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"ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ืกื“"
ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืคื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืœื˜ ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ

ื ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจ, ืž.ื. ย ย ย 
nirzur66@gmail.com

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ
ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืื ืžื›ืคื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช. ืœืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืืจื—ืช ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืืจื—ืช ืงื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืชืกืชื’ืœ ื•ืชืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืืจื—ืช. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื”ื” - ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืงืจื™, ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืื• ื›ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื, ื ื•ืชืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.ย ย 

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—
ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ืง, ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื

"ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื—ืกื“, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื’ืข. ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ, ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ืข. ืœืชืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจื’ืœ" / ื ืชืŸ ื–ืš.

ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื’ื•ืฉืŸ ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขืงื•ืจ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ื—ื™ื• ืฉื ื›ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืกื™ืœืื™ ื•ึผื•ืกื™ืœื‘ืกืงื™ (1996), ื‘ืกืคืจื "ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช - ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™", ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื: "ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื ื• ื”ืชื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื– ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื•. ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืฆื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื–ืœ, ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืชื—ื™ืœื”" (ืกื™ืœืื™ ื•ึผื•ืกื™ืœื‘ืกืงื™, ืขืž' 3). ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœื™ื”. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขื‘ืจื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืืจื•ืš, ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืœืืžืฅ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื. ื’ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ืจื ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœื "ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื›ืคืคื”", ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืืงื•ื ืœืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื•ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืœืฉื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืคื•ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืงืืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืžื ื’'ืœื™ื’', ืืฉืช ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ืช ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื™ืจืื ื™. ื‘ื˜ืžื ื’'ืœื™ื’', ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื•ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืžืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ "ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื" (Kids Company), ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฆื“ืงื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื•ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขื•ื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ืชื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื—ื•ื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ืœืฆืช ืขืงื‘ ืกื›ื ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆืื. ื‘ื˜ืžื ื’'ืœื™ื’' ื•ืฆื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืื•ืชื” ื”ื ืžืชืืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืฉืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชืจื’ื•ืžืŸ ืœื ื™ืคื—ื™ืช ืื• ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช-ืžื” ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ: "Love, Care, Peace and Quiet". ื‘ื˜ืžื ื’'ืœื™ื’' ืงื•ืจืืช ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื, ืื—ืจืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ (ื”ื’ืœืชื•ืจืŸ, 2008).

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ
ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืฉื•ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืชื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืืžื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœื™ื”. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจื—ื”, ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืขื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื ื• ื ื“ื“ื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ื ืจื“ืคื• ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืืœื™ ืžื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืžื ื•, ื•ืื—ืช ืžื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ืœืฉื•ืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืžื ื• - ืื•ืชื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื›ืื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื ืจื“ืคื™ื. ืืฃ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ ื•ื ืจื“ืฃ ืื™ื ื” ื–ืจื” ืœืขืžื ื•, ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืœืื™ืžื•ืฅ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื ื• - ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชืจืก, ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ืฆืจ ืžื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืคืจื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื“ืคืงื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื•ืชื™ื ื• ืื• ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคืช ืื•ืชื ื•. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื’ื ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš. ื›ืžื• ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช (ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื”) ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ืืงื•ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ืขื ืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”.

ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ืฉืœ "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ"
ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ, ืคื•ืกืขื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื›-750 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ", ืฉืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ืžืžื•ืžื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืขื™ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืคื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช "ืžื•ืœื“ืช" ื•"ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื”" ื ื’ืœื” ืคืกื™ืคืก ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืจืชืง. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ ื›ื™ืชื” ื™"ื‘, ืž-48 ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื, ื‘ืฉืœืœ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืฉืคื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™. ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืœืคื™ ืžื•ื ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ื”ื ืœืกืคืกืœ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืงืฉื” ืžื ืฉื•ื, ืžืื‘ืง ื›ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช, ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช. ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“ ืžื’ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืชืคืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื•ื”ืžื ื•ื›ืจ. ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ืœืงื—ื” ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืงืจืื ื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื ื•. ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขืงื™ืจื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืžืžื•ืœื“ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื” ื•ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ื™ื—ืฉืคื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื•ื™ื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ื ื—ืฉืคื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื•ื›ืžื™ื”ืชื ื”ืขื–ื” ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื“ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื ื”ื’ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืฆืืช ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื”ื ืžืฉืขื ืช ืื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืžืžื“ ืฉืœ ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ "ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื" ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ (ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงืžื™ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืžื ื’'ืœื™ื’') ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฆื•ื•ืชื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืชื™ื“. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ", ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื ืกื” ื›ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ - ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ืจื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.

ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื ืช 2011 ื”ื—ืœื” ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืฉืœื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ืœืงืจื•ื ืขื•ืจ ื•ื’ื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืœ-12 ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ", ืฉืื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืคื’ืฉื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื•', ืœืžืฉืš 45 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2011 ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื•ื ื™ 2012 (ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ 22 ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื). ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื ื—ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ื•ื”ืชืœื•ื• ืœื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืชื ืื™.

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืขื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื - ืกืงื™ืจื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’'ื•ืจื’, 2012; ืžื™ืจื“ืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, 2012; ืจื ืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, 2012; ืื•ื’ื•ืืง, 2011), ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืœื ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืœืœ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื•ืชืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื•ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื ื• (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1953). ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ย ย ย ย  (Playing with Identities and Transforming Shared Realities: Drama Therapy Workshops for Adolescent Immigrants and Refugees, 2005) ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืชืจื•ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื›ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ืง, ื•ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ, ืžื—ื•ื– ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง, ืงื ื“ื”, ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืื• ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืชื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืืชื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืกื— ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืขื ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืชืจื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”.

ืžืกืงื™ืจืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืื•ื ืก ืฉืœ ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ื”ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืœื™ื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื. ืจื•ืกื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (2005) ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ื”ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื—ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ ืžืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆืื ื•ืžื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื ืฆืžื—ื•. ื”ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (1995), ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื–ื• ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืžื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ ืื—ืจ. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื”ื’ืœืชื•ืจืŸ (2008) ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื”-ืคืกื™ื›ื™, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืžื‘ืกืก ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. "ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื•ืจื ื•, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฆืจื•ืจ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ, ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™" (ื”ื’ืœืชื•ืจืŸ, 2008, ืขืž' 3). ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉื”ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžืงื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื–ื• ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ื™ึตืฆื ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ึตืฆื ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ืกื™ืœืื™ ื•ึฐึผื•ืกื™ืœื‘ืกืงื™ (1996) ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.

ืจื•ืกื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (2005) ืกื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืื•ืชื• ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืคื•ืงืกืŸ (2000), ืฉืื•ืžืจ: "ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื• ืžืฉืื™ืœื™ื ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš, ืœื”ื•ืงื™ืจ ื•ืœืืฉืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื“ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื" (ืืฆืœ ืจื•ืกื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขืž' 15).

ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ืง ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคื•ืงืก (ืคื•ืงืก, 1993) ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื• ื‘ื•ืœ (ื‘ื•ืœ, 1979). ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืžืคืชื— ื”ืชื•ื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื:
ื) ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— - ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื•ื›ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืžื—ื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืื ื”ืžืกืคึตืจ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ื ืœื›ืš;
ื‘) ืžืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช;
ื’) ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ืง;
ย ื“) ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ.

ื‘ืกื“ื ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืกื•ืคืจื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื•ืœืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื (ื‘ื•ืœ, 1979). ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ืง, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืžื—ื™ื–ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืกืคึตืจ ื ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”, ื‘ืกื“ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืœื• ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืื• ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”, ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืœืœื ืชื ืื™, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืชื•ืคืก ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.

ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืจ
ย ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ืจ. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืฉืจ ืฉื™ืื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจ. ื›ืš, ื”ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื:
ื) ืฉื™ื›ื•ืš ืžืฆื•ืงืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื”ื ืขืงื‘ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืื• ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”;
ื‘) ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืš-ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช.

ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืคืจื ืงืœ (1981) ืืžืจ ืฉืกื‘ืœ ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ื’ืœืชื•ืจืŸ (2008) ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืกื‘ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื•ืกื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช", ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืœืžื•ืฉื’ "TELE" ืžื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” TELE ืขื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ืื• ืขื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”, ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืื™ืชื” ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืจื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ TELE. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื”ื”ืจืก. ืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื™ืกื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื›ืš, "ื“ืจืš ืžืคื’ืฉ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืžื ืกื‘ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— TELE, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืจื›ื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื›ื•ืจื— ื”ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•, ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืขื“ ื›ื”" (ื”ื’ืœืชื•ืจืŸ, ืขืž' 5). ืžื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ TELE ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช.

