกื” "ืœื—ืชื•ืจ ืœืžื’ืข", ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืคื” ืื•ืชื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ื•ื›ื•ืคืคื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ. ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืœื, ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืžื•ืœื• ืื™ื–ื” "ืฉื” ืชืžื™ื", ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ. ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืคื” ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ื™ืจืชื”. ืื ื™ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืชืœื•ื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืฉืชื”, ืื ื™ ืจืง ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื”ืชืคืขืœืชื™ ืžืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ืกืชืงืจื ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”"ืคืจื™ื–" ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื• ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืงืคืŸ ื•ืžืชืื‘ื ื™ื. ื•ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืœื ืืžืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืงื™ื, ื”ืžืงืคื™ืื™ื, ื›ืžื• "ืžื” ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ื“ื”?!", "ื›ื›ื” ื–ื”..." ื•"ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื™... ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื–ื•ืจืžืช..."
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืชืžื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืœื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงื‘ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืžืฉืงืœ. ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื ื™ื ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ืงืจืื• ืœื• (ืœื›ื•ื—) ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช, ื’ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื’ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื”. ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช, ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉ"ื™ืคืชื—ื• ืœื” ืชื™ืง". ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื™ื "ื‘ื”ืžื”", ืฉื”ื™ื "ื—ื™ื” ืจืขื”". ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื "ื ืฉื™", ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ "ื’ื•ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ".
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืฉื ืฉืืœื”, "ืื– ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”? ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืชื™ืชื ื™ 'ืœื–ื” ื”ื–ื”' ืœืฆืืช?". "ืืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจืช", ื”ื™ื ืขื ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ืจื•ื’ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื” ืืช "ื”ื—ื™ื”" ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื "ื”ืจื’ื”" ืืช "ื”ื—ื™ื™ื".

"ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช
ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ "ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”". ื–ื” 17 ืฉื ื™ื ืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืขื "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”", ืฉืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืงื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื, ืืš ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉืœื” ืื ื™ ืžืžืกื’ืจืช ืืช "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”" ื‘ืžื™ืจื›ืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืงืจื™ืช.
ื“ืจืš ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ "ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”", ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ ืืœื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”. ืœืฉืžื—ืชื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื—ืช ืœื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื "ื‘ื•ืœืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ื”ื–ื”; ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ "ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉืช", ื›ืžื• "ืื›ื™ืœื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช", "ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื”" (ืœื ื”ื ืขืจื” ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื” ืืœื ืื›ื™ืœืชื”), "ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”", "ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”" ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืœื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื ืงื•ืช ืžืืฉืžื” ืืช "ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ" ื”ื ืœื›ื“ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืœ "ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื“ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื ืื• ืœืงื˜ืœื’ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืคืจืขืช, ื—ื•ืœื”, ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืžื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ.
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”" ื”ื—ืœื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช ื•ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1983 ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืกื•ื–ื™ ืื•ืจื‘ืš ื•ืงืืจืŸ ื’ื™ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉื ื•ืฉืื• "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”". ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจื“ื•, ืฉืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืก ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื” Unbearable Weight(ืžืขืžืกื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช; Bordo, 2003 [1993]), ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉืื•ืจื‘ืš ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” "ืงืฆื” ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ, ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ", ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช (ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืœืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืœืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“).
ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืฉืื•ืจื‘ืš ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืจืš ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ "ื ื•ืจืžืœื™" ื•ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ "ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™". ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ "ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”" ื›ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืจื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืืžื ื ืฉื—ืจืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ื”ื˜ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืงืœื ื•ืžืจืื” ื’ื•ืคื, ืื• ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืช' "ืื›ืœื ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื", ืืš ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ื ืก ื˜ืขื ื• ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืจื‘ืš ื›ื™ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ ืœืกื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ืœืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”.
ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ื›ื ืก ืื™ื ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื–ืืช. ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช "ืงืฆื” ื”ืจืฆืฃ" ื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ืŸ ื–ื•ืขืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™, ืœื˜ืขื ืชืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื–ื•ืŸ" ื•/ืื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ืช. ื”ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืืช ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื•ืืช ืžืกื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืกืœื‘" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืจื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช "ืชืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืคืจืขื”". ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื”, ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื–ื•ืŸ" ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืœืŸ, ืžื•ื–ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืื‘ืŸ, ืžืฉื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื”, "ืฉื•ื“ื“ืช" ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช; ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืืฆืœืŸ ืœ"ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ", ื”ืชืžื›ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื, ื’ื ืœื˜ืขื ืชื™, ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ "ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™".
