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ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืืœ-ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื
ื”ืจืฆืื” ืžื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ื™ื ื•ืืจ 2017

ื“"ืจ ืžื™ื™ื˜ืจื™ ืฉื—ื; ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช (PhD), ืžืจื›ื– ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืขืžืง, ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื
maitri.shacham@gmail.com


ืœื”ืœืŸ ืื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืืชืืจ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”. ืืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”" ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื‘ืื™ืœื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœื•, ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื—ืœืžื”.

ื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช: ื”ื’ื“ืจื”
ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ื“ื—ืง ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช (PTSD โ€“ Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) ืขื‘ืจื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื– ื ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช (DSM) ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” (APA, 1980). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ืงืฉืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื“ื“ื• ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืกื›ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ืจื” (Van der Kolk et al., 2007).

ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”DSM- (APA, 2013) ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื”, ืืœื ื™ื•ื—ื“ื” ืœื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ืคืจืง ื—ื“ืฉ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื—ืง ื•ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” (Related-Stressor & Trauma Disorders). ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื›ืชื—ื•ื ืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•.

ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื (APA, 2013): ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™; ืคื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”; ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ื™ื•ืช; ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— (ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ); ื•ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื™ืชืจ.

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ (ICD-11) ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื—ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” โ€“ "ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช" (complex PTSD). ื–ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืื• ืฉื‘ื™, ื”ืคื•ื’ืขืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืืฃ ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”-PTSD ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช (Cloitre et al., 2013).

ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืงืฉืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื ืจืื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื’ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื•ืชืื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืืœื”.

ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช: ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื
ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืคืจืขื” ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืงืฉื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื“ ื•ื—ืกืจ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื›ื—ื™ื” ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช; ืงืคื•ื, ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื•ื– ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื—ืกืจ ืฉืงื˜, ื—ืจื“, ืžืกื•ื™ื˜. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืœืคื”. ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืขื•ื“ื ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืกื‘ื” ืกื‘ืœ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื, ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”.

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ื ืžืฉืš ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžืคืชื˜ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ื™ืกืช ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืจื•ื. ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ (reptilian brain), ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืขืช ืกื›ื ื” (Van der kolk, 2015). ืื–ืขืงืช ืฉื•ื•ื ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืื–ืขืงืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื. ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื”, ืœื—ื™ืžื” ืื• ืงืคื™ืื” โ€“ ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืœื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื•ืœืœื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ืคืช, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืงื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื•ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” (ืœื•ื™ืŸ, 1999). ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉ, ื•ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื˜ืขื™ื ืช-ื™ืชืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืขื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ืื™ื ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืจื’ืขื”. ื”ืื“ื ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืฆืœืœื™ื, ืฉื ื“ืžื™ื ื›ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืชืฉ, ื—ื‘ื•ื˜ ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืœ; ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื ื•ืก, ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ืœืงืคื•ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•; ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืื—ื“. ืœืœื ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืœืœื ื”ืจืคื™ื”, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืชื’ืœืžืช ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืชืžื™ื“ื™, ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืื™ื•ื.

ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ืžื•ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ื”ืจืžืŸ, 1994). ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื "ืชื—ืช ืืฉ", ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช, ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช, ืœืœื ืžื ื•ื—ื”, ืžืชื•ืš ืขืจืขื•ืจ ืกื“ืจื™ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช. ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื•ืฉื˜ืช ื•ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืงื•ืžืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžืชืงื‘ืขื™ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื ื—ืœืฉืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช, ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžืฆื•ื, ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ื”ืืœ-ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.

ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ PTSD ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชื•ืง, ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ, ืงื˜ื™ืขื” ื•ื“ื™ืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื”. ืžื˜ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœื™ื, ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื•ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืจื’ืฉ, ื‘ืงื•ื’ื ื™ืฆื™ื”; ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ; ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื™ืขืœื ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™-ืžืช, ืขืจ-ื™ืฉืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืžืงืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืืš ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฆื“ื• ืกื‘ืœ ืจื‘. ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ื’ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื—ืจ-ืœื•ื™ (2004). ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืชื’ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื•ื‘ืงืคื™ืื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื—ื™ื”, ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืžืžื™ืช. ืื™ืš ืืคื•ื ื™ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ?

ย 

ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”

ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื™ืขืฉื” ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื”. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืจืง ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืคื™ื“ื‘ืง, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช (PE) ื•-EMDR (Van der Kolk, 2002). ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืชื— ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ืขืงื™ืคื•ืช, ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“.

ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืื“ื ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื•, ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื•ื•ืกืช, ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืžืฆื‘. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ (Van de Kolk, 2015). ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”, ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื”, ืœืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื”, ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื” ืงืžืขื”, ื˜ื™ืคื™ืŸ-ื˜ื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ืจืกื ื™ ืฉืœื”; ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืคืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจืขื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืื™ืจืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช.

ื›ืš ืžืชืืจ ืืœื™ (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™), ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจ: "ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘, ืฉื ื“ืœืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื™ืข ืขืœ ืกื›ื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื”. ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืคืขืœืชื™ ืœืคื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืชื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™, ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืข ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ, ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืžื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืžื–ื™ืข, ื”ืœื‘ ื“ื•ืคืง, ืคื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื” ื–ื” ื™ื—ืœื•ืฃ. ื–ื• ืจืง ื”ื ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืžืงื•ืœืงืœืช".

ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช. ืœืฆื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ื•ืชื ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ (top-down) ื•ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ (bottom-up) (Van der Kolk, 2015). ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื ืกืœืœ ื“ืจืš ืžื’ืข ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืžืฉื’ื• ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›"ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืกื—ืช" (unformulated experience) (Stern, 2013), ื•"ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘" (unthought known) (ื‘ื•ืœืืก, 2000). ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืœื• "ืชืœื›ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื" (ืฉื—ืจ-ืœื•ื™, 2004). ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื•ืืŸ ื“ืจ ืงื•ืœืง The Body Keeps the Score ื”ื•ื ืชื•ื”ื”: "ื”ืื ื’ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”?" (Van der Kolk, 2015, p. 31).

ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ bottom-up ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช (ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืกื•ืžื˜ื™) ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” (ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™) ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ื›ืš ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฆืคื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ (Stanek, 2014). ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื’ืข ื•ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืชืžืจื”. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื™ื˜ืจืฆื™ื” (titration), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ, ืžืžื•ืฉืื‘. ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื" (resources) ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”, ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื โ€“ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื• ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื ืคืฅ" ื”ืฉื•ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ, ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื• ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืฉืžื”ื ื™ึตืฆื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืžืกืข ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ืืœื™ืช: ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ (ื”ืจืžืŸ, 1994; ืจื•ืก, 2008). ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœืช (pendulation) ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืจื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื” (ืœื•ื™ืŸ, 1999) ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืŸ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืงืจืงื•ืข ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœืขื•ืœื (Helfear, 1998); ืœืคืจื•ืง ื˜ืขื™ื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื”, ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื–ืจื™ืžื” ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืœืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ (Lowen, 2003); ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช-ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช, ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”; ืœืกืœื•ืœ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•.

ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจ-ืœื•ื™ (2004) ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ, ื›ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ื•ืก ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ื”ืชื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื‘ื“ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืœื™ (P-1) ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื–ื“ืงืคื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื.

ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืคืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื”ืชืื‘ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื™ื” ื•ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืื•ืœื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื”. ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื™ื ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื”, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืฉื–ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคืฆื™ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ืกื•ืžื”, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•) ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•.

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
ื“ื ื™ืืœ,[1] ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ื ืฉื•ื™ ื•ืื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื. ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืž-PTSD ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™. ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ืขืœื” ืœืืจืฅ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืข, ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื™ื. ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืคืจื™, ืžืชืืจ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ื™ืœื“ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™, ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™, ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื™ืœื“ "ืจื’ื™ืœ" ืฉืฆืœื— ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™. ืžืชืืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื ืื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืœืฆื“ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืื” ืžืจืงืข ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืžืขืžื“ ืกื•ืฆื™ื•-ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™, ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืจื•ื•ื—ื”.

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจืช, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื’ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืคืขื™ืœื™ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืœืกื›ื ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื, ืคืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื—ื–ืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื• ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ. ื˜ืจืื•ืžืช ื”ืžืคืชื— (index trauma) ื”ื™ื ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื ืœื›ื“ ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื™ืจ ืขื•ื™ื ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืชืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืืฉ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื. ื—ืœืคื• ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื—ื•ืœืฆื• ื‘ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืกื“ื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœื• ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ PTSD ืืฉืจ ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื• ื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืข: ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื™ืชืจ, ืขืฆื‘ื ื•ืช, ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื”, ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื™ืœื”, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžื—ื ืง, ื”ื–ืขื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื. ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืข.

ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื• ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ืคื’ืฉ ืืช ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืืฉืชื•, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื™ืฉื ืœื”. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื•ื’ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืคื™ ื–ืขื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืฆื ื•ืข, ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืงืฉื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉื›ื•ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืชื•, ื ืขื–ืจื• ื‘ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช. ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืžืื•ื“.

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืข ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื ื›ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื›ืขืก ื•ื‘ื–ืขื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ืขืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื "ื”ืžืžืกื“ื™ื™ื" ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘. ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืœื“ ืžืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืื™, ื•ื’ื ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”ืŸ. ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื•ื˜ื‘ืง, ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืจื™ืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืœืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืจืคื•ืื™, ืฉื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ. ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืœืœื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจื•, ืœืœื ืืฉืคื•ื–ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื™ื.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื.

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืืฉืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืง ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื™. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชื™ืืจ ืœื™ ืื“ื ื—ืฉื“ืŸ ื•ื›ืขื•ืก. ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืจืคืื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืจืกืื•ืช ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื–ืจื ื™ื, ืคื•ืคื™ื ื•ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื.

ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ืชืงืข ื‘ืฉืœื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขืคืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื›ืืŸ, ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื ืจื˜ื‘ ื•ื›ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืข ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ืขื•ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื•ืข ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ื, ืขืœ "ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช" ื•ืขืœ "ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”". ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ื—ึตืžื” ืขื–ื”, ื›ืžื• ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ืฉื ืœื—ืฅ, ื›ืžื• ื—ืฅ ืฉืœื•ื—. ืื ื™ ืžืกืžื ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ื—ึตืžื” ื•ื”ื–ืขื ื›ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.

ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื’ื‘ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื ืจืื” ื›ืคื™ ื’ื™ืœื•, ื‘ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื ืจืื” "ืจื’ื™ืœ" ืžืื•ื“. ืžืฆื—ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•ืช, ื›ื‘ื•ื—ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื–ื™ืคื™ื. ื ืฉื™ืžืชื• ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ืช, ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื”. ืจื’ืœื• ื”ืื—ืช ื ืขื” ื‘ืื™-ืฉืงื˜. ืžื‘ืข ืคื ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ื“ืื’ื”. ืื ื™ ืขื“ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืชืืจ ืฉื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืœืžืจืคืื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืงืฉื” ืœื•. ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืžืžืกื“, ื•ื’ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื›ื ืจืื”, ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฉืชื•. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื’ื™ืข. ืื ื™ ืžืกืžื ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืขืฆื ื”ื’ืขืชื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืกืžื ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช.

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘. ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ืื ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ื–ื ืฉืœื• ืœืžืžืกื“ ื•ืœืžืขืจื›ืช, ืฉืื ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ืข ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืจื’ืขื”. ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื—ืจื™ื•, ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื”ื•. ืขืฆื ื”ืคื ื™ื™ื” ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืขืžื” ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื™ืชืจ, ื”ืฆืคื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ืžื—ื ืง, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืคืง ื•ืงื•ืจ ืขื–, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื”ืฉืชื”ื•ืช ย ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช. ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื• ืื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ืื ื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื›ืขื•ื’ืŸ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื”ืื ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืœืžืฉืื‘? ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื•ืขืฉื•ืช, ื•ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืจืขืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืžื‘ืกื™ืก ืกืžื•ืš ืžืงืคื™ืฅ ืื•ืชื•. ืขืฆื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื• ืจืข. ืคื•ื ื™ื ืืคื•ื ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืฉืื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ. ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืืฆืจื• ืžืชื— ื•ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืจื‘. ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ื ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจ. ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ื—ื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ื™ื ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืœืžืฉืื‘. ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•.

ืื˜-ืื˜ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืคื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื• โ€“ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืจื•ืขืฉืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจืืฉื• ืขืžื•ืก ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืจืคื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืจื’ืข. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉื•ืคื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ืงืจื•ืช, ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื“, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ, ืื™ื ื• ืฆื•ืœื—. ืื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืคื ื™ืžื”. ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืงื™ืžื”, ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ืœื”: "ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘". ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ื•ืจืกื”: "ื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื— ืœื™". ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืžื“ื™; ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื•ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช. ืžืฆื‘ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ืืœ-ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืจืง ืœืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืช, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื•ืœืœ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื•ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžืขืฉืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ืžื™ื™ืืฉ, ืžืกื•ื™ื˜. ืขื ื”ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ื“ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืจื’ื™ืขื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืœืžืขืจื›ืช.