ย ืจื•ืกื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (2005) ืžื—ื–ืงื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœืชื•ืจืŸ ื•ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช, ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™: ื) ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช (ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ืช), ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ TELE; ื‘) ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง (As-if, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช). ืœื“ืขืชื, ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืกื“ื ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืกื“ื ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช. "ื”ื˜ืงืก ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื" (ืจื•ืกื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขืž' 15).
โ€ƒ
ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืžืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื›ื™ืชืช "ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื", ื›ื™ืชืช "ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื" ื•ื›ื™ืชื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื›ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ "ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื" ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช. ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืชืช "ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื" ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ื™ืชืช "ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื" ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื›ื™ืชื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ 12 ืœ-18 ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ "ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื" ื•"ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื" ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 12 ืœ-16 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจืงืข ืืชื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื ื• 25 ืขื“ 30 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจืงืข ืืชื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”, ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื›ืืœื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฆืจืคืชื™-ืงื ื“ื™, ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืืœื™ ื”ื™ื•ื• ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืกื’ืจืช.

ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•/ืื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืขื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” (ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ). ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ืืœืชื•ืจ (ืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”) ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื ื” ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื 55-20 ื•ืžืžื•ืฆื ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ืขื 16 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืกื“ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื›ื— ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•. ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื ืคื’ืฉื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ืฉืืจืš ืฉืขื” ื•ืจื‘ืข ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื.

ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš
ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืžืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื™, ืืœื ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืจ ืื• ืคืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื–ืจื”. ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ื ื”. ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” (ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ), ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจืช, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืื™-ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืžืื‘ืงื™ ื›ื•ื—, ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืคืกืœื™ื ืื• ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื™ืขื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฆื‘ ืื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.

ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืจืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืืชื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืจืขื•ืช ืื• ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื, ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืคืืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื, ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ". ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืžืขื•. ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื”ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืื• ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื”ื“ืคื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืื™ืœื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื’ื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื“ื ื”. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื“ืื’ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจื•, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžืกืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™, ืื• ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื“ืฃ ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื’ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื (ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื) ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ื‘ืžืื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืœืคื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ื“ื•ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคึตืจ ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืคื ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžืกืคึตืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ืœื”. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืกึทืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืชื’ื•ืœื. ืฉืœื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช As-If ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ื”ืžืกืคึตืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ื™ืชื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคึตืจ ื•ื’ื ืืช ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.

ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ื ื” ื”ืคืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื• ืœืžืฆื‘. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ื ื”, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืกื“ื ื” ื›ืœืœื• ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืจื” (ืงื ื“ื”) ื•ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืืœื™ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืืœื• ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืžื, ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืงื‘ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืจื’ื ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื˜ื ืจื’ืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื˜ืขื•ืŸ, ืื•ืชื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืžื. ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ืจื” (ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช) ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™. ื”ื”ื›ืจื”, ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฆืจื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ืฉื ื˜ืขื” ื‘ื”ื ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืชื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืจื‘-ืืชื ื™ืช, ื‘ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”"ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื" ื•ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื. ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืกื•ืคืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืคืขื™ืœ. ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช. ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืœืืจื‘ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ื) ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ื•ืฉื ื’ืขื• ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ืื• ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”; ื‘) ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื•: ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืจื”; ื’) ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืจื”: ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื; ื“) ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืœื• ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชื™ ื ืจื—ื‘, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง, ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช" ืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืจื•ื‘: ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช, ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœื”ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื”ื.

ื”ืขืจื›ื”
ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืกื“ืจืช ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื:
ื) ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื - ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื‘ืชื•ื ื›ืœ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืชื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื;
ื‘) ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื - ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืœืชืช ื”ืขืจื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืขื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื;
ื’) ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื - ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืชื•ืขื“ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžืื ืฉื™
ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืขืœ ืคื™: 1. ื”ืชืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื•ืœืœื ืขื–ืจื” ืื• ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™; 2. ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืช ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืื• ื”ื•ืคืขืช ืžืชื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”; 3. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง) ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.

ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื
ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ ื›ื™: ื) ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืชืจืžื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืชืขื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื”ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•; ื‘) ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื; ื’) ื—ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื; ื“) ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื—ืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ื’ื ืœืื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืชืจื—ืฉ; ื”) ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื”ื“ืง, ื•ืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ืช; ื•) ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื; ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ึผื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคืช ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื.
โ€ƒ
ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช
ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘"ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ืžืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ, ืงื ื“ื”. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื–ืง ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื” ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื.

ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ย ย  ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" - ืช"ื, ื™ืฉืจืืœย ย  ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" - ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ, ืงื ื“ื”
ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ื’ื ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ื”ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืŸ ื•ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืชื ืื™ ืื• ืกื™ื™ื’. ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืชื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืืชื ื™ื•ืช.
ื›ืžื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืฉืžื ืชื” 12 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช. 16 ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: ื›ื™ืชื•ืช "ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื" ื•"ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื" ืฉืžื ื• 12 ืขื“ 16 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืžื ื• 25 ืขื“ 30 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ย 15-12 ย 18-12
ืžื’ื“ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื“ื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื“ื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื‘ืง, ืงื ื“ื”. ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
ืจืงืข ืืชื ื™ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ (ืจืงืข ืืชื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื“ืืจืคื•ืจ -ืกื•ื“ืืŸ).ย  ืžืขื•ืจื‘: ืกื™ืŸ, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืจื•ืžื ื™ื”, ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืจืืŸ, ืขื™ืจืืง, ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ื“ืจื•ื- ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช - ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื–ืขื•ื ืฉืœ ืฆืจืคืชื™ื-ืงื ื“ื™ื.
ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ย 45 ื“ืงื•ืช ย 75 ื“ืงื•ืช
ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื”"ื› 22 ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืขืฉืจื” ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืž-16 ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (160 ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกืš- ื”ื›ื•ืœ) ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
ืฉืคืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืชย  ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืชื•ืจื’ืžื” ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืžื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ืžืื•ืชื• ืจืงืข ืืชื ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืžืจื™ื.
ื”ืื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืืœื™ ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ? ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื“ื• ืฉืขืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื—ืกืจ.ย  ื›ืŸ. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ืฅ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ 75 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.ย 
ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ย ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” - ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช.ย 
ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” - ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื. ืืจื‘ืขื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” (ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“). ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ื”ื•ื 48-25. ื’ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื ื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืจ ืื• ืคืœื™ื˜. ื‘ืกื”"ื› ืฉื™ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื. ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” (ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ืืžื ื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ). ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื ื” ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื 55-20 ื•ืžืžื•ืฆื ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื—ืœืงื ื—ื•ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจื ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจ/ืคืœื™ื˜.
ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœ. ืžื•ืจื ื•. ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ืง ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคื•ืงืก ื•ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืจื•ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ื• ื‘ื•ืœ.
ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืœื”, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช; ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืืžื•ืŸ; ืžืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืจื’ืฉื™ ืขืœ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช; ืžืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื.ย ย  ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—; ืžืชืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช; ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ืง; ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช, ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช.ย ย 
ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ืœ, ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ (AS-IF), ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืกื˜ื™ืœืก ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืคืกืœื™ื; ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ; ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ.ย ย  "ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ", ืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืคืกืœื™ื, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืกื˜ื™ืœืก. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืกืจื™ื˜ื™ื/ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ (ื›ืžื• "ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช" ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”).ย 
ย ืขื–ืจื™ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช, ื ืจื•ืช, ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ, ืžืกื›ื•ืช, ืงืœืคื™ื, ืชื—ืคื•ืฉื•ืช, ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื, ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืงืœ ืงืกืžื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.ย  ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“. ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ.ย 
ย ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ื‘ืงืจืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ โ€ข ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืฉืจืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”.
โ€ข ืฉื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ.
โ€ข ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื• ื‘ืชื•ื ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
โ€ข ื“ื•ื— ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืคืจื˜ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื” ื ืฉืœื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ.
โ€ข ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.ย 
โ€ข ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืขืฅ/ืžื“ืจื™ืš.
โ€ข ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
โ€ข ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ (ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืชื•ืขื“.
โ€ข ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™. ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
โ€ข ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ืชืžืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื.
โ€ข ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™.ย 
ืชืžื•ืช/ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”; ื”ื›ืœืœื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื”; ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ; ื–ื”ื•ืช - ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืกืชื™ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช True/False) (Self; ืื™ื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™?; ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืžื•ืœ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™; ืืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช; ื”ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื ื›ืืŸ?; ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืš; ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”; ืฉืขืžื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” (ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช); ืžืจื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืคืจื™ืฆืชื ืžืขืช ืœืขืช; ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘; ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ; ืœื’ืขืช (ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™) ืžื•ืœ ืœื ืœื’ืขืช; ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื“ืจืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ; ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.ย ย  ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื ื’ืขื• ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ืื• ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”; ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื•: ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืจื”; ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืจื”: ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื; ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืจื•ื‘: ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช, ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœื”ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื”ื.ย 
ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื/ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื™-ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื”ืชืงื•ืžืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ-ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืืจื™ืชืจื™ืื” ื•ืกื•ื“ืืŸ.ย  ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ืœื”ื“ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื“ืื ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ืŸ.ย 