ืื•ืจื‘ืš ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืกื ื“ืจื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจื˜ืงื™ (Bartky, 1990), ื‘ื•ืจื“ื• (Bordo, 2003) ื•ื ืขืžื™ ื•ื•ืœืฃ (ื•ื•ืœืฃ, 2004 [1992]) ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ืขืžื•ืง ืžื–ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ื‘ืจื˜ืงื™ (Bartky, 1990), ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžืจืื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื’ื ืœ"ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ื" ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช. "ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืฉืžื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื•ืช", ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื™ื ืชื” ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื‘ื•ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื“ื•ื ื” ืœื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ, ืฉืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ื›ื ืข, ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื ื—ื•ืช. ืขื•ืžืง ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉ"ื ื›ืฉืœื•ืช", ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ืจืง ืžื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืจื–ื” ื“ื™ื•. ื•ื•ืœืฃ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื‘ืจื˜ืงื™, ื”ืชืขืกืงื” ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ (ื•ื•ืœืฃ, 2004) ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื ืฉื™ "ืžื•ืฉืœื". ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืฉื•ื“ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื— ืฉืงื ื• ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื•ืœืื™ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ื•. ืžืกืจ ื–ื” ืžื“ื›ื, ืžืกืจืก ื•ืžืฉืชืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ "ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื”ืžืจืขื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืชืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื•ืจืง ืืคืœ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืฉื ืื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”" (ืฉื, 19).
ืื ื›ืš, ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ื”ื›ื•ืชื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื•. ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช "ืžืฉืงืœ", ืื•ืœื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ ื›ื•ื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช "ื‘ื•ืœืขืช ื–ืžืŸ" ื‘ืžืฉืงืœืŸ, ื”ืžื“ืœืœืช ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ื•ืชืŸ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื ื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™) ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™:
ืชืจืื™, ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื™. ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืžื” ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžื” ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—. ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘-14 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžืจื–ื” ืขื•ื“, ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืžืง ืžื”ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืžืชื™ ืื ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืงืจื” ืื‘ื•ื“... ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื›ื”. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ื“ื™ ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ืช, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“. ืžืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ "ืขื“ื™ื ื”", ื•ืœื "ื’ืกื”", "ื—ื™ื”", ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ "ืœืกืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื”". ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืžืชื—ืฉื‘, ืคื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื“ื™ื›ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืฉ"ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ ืžืฉืงืœ". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื”, ืื—ื™ ื”ืชืื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžืžื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—, ื”ื•ื ืžืขื– ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.

ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืคืชื—ืชื™, ืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ" ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ "ื”ื—ื™ื”". ืœืขื•ืžืช ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฉื—ืฉื” ืฉื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืงื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ "ื”ื—ื™ื”", ื“ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื”/ื”ืจืขื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื’ืกื•ืช "ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช" ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช "ื ืฉื™ืช". ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืื™ื–ื• "ื—ื™ื”" ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ โ€“ "ื—ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”", "ื—ื™ื” ืจืขื”"?
ืืžื™ืจื” ื‘ืจื’ืจ ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000, ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื” "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™" (ื‘ืจื’ืจ, 2000), ืฉื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื—, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉืชืœื˜ื ื•ืช, ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื˜ื•ืจืคืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืจืืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ-ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื; ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ืœืขืช. ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืจื’ืจ, "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”" ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืกื•ื•ื’ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืคื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžื•. ืืœื• ื”ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื, ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื, ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืคืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช; ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื’ื ืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื "ื ืฉื™ื™ื".
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื ืืžืจ, ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ื–ื›ื• ืœื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืœ ื›"ืžื—ื•ืš ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™" ืื™ื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกืคืงืช. ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื”ืœืš ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ื•ืœืขื•ื“ื“ "ืชืคืงื™ื“" ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™, ืืš ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืคื™ ืชื™ืจื•ืฉ (2008), ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืงืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข; ื ื“ืจืฉืช ื›ืืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื–ืจื โ€“ ื–ืจื ืขื– ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืจืฉื•ืช.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคื•ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช "ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืกื›ืช" ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื?

"ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื ืคืขื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืคื•ืฆืœื™ื. ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืœืงื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—, ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืฉืงื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” "ื”ืฉื“", "ื”ืžืคืœืฆืช", "ื”ื—ื™ื”", ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” "ื ื›ื ืขื•ืช" ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงืฉื”, ืžืฉืคื™ืœื”, ื—ืกืจืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืคืช. ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจืช ืฉื ื™ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืžื ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื, ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื’ื”. ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจืืชื™ ืคืจืง ื‘ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจื“ื• (Bordo, 2003), ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ึดื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืš (Bruch), ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช. ื‘ื•ืจื“ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื’ื ื‘ืจื•ืš ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืžืชืžื™ื“. ืขืฆืžื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ "ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื ื”" ื•ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ื’ื‘ืจ ("ื ืฉืžืข" ื›ืงื•ืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™), ื•"ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉื ื™, ื‘ืขืœ ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื ื ืฉืœื˜, ืชื™ืื‘ื•ืŸ "ื—ื™ื™ืชื™", ื•ื›ื•ื— ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืœืœ, ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื›ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืื™ืฉื” ("ื ืฉืžืข" ื›ืงื•ืœ ื ืฉื™). ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ืœื ืืจื—ื™ื‘ ื›ืืŸ, ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ืจื“ื• ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคื—ื“ ืขืžื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื™ื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื” (ืœื›ืื•ืจื” "ื”ืืžื™ืชื™" ืฉืœื”) ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื•ื‘ืข.
ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ "ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™" ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื™ืœื” ืจื™ื ื“ืœ ืœื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื” Sensing the Self (ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื ื™; Reindl, 2002). ืจื™ื ื“ืœ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืื’ื“ืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”". ืœื—ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ืช. ืืš ื‘ื˜ืจื ืืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืืจื—ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืื’ื“ืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”", ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืงืฆืจื”.
ืื’ื“ืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”", ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1756 ื–'ืืŸ ืžืืจื™ ืœืคืจื ืก ื“ื” ื‘ื•ืžื•ืŸ, ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“, ื”ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ืคื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ืžืชืื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื• ื•ื ืขืชืจืช ืœื”ืฆืขืชื• ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื. ืขื ื”ื—ืชื•ื ื” ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœืช ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื”, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”, ืฉืงื•ืœืœ, ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉ. ื”ืื’ื“ื” ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื” ืžืจึทืฆื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืœืš ืืœ ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื‘ื™ื”; ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื ื•, ืžืชืืจ ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื”. ื”ื—ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’ ื‘ื™ืคื” ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื”. ื”ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื™ืคื” ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉื›ื–ื• โ€“ ืฉื™ืืžืจื• ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืจืง ืืช ื”ืืžืช. ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืขืจื‘ ืื—ืจ ืขืจื‘, ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื ืœื•, ื•ื–ื• ืžืกืจื‘ืช, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืงืฉืจืช ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฆืคื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื™ื. ืžืฉื”ืฆืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื”ื™ืคื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืชื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื• ืฉืœื ืชืขื–ื‘ื• ืœืขื•ืœื. ื”ื™ืคื” ืืžื ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœื”. "ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื“ืœื”", ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื”, ืžืงื ืื•ืช ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื•ืžืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื”ื•ืจื’ื”. ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืคื” ืจื•ืื” ื“ืจืš ืžืจืืช ื”ืงืกืžื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื” ื’ื•ื•ืข ืžืฆืขืจ. ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื˜ื™ืจื” ื•ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื’ื•ืกืก ืžืฉื™ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืงืฉืจื” ืืช ื ืคืฉื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื›ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื• ื•ื ื™ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœื•. ืœืฉืžืข ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื”ื—ื™ื” ืœื ืกื™ืš ื•ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืงื•ืœืœ ื›ื™ ืœื ืคืชื— ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ืœืื™ืฉื” ื–ืงื ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžื—ืกื”, ื•ื›ืš ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ืœื” ื”ืื’ื“ื”.