ืžืฉืชืฃ ืฉืžื•ื˜ืจื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื ืกื”. ื›ื•ืขืก ื•ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื›ืกืฃ ืชืžื•ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข. ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืขืกืง ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ื•ื’ื ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™. ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ืขื•ืœื”, ืžื•ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื™. ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืขืก, ืจื•ืฆื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ. ื’ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจืช ืืœื™ื™: ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ืฆืœื™ื—? ื™ื™ืชืงืข? ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืืฆืœื™ื— ืื• ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ืื‘ื•ื“? ืื ื™ ืžืกืžื ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื›ืชืžื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื›ื ื•ืฉื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื›ืขืก ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืจืกื ื™, ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ืชื ื•ืขืชื™, ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื“ืคืช ืฉืืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•.

ืœื•ืืŸ (Lowen, 2003) ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ (1996) ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช (ืื’ืจืกื™ื”) ื›ื•ื— ืžื ื™ืข ื•ืžื—ื™ื”, ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืจื’ืจืกื™ื”, ื”ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ื ืกื™ื’ื” (re-gression), ืื’ืจืกื™ื” (a-ggression) ืžืชืืจืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ, ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ืขื•ืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืจืžื–ืช ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื” โ€“ ืขื•ืฆืžื”, ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืขืฆืžืื•ืช (ืฉื—ืจ-ืœื•ื™, 2004).

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื™ ื›ื’ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ; ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ื•ืจื‘ืœื™, ื›ืŸ ื•ืงืฉื•ื‘. ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื“ื "ืžื™ื•ื—ื“" ื•ื’ื "ืจื’ื™ืœ". ื’ื‘ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, "ืžืœื— ื”ืืจืฅ". ืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืคื’ื™ืข, ืคื’ื•ืข, ืžืคื•ื—ื“ ื•ืกื•ื‘ืœ. ืœื ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช (ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช) ื•ื”ื—ืฉื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืฉื• ืืชื•. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœ ื–ื™ื”ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ืืฆืœื™ โ€“ ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื—ื™ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื.

ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—; ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื‘ืžืจืคืื”, ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžืžืกื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืจื•ืงืจื˜ื™. ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื ื•ื’ื โ€“ ื’ื ืžืžืกื“ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—. ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›"ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข" (auxiliary ego) ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื• ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื•. ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืจื•ืื” ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื™ืŸ, ืขื ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื•, ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื—ืจื™ืคื” ื•ื–ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืกืชื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ("ืืœ-ื™ืฆื™ืื”", ืœืคื™ ืฉื—ืจ-ืœื•ื™, 2004). ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ืขื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื ื”, ืฉื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ืกืก ืื˜-ืื˜ ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื”: ื›ืื‘, ืคื—ื“, ืกื‘ืœ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.

ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืงืฉืจ ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœื ืžื™ืงื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื. ื ืชืชื™ ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื•, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ืกืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื›ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ืฉื—ืจ-ืœื•ื™ ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช-ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”: "ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœ. ื“ื’ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชืคืจืฆืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื›ื”" (ืฉื, ืขืž' 153).

ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื• ืขื ืžื›ืœ ื“ืœืง ืจื™ืง, ืขืœ ืื“ื™ ื“ืœืง ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœื“ืจื•ืš ืขืœ ื“ื•ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื–, ืฉืชืฆืจื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืœืง, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืข ื‘ื“ืจืš. ืžืชื“ืœืง ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™, ืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืจืง. ื”ืื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื’ืขื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืืฉื™ื?