ื˜ื‘ืœื” 1ย - ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื

ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื˜ื‘ืœื” 1 ืœืขื™ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื ื‘"ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ". ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช (Setting) ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื‘"ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ". ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื ื•. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื•, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื’ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื.

ื’ื ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™. ืื ื›ืŸ, ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘"ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื‘ื—ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ืง ื•ืœื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ืœืžืฉืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžืืžืจ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืชื’ืœื•ืฉ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื‘ืง ืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ืืš ืžืžืจื—ืง, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื”ื’ืœืชื•ืจืŸ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืจื—ืง ื•ืœืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. "ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืชื ืื™ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืงืจื‘ื”; ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžืจื—ืง, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื 'ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืข' ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ื™. ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื’ื ืžืคืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื•ื’ื ืžืงืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•... ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ืื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืื• ืฉืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—" (ื”ื’ืœืชื•ืจืŸ, 2008, ืขืž' 1). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกืงื™ืจื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉ-TELE ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืง ืžืกื•ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ, TELE ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืื•ื“. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”, ืžื•ื’ื ืช, ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื•ืžื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ืชื ื• ืžืงื•ื, ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืฉืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘"ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”"ื™ืฉ" ืžื•ืœ ื”"ืื™ืŸ" - ืื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ืœืฆืช ืžืืจืฅ ืžื•ืฆืื. ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™ื•ืช) ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ืชืžืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ืชืŸ. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืื™ื—ืœื• ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ืŸ ื™ืชืื—ื“ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ืื—ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืช ื›ืœื‘ื”ึผ, ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื’ื™ืจืชื”. ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ืื—ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฆืžื™ื“ ืฉืกื‘ืชื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื” ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžืชื ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื”, ื•ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืจืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื”ืŸ, ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขืžื, ื•ืœื”ืชืคื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืขื ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชืŸ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช
ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช (TELE) ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืชืจืžื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืื•ืœ ืกื‘ืจื• ืฉืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”-TELE ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘"ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื ืคืจื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืขืกืง ื‘ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงื” (Holding) ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื”, ื›ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืื• ื›ืžืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื’ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื ื•ื›ื—, ืืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™. ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘-TELE ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจืงืข ืื• ืžื›ื ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ", ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง", ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื•ืœื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆื, ืžืขืžื“ ืื• ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจ. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื•ืื‘, ื›ืžื• ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฆืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืืคืฉืจื” ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืขื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื”, ืžื”ื™ ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืื• ืžื”ื• ืฆื‘ืข ืขื•ืจื”. ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉื ื’ืจื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.

ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื“ื™ื ืžื™. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื–ืจื– ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื•ืขืœื• ืชืžื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืชืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืœื• ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื”ืžืื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื—ื™ื ื•ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื• ืืช ืชืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื”ื“ืจื”. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื–ื•ื’ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืกื™ืคืจื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืžืจื’ืฉืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืœื•ืงื—ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข. ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฆืคื• ื•ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”ืŸ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืงืืกื˜ื•ืช (ืžื™ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช), ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืžื•ื™ ืื• ืžืจื•ืžื–. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ืœื˜ืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืื• ื ื—ืฉืงืช (ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ืฉืคื”, ืฉื•ื˜ืจืช ืื• ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืจื™ืื ื”), ืฉืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืื‘ื“ ืœื”ื ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื (ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืื• ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื, ืื• ื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืฉืกื‘ืชื ื ืชื ื” ื›ืžืชื ืช ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื•ืื‘ื“).