ืชืžืฆื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”", ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื‘ื˜ืœื”ื™ื™ื (1987 [1976]), ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืื”ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื” ืœื—ื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืจืง ื”ืขืชืงืช ืื”ื‘ืชื” ืžืื‘ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”, ื›ื™ ืื ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš. "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”" ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ืžื ื™ื—ื” ื›ื™ ืœืื“ื ืงื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ืœ โ€“ ื›ื—ื™ื” ื•ื›ืจื•ื—, ื”ืžืกื•ืžืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”"ื™ืคื”" โ€“ ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื. ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื” ืœื—ื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืกืžืœื™ ืœื”ืชืื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืขืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ืื“ื. ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ืžื—ืœื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ืžื”ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืžื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ื”ืื‘ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื—ื™ื”. ื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ืžื”ื™ืคื” ืžืกืžืœืช ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื ืื”ื‘ืช ื•ื’ื ืืช ืคืกื™ื›ื”, ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื–ื• ืžืกืžืœืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืงื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื”ื ืฉืœ "ื”ื™ืคื”" ื•"ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื” ื•ื—ึดื‘ืจื•ึผืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืื’ื•.
ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœื”ื™ื™ื, ืจื™ื ื“ืœ (Reindl, 2002) ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืื’ื“ืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืงืจื ื’ื ื›ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขืฆืžื™; ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืคืขื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื, ืœื ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื“ืจืžื” ืคืจื”-ืื“ื™ืคืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืขื ื—ืœืง ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื•ืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืชื—ื ื ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื”. ืื ื›ืš, ืื™ืš ืชื™ืงืจื ื“ืจืžื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”"?
ืœื—ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื”. ื”ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื’ื“ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ืจืง ื‘ืขืจื‘, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ืื•ื›ืœืช. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื™ืคื” ืชืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ืื•ื›ืœืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืช ื‘ืจืขื‘ืชื ื•ืชื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื. ื’ื ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืขื‘ ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจื•. ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืžื•ื“ืœ "ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”", ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืžืขืฉื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืจืง ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืœื ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ืœืœื ืื’ืจืกื™ื•ืช, ืœืœื ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช, ืชืื•ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื—ื™ื”. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื™ื ืกื• ืœื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื. ื•ืื•ืœื ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’, ืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช โ€“ ืฉืจืง "ื”ื•ื" ืžืจื’ื™ืข, "ืžื‘ื™ืŸ" ืืช ืขื•ืžืง ืชืฉื•ืงืชืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื ืกื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ื™ืื˜ื”, ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข.
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืื’ื“ื” ื’ื ื”ื™ืคื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื—ื™ื” ื›ื ื•ื›ืจื™ ื•ื–ืจ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืืชื•, ืืš ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื”, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืช ื•ืžืชืขืงืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืžืช. ื›ืš, ืœืžืจื•ืช ื›ื™ืขื•ืจื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืคืข ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช. ื”ื—ื™ื” ืžืชืขืงืฉ ืฉื”ื™ืคื” ืชื‘ื•ื ืœื’ื•ืจ ืืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืชืจืช ื”ืงืœืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ื›ืฉืœื. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืคื” ื ื—ืฉืคืช ืืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช.
ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื”, ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืจื™ื ื“ืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืžืช ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื, ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืžื• ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื” ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืฉืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืœืžื“ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื’ืจืกื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ื™ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช. ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื ื“ืœ ืืช ืื’ื“ืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื—ื™ื”", ืฉืืœื™ื” ื ื—ืฉืคืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ืชืืžื”, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื•ืžืจื’ืฉ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืขื ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื”. ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›"ื—ื™ื™ืชื™" ื•ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœ ืœืžื’ืจื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืจืง ืขื "ื”ืจื–ึธื”", "ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช", ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ "ืœื—ื" ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื "ื”ื™ืคื”" ื•"ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”?

"ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื•ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช
ืžื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ "ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื•ืžื™ ืืช "ื”ื™ืคื”" ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”? ืื™ื–ื” ื—ืœืง, ืงื•ืœ, ืชืคืงื™ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื—ื™ื™ืชื™"? ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ ืžืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื•ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืžืฉื˜ื•ืจ ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืฉืœ "ื”ื—ื™ื”". ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื“ื—ืฃ "ื—ื™ื™ืชื™", ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืคื•ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืื•ืช ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืชืงืคื™ ื”ื–ืœื™ืœื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืงื•ืœ ืฉืžืกืจื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืงืฃ, ื•ืœื• ืœืขื•ื“ ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“, ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™.
"ื”ื™ืคื”", ื”ืžื“ื™ืจื” ื•ื“ื•ื—ืกืช ืืช "ื”ื—ื™ื”", ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื "ื™ืคื™ื", ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื ื•ืงื‘ืช, ืžืฉื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™, ืฉื ืื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืœื”. ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื–ื” "ื”ื™ืคื”", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช "ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืคื”", ืคื—ื•ืช "ืžืฉื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”", ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืžืฉื˜ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืจืขื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ, ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช "ืื™ืฉื” ืจืื•ื™ื”". ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›"ืงื•ืœ" ื’ื‘ืจื™.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื›ื–ืืช ("ื”ื™ืคื”") ืœื‘ืžื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช? ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš. "ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื" ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœื‘ืžื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืœื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง, ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืžื•: ืื™ืš ืืช ื ืจืื™ืช? ืžื” ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืš? ืžืžืชื™ ืืช ื›ืืŸ? ืžื” ืืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืžื˜ืœื™ื”? ืžื” ืืช? ืžื™ ืืช? ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืจื—ืง ืืช ืžื˜ืœื™ื”?
ืขื ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ "ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข" ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ("ื”ื™ืคื”") ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจืช, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช, ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”", ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื‘ื•ื™ ืกืชื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉืคืชื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืคืช ื”"ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ". ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื’ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ("ื”ื™ืคื”") ืœื“ื™ืืœื•ื’? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื—ื™ื”"? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืจื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื”?
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœืžื˜ืคื•ืจืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื—ื™ื”". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉ"ื”ื™ืคื”" ื•"ื”ื—ื™ื”" ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืขืœ ื–ื• ื’ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•, ืืœื ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื–ื• ืœื–ื•. ื”ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ, "ื‘ืœื™ืขื”", ื“ื—ื™ืกื”, ื•ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื ืชืชื™ ืœื–ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื "ืขืฆืžื™ ื“ื—ื•ืก" ื•"ืขืฆืžื™ ื ื“ื—ืก". "ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื“ื—ื•ืก" ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• "ื”ื—ื™ื”" ืžื•ืจื’ืฉืช. ื•ืื™ืœื• "ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื“ื•ื—ืก" ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• "ื”ื™ืคื”" ืคื•ืขืœืช. "ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื“ื—ื•ืก" ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืื•ืชื ืฆืจื›ื™ื, ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช, ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช, ืžืื•ื•ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื• ืžื•ื›ื—ืฉื™ื. ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื: ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื•ื, ื‘ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื›ืขืก, ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื•'. ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ื”ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื, ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•.
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™", ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื”, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืจืฉื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉ"ื”ื™ืคื”" ืžืฉืžื™ืขื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื–ื•ื– ืžื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืžื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช-ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ืช. ืฉื™ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืชื ืื™ื ืœื”ืคืฆืขืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืคืขื™ืœื”. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื ื•, ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ, ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ืืช ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™. ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื˜ืขืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื›ื–ืืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ (Kellerman, 1992).
ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืืžืจ. ื‘ื”ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืคืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื. ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื™ื•ืืฉืช ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”. ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.

ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื
ื˜ืœื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช: "ื”ืจืขื‘ ืžื•ื˜ืจืฃ... ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ... ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืขืœื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืจื™ืง ืื—ืจ, ืงืฉื” ืœื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ื›ื” ื•ื›ื›ื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื”. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฆืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืคืกื™ืงื”, ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื” 'ื—ื™ื” ืจืขื”'... ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืจืกืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉื” ืื ื™. ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœืขืฆืžื™. ืื ื™ ืžืงืจื” ืื‘ื•ื“. ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”... ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•".
ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืกืฆื ื” ืžื”ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื”.
ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืจื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื ื‘ื ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืฃ ืื—ื“, ืจืง ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ... "ืฉื ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื›ื™ ืืคืก", ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช.
ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื•ืื™ ื ืœืš ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”"ืงื•ืœ" ื”ื–ื” ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื›ื•ื—ื•, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื”. ื”ืจื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืงืฆืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืขื ืขืฆืžืš. ื˜ืœื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“.

ืกืฆื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ืขื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘
ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื’ืœื ืืช ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ืฉืžื‘ืฉืจืช ืœื” ืฉื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื˜ืœื™ื” ืจืฆืชื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ืจืง "ื–ื•ืจื” ืžืœื— ืขืœ ื”ืคืฆืขื™ื". ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื˜ืœื™ื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื•ื›ืืœื” ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ (ืฉืืœื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™), ื–ื” ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืฉืชืชืงืช, ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื” ืจืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื›ื–ืืช. "ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ... ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ". ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื•ืชื•ื”ื” ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืจืง ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ. ื˜ืœื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ื“ืงืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. "ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืœืžื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืกืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื”".

ืกืฆื ื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœ"ื™ืคื”" (ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช) ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื•ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™
ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช: "ืืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื”ื›ื•ืœ... ืœืžื” ืืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื”".
ื˜ืœื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืชื—ืœืงืช ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ืื™ืš ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืœืง ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื”? ื—ืœืง ืฉื›ื•ืื‘ ืœื•, ืฉืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืคืชืข.
ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื˜ืœื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืจืกืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ืื ื™ ืžื—ืœืฆืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื” "ื”ื—ืฆื ื”" ("ื”ื™ืคื”"). ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื• ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื.
"ืืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื”, ื˜ื™ืคืฉื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืช, ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ืœืกืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื”, ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœืฆืืช ืœื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื›ื™ ืืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ืจืกื™. ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื’ื™ื“ื™ ืช'ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืืช ื—ืกืจืช ื˜ืงื˜ ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื—ืกืจืช ื˜ืงื˜".
ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืฉื™ื ืคื•ืงื•ืก ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืช ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืขืช, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืš ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ?
ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืชืืจืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืžืฉืžืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืงืคืœ ืื•ืชื”, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื” ื‘ื•ืงืก ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ. ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ื™ื. ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืก ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืก. ื”ืžืงืคืœ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืคืœ, ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ื”ื“ื•ื—ืก ื•ื”ื ื“ื—ืก, "ื”ื™ืคื”" ื•"ื”ื—ื™ื”", ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืขื•ืง ืื™ื–ื• ืฆืขืงื”, ืœืฉืื•ื’ ืื™ื–ื• "ืฉืื’ื”", ืฉื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืœื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš...

ืกืฆื ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช: ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ืช
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืกืฆื ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ืช, ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ, ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจืืช "ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ืช". ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™, ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœ"ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ" (ืขื•ืฉื” "ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”"). ื‘ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ืช, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™, ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืžืจืช, "ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ", ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกืขืจืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ ืฉืžื•ืฉืชืง. ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืžืชื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื™ื“ื™ื” "ื™ื’ืœืžื•" ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืงื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ ืฉื“ื•ื—ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกืฆื ื” ("ื”ื™ืคื”") ื•ื›ืžื• ื™ื“ื—ืกื• ืืช ืกืขืจืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืœืคืจื•ืฅ. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื ื“ื—ืก ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื—ื•ื™, ืœื ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ื•ืื‘ ("ื”ื—ื™ื”"). ื›ืš, ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจืช, "ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ", ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ื—ืกืช ื•ืžืฉืชื™ืงื” ื›ืขืก, ื›ืื‘ ื•ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ (ืืช "ื”ื—ื™ื”").

ืกืฆื ื” ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช: ื–ื•ึผื-ืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื”
ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื•ืœื˜ื ื™ืช ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื˜ืœื™ื” ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืงืฆืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช "ื–ื•ื-ืื™ืŸ" ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช, "ื”ื™ืคื”", ืœ"ื—ื™ื”".