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™. ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื•ื’ื ื‘"ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื, ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ืจืืง ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ืจื™ื—ืคื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™ื ืœืืจืฆื. ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ื˜ืœื˜ืœื” ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืชื— ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืงื˜ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ. ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืคื’ืฉ, ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ื• ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื•ื’ื ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ื•ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœืžื• ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืืช ืื™-ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื ื—ืงืง ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™ื ืœืืจืฆื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœื ืื—ืช ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืžื”ืœืš
ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื.

ื‘ืฉืืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืชื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืžืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ". ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ื™ื• ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช 12 ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”-12 ื‘ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืœื—ืžืฉ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘"ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง", ื’ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆืชื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆืชื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ". ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืงื” (Holding) ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™.

ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื
ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™-ืงื ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื‘"ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ". ื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 12 ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 18 ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช (ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ืช). ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืŸ 18 ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืŸ 12. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ืื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคืขืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืืžื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ื“-ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช ืื• ืจื‘-ืžื’ื“ืจื™ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ืื•ืœื ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ (5-121), ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ื“-ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืจื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืชื— ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืจื‘-ืžื’ื“ืจื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื•ืช "ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื" ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื. ื™ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื (ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื’ืจื” ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ) ื•ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื (ืฉืื•ืœืฆื• ืœื”ื’ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืœื˜ ืืช ื ืคืฉื) ื›ืžืงืฉื” ืื—ืช. ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช? ื”ืื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื“-ืžืฉืžืขื™ื•ืช. ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจื‘-ืืชื ื™ ื•ืจื‘-ืžื’ื“ืจื™ ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™? ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื“ื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜?

ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื™ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ". ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืชื’ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง". ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื‘"ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืžื•ืชืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™, ืืš ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชื•ืกืคืช ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื• ื‘"ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ". ืื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื–ื™ ืžืชืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืช ืื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืชื™ ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืื›ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืื•ืœื ื”ืŸ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืžืŸ. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื” ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ืื ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฉืคืช ืืžืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื•ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ ืžืงืจื‘ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืžืจื™ื.

ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื
ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™-ืงื ื“ื™ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜. ื›ืš, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ืืžื ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืืš ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื“ื™ - ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืืจื’ื– ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื–ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ืงืœ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื ื“ืจืฉื• ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื“ ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืขืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื ื“ืจืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ืขื–ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ื ื“ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืงืจืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืœืชืขื“ ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื” (Verbatim) ืืช ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืืกืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื”ืจืฆืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืกื“ืจืช ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื, ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™. ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ". ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื ืœืงื—ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช

ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ืื ืžืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืื ืžื›ืคื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืชื’ืจ ืงืฉื” ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื’ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืกื™ื™ื ื˜ ืœื•ืง" ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ" ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืืจื—ืช.

ืื—ื“ ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื• ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ืงืกื™-ืชื™ืื˜ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืชืจืžื• ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืกื•ืœื™ื“ืจื™ื•ืช. ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื”ื (ืฉื ื’ืจืžื• ืขืงื‘ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”) ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.

ื“ืจืš ื’ื™ืœื•ืžื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื, ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืคื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืืจื—ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆื. ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.ย ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืชืจื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช - ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื• ืืช ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช.ย ืœืœื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœืœื ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื.

ื ื•ืชืจื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”. ื”ืื ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืจื—ืง ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืคืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื? ื”ืื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืงื ื“ื” ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช? ืžื”ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื–ืจื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืคืกื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืช? ืžื—ืงืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”.

ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”

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ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ "ืงืžืคื•ืก ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง-ืจื•ื’ื•ื–ื™ืŸ", 2012-2011.

"ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืœื”" โ€“ ืขื•ืชืง ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืžืืชืจ ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ 45, ื—ื•ืจืฃ 2009 - http://www.itu.org.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=12654&CategoryID=1484&Page=2

ืคืจื ืงืœ, ื•. ( 1981), ื”ืื“ื ืž