ื˜ืœื™ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžืคืกืœืช ืืช ื”ืคืกืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ื™ืคื”" ืœ"ื—ื™ื”" ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ื“ื•ื—ืก" ืœ"ื ื“ื—ืก". ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื. ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื˜ืœื™ื” ืขื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ "ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื”" ("ื”ื—ื™ื”") ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืง. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช "ืืชื” ืฆื•ื“ืง, ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืกืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื”", ืื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ืคืกืœ ื•ื ื›ื ืกืช ืืœื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื—ืžืœื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช "ืžืจืื”" ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืคืกืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื“ื•ื—ืก: "ื–ื” ืžื›ืื™ื‘ ืœื™ ืื™ืš ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื™. ืื– ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช... ืœืžื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉื”? ื•ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง? ื•ืœืžื” ืœื™ื™ืืฉ?"
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื“ื•ื—ืก ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื•ืžืจ: "ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืš, ื›ื™ ืืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืคืœื•ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื”ืชืืคืง ื›ืฉืฆืจื™ืš".
ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืคื ื” ืืœื™ื•: ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืืชื” ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืงืจื”? ืžื” ืืชื” ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืงืจื”? ืžืžื” ืืชื” ืคื•ื—ื“? ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™, "ื”ื™ืคื”", ืขื•ื ื”: "ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื˜ืขื” ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื, ืฉืชืชืื›ื–ื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื, ืฉืชืฆืคื”. ืื ื™ ืคื•ื—ื“ ืฉื™ื›ืื‘ ืœื”...".

ืกืฆื ื” ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช: ืื– ื•ืฉื ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจื•
ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื”. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ื›ืš ืžื”ืฆื“, ืœืขืชื™ื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช "ื”ื“ื—ื•ืก" ("ื”ื—ื™ื”"): ื‘ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ? ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืš?
ื˜ืœื™ื” ืžืขืœื” ืกืฆื ื” ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉ"ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื”" ืฉื”ื™ื ืื›ืŸ "ื—ื™ื”". ื‘ืกืฆื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื“' ืžืจื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืจื’ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืœื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆื•ื—ืง ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื”ืžื’ื•ืžื’ืžืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”.
ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ืื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ืœืืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื–ื• ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื ื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืจืช ื‘ื‘ื•ื–: "ืžื”, ืืช ื—ื™ื”? ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•? ื’ื•ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ! ืžื” ืืช ืจื•ืฆื”, ืฉื™ื–ืžื™ื ื• ืœืš ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ื›ืžื• ืœืชืžื™ (ื”ืฉื›ื ื”)? ืžื•ืคืจืขืช".
ื›ืคื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืชืช ืžืงื•ื ืœื›ืื‘, ืœืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืงื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœื›ืขืก. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืžื”: "ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ืกื”, ื—ื™ื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช", ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืงืจืื” ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื’ื ืื™ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื”. ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื”; ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืขืœ "ืฉืื’ืช ื”ื›ืื‘" ืฉื ืกืชืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกืฆื ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ืช
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฉืžืขื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืืžืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืขื ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ. ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืฉืืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ. ื˜ืœื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœืกืฆื ื”, ื•ื”ืคืขื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื”: "ืื ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ื›ืืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“!? ื”ืฆื—ืงืช ืื•ืชื™. ืื ื™ ื’ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืื•ืชื•! ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืฉื“ื•ืจืก ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื’ืจื™ื“ื™ืช ื•ืจืขื‘ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื (ื”ืžืงื•ื) ืœื ื ื“ื™ื‘ ื•ื ืฆืœื ื™".
"ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช" ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืช. ื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ืขืกื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•"ื”ืจื“ื™ืžื”" ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ("ื”ื—ื™ื”") ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”.

ืฉืจื™ื ื’
ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคืจื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืฉืคืช "ื”ื™ืคื” ื—ื™ื”" ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
ืื“ื•ื•ื”: ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืขื ืื™ืžื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฆืขื“ื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืขื™ื ืžืžืฉ... ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื›ืจืช ืื—ืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื” ื—ื™ื•ืš ืขื ืง ื•ืืžืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆืคื”, "ืื™ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ". ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืชืžื™ื“, ืื™ืŸ, ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจืชื™, ืœื ื”ืกื›ืžืชื™ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข. ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”, "ื–ื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืœื, ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืš ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”. ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš". ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ื™ืชื™ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื•ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืจื ื™ืขืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ืื™ืžื ืฉืœื™. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ื™ื’ื‘ื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคืจื™ืข ืœื™, ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืืžืจื” ืืช ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืœื—ืฅ, ื‘ื”ืœื” ืื• ื“ืื’ื”. ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืขืฆื•ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื™. ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ื’ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืชื™ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืฉืœื ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™...

ืžืจื‘: ื”ืืžืช ืฉืžืžืฉ ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•... ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ืื‘ ืื•ืžืจ, ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื™.

ื˜ืœื™: ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ื—ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื™, ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืžื ื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืฉื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื ืฉืคืš ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ, ื›ื•ืœืŸ, ื ืจืื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžื ื™, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื–ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ืžื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื’ื ื›ื›ื”, ืขืกื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”, ื‘ื›ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืžื ื•ืช? ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื›ื”, ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื•ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืขืœ "ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื”ื ื“ื—ืกืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™, ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืคืชืื•ื ืฉืคืขื ืงื•ื“ืžืช ื ืขืœื‘ืชื™ ืžื”ืžื ื—ื”... ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงืœื˜ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืฉืžื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืกื ื•ื‘ื™ืช... ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื“ื—ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืžืชื—ืœืฃ ืืฆืœื™ ืœ"ืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”" ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื’ืขื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืžื ื”...

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœืขื’ืŸ ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ "ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื—ื™ื”" ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื›ืชื‘ ืขื ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืืจื™ ืœื•ื•ื ืก (Levens, 1995), ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืขื "ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”" ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”. ืœื•ื•ื ืก ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื›ื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ืืฆืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช "ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช" ืžื›ึทื•ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื ื” "ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™", ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื”ืจืกื ื™. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ืฉื’ื ื›ืš ืขื•ืฉื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืื•ืชื• "ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜" ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืžืžืฉื™, ื›ืžื• "ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช", "ื”ืฉื“" ื•ื›ื•', ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืœื•ื•ื ืก ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฉืžื” ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ืœื ืืกื•ืŸ ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคืœื™. ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื•ื–ื• ืชืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™" ืชืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉื ืœืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™, ื ืืžืจ ืž"ื™ืคื” ื—ื™ื”" ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ืกื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ืืกื•ืจ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื˜ืข ื‘ืžืœืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืœื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช "ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™" ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ ืœื—ืกืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืœืขื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืฆื ื” ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ (ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ) ืื ื™ ืžื—ืœืฆืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื”ื™ืคื”" ืœ"ื—ื™ื”". ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืืชื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, "ื”ื™ืคื”" ื•"ื”ื—ื™ื”", ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช, ืœืงื‘ืœ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”"; ืื•, ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืงื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื˜ืœื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื›"ื—ื™ื”" ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืœืžื—ืชืจืช, ืืœื ื›ืงื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืงื‘ืœ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื” ืงื•ืœ ื–ื” ืœืืžื”, ืฉื ื”ื’ื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืื’ืจืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช, ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืืคื•ื, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืœื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉ"ื”ื—ื™ื”" ืชื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืืœื ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืจื›ืื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘"ื—ื™ื”". ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืกื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” "ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื‘ืกืฆื ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” "ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื" ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืช "ื”ื—ื™ื”" ืœืกืฆื ื” ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืœื "ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”", ืืœื "ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”". ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ "ื”ื—ื™ื”" ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืจืง ื”ื›ืจื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื” ื›ื–ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื™ืคื”" ืœ"ื—ื™ื”". ื›ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคืช "ืžื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ?" ืคื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™, ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื™ื ืขื "ื”ื—ื™ื”" ื•ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืืช ื”ื–ืขื, ื”ืกืขืจื”, ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื”ืงื ืื” ื•ื”ืฆืขืจ.
ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื˜ืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ื•ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืจืง ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืชื•ืงืฃ ืžื‘ื™ืชื”. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ืจืขื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ืข, ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช
ืื•ืจื‘ืš, ืก' 1997 [1979]. ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื™ืื˜ื”: ื”ืฉืžื ื” ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ืฉื™, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขื“ื™ ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’-ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžื•ื“ืŸ.
ื‘ื˜ืœื”ื™ื™ื, ื‘', 1987 [1976]. ืงืกืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืชืจื•ืžืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื ' ืฉืœื™ื™ืคืžืŸ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืจืฉืคื™ื.
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