ื‘ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืฃ, ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื”. ืžื™ื“ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง. ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืงืจื•ืช, ืงืคื•ืื•ืช, ื”ืคื ื™ื ืžืชืœื”ื˜ื•ืช, ืžืชื ืคื—ื•ืช, ืžื–ื™ืขื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•. ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ื•ื›ื•ืขืก. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื ืžื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื•. ืื–ืขืงื” ื ืฉืžืขืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืจื™ืฉืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื; ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจ, ืžื•ืฆืฃ. ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื•ื ื ื•ืข ื•ื ื ืฉื•ื, ื›ืฉื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช ื•ื“ื•ืคืงืช, ื—ื•ื ืงืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื’ื ื ืคืฉ? ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ื—, ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงืชื• ื•ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืจื‘ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช; ื•ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืงื•ื ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื›ื™ืกื, ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื”. ื•ืœื ื‘ื ืฉื™ืžื”. ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืขื ื•ืช. ื•ืœื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืงืคื•ืช. ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™-ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืกื’ื•ืจ. ืื ื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช. ืžืจืคื” ืืš ืœื ืขื•ื–ื‘ืช. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืงื•ืจืก, ื”ื ื“ื—ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื ื•ืก ื”ืจืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ืคื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื• ื•ืžื ื— ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืก ืคื ื™ืžื”. ืขื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืžื•ื˜, ื ืจืื” ื›ืชืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ืžื• ืœืœื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื• ื˜ื•ื ื•ืก ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ, ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืœ-ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ืื‘ืœ ืื™ ืฉื ืžื–ื”ื” ื’ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ, ืื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืœืง, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืžืฉื”ื•. ื”ื›ืขืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืืชื•. ืื˜-ืื˜ ืžืคืฆื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฉืขืจืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ืขืก ืžื›ืกื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉืžื” ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื“ืจื” ืžื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ื”ื˜ื•ื‘) ืฉื”ื•ื, ืœื›ืื•ืจื”, ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืจืก ืฉืœื•. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื•ื ืฉ, ืžืืกืจ ืขื•ืœื, ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ โ€“ ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช, ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื, ื”ื ืื”, ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ื“ืจื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื”ื—ื™ โ€“ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.

ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืฉ ื”ื›ืขืก ื ืžืฆืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืกื“ (ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืข). ืื•ืชื• ืฆื‘ื ืฉืฉืœื— ืื•ืชื• ื›ื—ื™ื™ืœ ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืชื ืขืจ ืžืžื ื• ื›ืขืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื•. ื›ืš ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืขื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ื—ื™ื™ืœ, ื›ืื–ืจื—, ื›ื’ื‘ืจ, ื›ืื“ื. ื›ืื“ื ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš. ืืฉืžื” ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืจืข, ื›ื•ื—ื ื™, ืžื•ืฉื—ืช, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง.

ืื•ืœื ื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ื–ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืคื ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ื•ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื•, ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื‘ืงืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื ื•ืงืฉื”, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ืจ ืœื• ืœื ืฉื•ื, ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื•ืข. ืœื ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืชื™ื•. ื›ืขืก ืฉืžื•ืคื ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืคืŸ ื•ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืคื ื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืœืืŸ ืœืคื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื™ืš โ€“ ืœื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืœื ื“ืœืง ืœื”ื ื™ืข. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ืœืš ืฆืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืืคื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืขื ื•ืืฉืžื” ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื—ืฉื™ืš ืืช ื“ืจื›ื•. ื›ืš ืžืฉืžืฉ ื”ื›ืขืก ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื—ืกื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื โ€“ ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ืช.

ืœืฆื“ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื”, ื ืจืื” ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื• โ€“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื, ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื’ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ โ€“ ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืกืก ืงืฉืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ ืžืกื•ืจ ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื•ืžืชืคืชืœ ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ื’ืคื™ื™ื. ืœืื˜-ืœืื˜, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื›ืขื•ื’ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”; ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืคืจืง ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื•ืชืจ. ื’ื ืื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ, ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ืคื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื•.

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ, ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืคืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ื–ืขื, ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืชืงื•ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื• ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ ืกืขืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืœื ื•ืข, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื ืžืจืฆืช, ืœืจื•ืฅ, ืœืจื›ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืฆืจ. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™. ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ืฆืจ, ืžื ื›ืฉ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ืขื•ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ื”, ืžืชืงืจืงืข, ืคื•ืจืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื–ืขื” ื•ื”ืชื ืฉืคื•ืช. ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ. ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• โ€“ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช.

ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื” ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ืช, ืžืคื•ืฉื˜ืช ื•ืขื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™, ืจื‘-ืžืžื“ื™. ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ื ื•ืกื“ืจ ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉ"ืžืช ืžืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช". ื”ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืื–ื•ืจ ื“ืžื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืจืคื”. ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื”ืจื”ื•ืจ ื•ืจื•ื•ืจื™ (reverie), ืœื—ืœื™ืžื” ืื• ืžื ื•ื—ื”, ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจื“ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืžืชืงืคื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช. ื•ื‘ื”ืชืงืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืคื™ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืžืžื” ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืืชื”: ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื–ืขื” ืงืฉื”, ื‘ื”ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืชืคืจืงื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ืจื“ื ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ. ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืขืจืขืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื”. ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืงืข ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืืฆืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื”. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ืžืชืคื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืืชืŸ ื“ืื’ื” ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื“ืจืš. ื”ืžื˜ืจื”: ืงืจืงื•ืข.

ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืข ืžืื•ื“, ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™, ืžืชืืจ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ. ื‘ืœื™ืช ื‘ืจึตืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™. ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”, ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืžื–ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช: ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™, ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ โ€“ ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื•.

ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื•ื‘ ื•ืขื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉืื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ โ€“ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืงืฉื”. ืžื›ืœื‘ื” ืžืคื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืชื—ืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื–ื ื‘ ืžื•ืจื ื•ืืฆื™ืœื™. ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”: "ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”, ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช". ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืืžืจ: "ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžื˜ืคืœ ื˜ื•ื‘". ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื›ืื•ืจื” (ื”ื›ืœื‘ื”) ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžืฉืื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ โ€“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ืžืฉืื‘ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืฉืื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™.

ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืฉืžื›ืจืกืžืช ื‘ืขืฅ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื. "ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื’ืข ืžื”ื›ืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ื–ื•". ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื—ื“ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื. ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ืžื›ืจืกืžืช, ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ืคื” ืืช ื“ืขืชื•, ื•ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื•ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื—ื“ืจ. ื›ืจืกื•ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื›ืจืกื•ื. ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื–ืžืŸ. ื›ื‘ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื•ืขืก ื•ืชื•ื‘ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ. ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืฉืชื• ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืชืงื“ื. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืงืœื”.

ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืข ื•ืžืชืงื“ื, ืขื ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื• ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ื” ื ืฉืืจื” ืืชื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืชื” ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื”. ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื, ื•ืื ื• ืคื•ืจืฉื‚ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืช ืœืžื—ืฆื”, ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื•ื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื”ืจื—ืง ืืœ ื ื•ืฃ ืฉื“ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžืจืคืกืช, ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื•, ืขื ื‘ืชื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•. ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื—, ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื”. ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœื•: ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” (ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช), ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื (ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช, ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”). ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช ืขื ื‘ืชื• ืื ื• ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจื™. ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืš-ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ืื™ื ื˜ืจ-ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื• ื”ืคืขื•ื˜ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืืฉืชื• ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืœื“ืช, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืœื™ื“ื”. ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืงืจื™ื ืœื‘ืชื• ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœื” ืžืžื ื•. ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ ืœื” ืฉื™ืจ. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืงืฆืช, ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืœื•ื•ื”, ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืœื‘ืชื• "ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช?". ืจื’ืข ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื“ืจืš ื‘ืชื• ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ืื‘ื”ื™, ื”ืื•ื”ื‘, ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ืงืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื™ื•ื–ื. ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ[2] ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ. ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื”ืงื•ืคืกื”, ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื”ื’ืžืฉื ื• ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉ"ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ", ื•ื–ื›ื™ื ื• ืœืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•, ืขืœื™ื•, ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื’ื ืขืœื™ื™.

ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืš, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ื•ื“ืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”, ืžื—ื ืง, ื›ืื‘ ืจืืฉ โ€“ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืคืจืง ืžื”ืŸ, ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืขื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืขื“, ื”ื–ืขื” ื•ืคื™ื”ื•ืง ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืœืคืจื™ืงืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ืคืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื›ืžื” ืจื’ืขื™ื, ื•ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ื›ืš. ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื›ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช. ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื”. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”: ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืœืืคืฉืจ ืคืจื™ืงื” ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘.

ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ. ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ืฉืกื™ืจื‘ ืขื“ ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื ืขื ื” ืœื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ื›ืขืก ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื™. ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื—ื‘ื˜ ื˜ื ื™ืก ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื ื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืื•ื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืื•-ืจื™ื™ื›ื™ืื ื™ืช (Lowen, 2003), ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ื›ื ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ื•. ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื• ืื•ื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื‘ื˜ ื˜ื ื™ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ ื‘ืคื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ืœื•. ืคืœื’ ื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ (ื”ื˜ื•ืจืกื•) ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“, ืžื–ื“ืงืฃ ื•ืžืชื›ื•ืคืฃ, ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืœืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืข ื›ืขืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืคื•ืฃ ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื—ื–ืง ื•ืขืžื•ื. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืš ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช, ืžืคืขื ืœืคืขื ืขื•ืฆืจ ืœืžื ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืชื ืฉืคื•ืช. ืžื–ื™ืข. ืคื•ืจืง. ืžืžืฉื™ืš. ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืžืจ: "ืžืจื•ื‘ ื›ืขืก ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”". ื ืกืขืจ. ื—ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืชืืจ ื”ืงืœื” ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ.

ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ. ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื. ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื–ืžื”, ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”, ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ื ืคืจืฆื”, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”.

ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ื ื•ืืฉืชื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืžืจืคืืชื ื•. ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื›ืš ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื’. ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืชื™ ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืžืงื”.

ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœืœื™ ืฆื”"ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ืจ. ืžืชืืจ ืฉื”ืฆืคื™ืจื” ืชืคืกื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื”ื™ื’ื”. ืขืฆืจ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจืš, ืืš ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืขืžื•ื“. ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืจื›ื‘. ืื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืขื•ืก ื•ืžืชืœื”ื ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ื–ืขื ื”ืชื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืขืฆื‘. ืื ื• ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™, ื›ื”ืชืžืจื”. ืžืชื—ืช ืœื›ืขืก ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื‘.

ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจืขื” ืงืฉื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”. ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื•ืคื™ ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืงื ื‘ื™ืก. ื‘ืจืงืข ื ื“ื—ื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื˜ืจื™ื’ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข "ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ". ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื‘ืขื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื•. ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“, ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉื›ืš ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ ื•ืคื ื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขื ืืฉืชื• ื•ืืชื•. ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•, ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื“. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื•: ื ื•ืกืข ืœื—ื‘ืจ, ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื’ื™ื ื”. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืจื’ื™ืขื”, ืžื•ื•ืกืชืช.

ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืจื’ืข ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ืœืชืžื™ื›ื”. ืื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘. ื”ื•ื ื—ื™. ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื.

ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืžืืชื’ืจืช, ื ืจืื” ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืขืฆื™ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืคื•ืจื— ื•ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื•. ืื ื™ ืžืชืจื’ืฉืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ืžืžื ื• ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ืฉื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื”, ื•ืืชื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื“ืจืš ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืชื• ื‘ืฆื‘ื ื•ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง, ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืื”, ืœืฉืงื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ื— ื•ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื‘ื—ื™ืง ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืืš ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื”ื•ื ืžืจื‘ื” ื‘ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•"ืœ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืฉืžื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืงื ื‘ื™ืก ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื™ืœื” ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ื•ืžืงื•ื˜ืขืช. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืืจืฅ ืขื ื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื•ืข ื™ื ื•ืข. ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืื ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืœื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš, ืืœื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ; ื›ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื. ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื“ืžื•ืชื™ ืžื•ืคื ืžืช ืืฆืœื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืคื ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”"ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก" ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ืงืจ: ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื™-ื˜ืง, ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคืงืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื•. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื•. ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื ื•ืข ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืงื. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื›ืš ื—ื•ืœืคื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืื ื™ ื•ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ืžื ืคื™ืœื” ื•ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ืžืขื•ื ื” ืœืขื•ื ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื—ื•ืœืคื•ืช ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื.

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื– ืฉื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื’ืœื™ื™ื. ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื–ื” ื•ื ืขื”, ื˜ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœืจื—ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช, ืœื–ื•ื–, ืœื”ื™ืกื“ืง, ืœื ื•ืข. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื—ื™, ืžืชืคืจื ืก, ืžืฉืงื ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืžื•ืงื“ืช ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ืื ื™ ื ืขื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื•. ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื•, ื›ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ื—ื™ืœื”. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ื›ืœื™ื, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื•ื—ื–ืงื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ืงืœื”. ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื˜ื™, ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•.

ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื˜ื—. ื™ื•ืฆื ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ืืชื’ืจื™ืช. ืžืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ืคืข ืื“ืจื ืœื™ืŸ, ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื–ื™ืขื”, ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืชืคื•ืกื™ื, ืกื›ื ื”, ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ืžื™ืงื•ื“, ืกื™ืคื•ืง. ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ื ืขืจื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื•. ื›ืขืช ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื•. ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืคืขื. ื ื•ืฆืจ ืจืฆืฃ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ืžื™ ืฉืื ื™.

ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื•ืžืชืคืขืœืช. ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ืขืช ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ืื•ืคื ื•ืข: ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื” ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื™ืฆื™ืื”, ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืคื•ืงื•ืก, ืงืฆื‘ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืกื›ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืชื™ ืขื“ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ. ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื˜ืคื•ื— ืœืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื›ื, ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช ืžืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช. ืื ื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ "ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช". ืคืขื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื•, ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจืก, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืงื™ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ ื›ืขืก ื•ื–ืขื. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืฉื”, ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™, ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”: ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืืœ ื”ืžืจืคืกืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืจ. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ-ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชื ื•ืขื”. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืจ? ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ื–ื”?

ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื”: ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืืœ-ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื–ื• ื”ืคืจืขื” ืงืฉื” ื”ืžื’ื™ื™ืกืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœืžื•ื“ื•ืก ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช-ืจื’ืฉื™ืช. ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช ืžืžืขืจืš ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™-ื’ื•ืคื ื™. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื“ื•ืงืกืœื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืขืจ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื›ืš ืžืชืขืฆื ื’ื ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจืช ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ืžืจืคืืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืช ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ืก ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื—ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื“ื™ื• "ืœืงื•ื ืžื”ื›ื™ืกื" ื•ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืคื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ: ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™-ืกื•ืžื˜ื™. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื• ื”ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืžืžืฉื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื•ืช, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืฉืจ (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ื’ืœื•ื™). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืจื›ื”, ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืงืฉื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžืช ืœื‘ ืจืฆื™ืคื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืขื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืกืžื•ื™). ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื“ื ื™ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช "ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื" ื›ืžื• ื›ืขืก ื•ื–ืขื ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ื˜, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœื” ื•ื–ื™ืขื”, ืงื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ืืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ืœื”. ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.

ื”ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ, ืืš ื”ืฉืชื ื” ืžืขืช ืœืขืช (ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืž-PTSD), ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื• ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื (ืœื”ื“ืง-ืœืฉื—ืจืจ, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘-ืœืžืงื“, ืœื“ืœืœ-ืœืจื›ื–). ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ืœื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื’ื•ืจื ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื•. ืžื” ื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืžื™ืฅ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•? ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ ืืžื•ืŸ; ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืืชื• ื›ื‘ืจืช ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืงืฉื”; ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืคืฅ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ืžืจืขืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉืžืจืขื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ; ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ืœื ื™ืช ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ื’ื ื›ืœืคื™ื™ ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ; ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืืชื• ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื, ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ; ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื›ื—; ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื›ืฉืžืื—ืจ. ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืœืžื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžื•ืชืื ื ื“ืจืฉืชื™ ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืื™ืžื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” (holding) ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (handling) (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 1996).

ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื”. ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•: ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื ื™ื”ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ืขื ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ื—ืชืจื ื™. ื‘ืกืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื’ืฉืจ ื”ืžืื—"ื“[3] ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•. ื›ืžื• ืื-ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืขืฆืžื•.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืื™ื ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช, ืขื ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื. ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืงื•ื ืžื”ื›ื™ืกื, ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืจ. ื”ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจืกื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” (holding); ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื“ื•ืžืžืช, ืฉืงื˜ื” ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” โ€“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ โ€“ ืžื‘ื˜ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื”: ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช, ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช, ืฆืžืฆื•ื. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืขื•ืจืจ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชื ื•ืขื”, ื’ื ืื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ, ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืคื ืื™, ื—ื•ื’, ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืขืฆืžืื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขืžื“ื” ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช: ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืชื–ื•ื ื”, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคืชื™. ืœื›ืš ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช (psycho-education) ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืช ื™ื“ืข ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื” ืžืžื ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”.

ืื ื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืจืฉืช ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ืงื•ืžื•, ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ืืœื™ื• ืื’ื‘ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื, ืจืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ื•: ืžื”ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ืื™ื–ื• ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ื•ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื›ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ? ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื™ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•, ื™ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•ืข ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•? ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™?

ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช-ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืœื™ื‘ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ "ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช" (SE), "ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช" (Focusing), ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืกื ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช (sensorimotor psychotherapy) (Ogden et al., 2006), "ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช" (PE), "ืงืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช" (Mindfulness) ื•ื”ืืงื•ืžื™ (Hakumi) (Kurtz, 2002). ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืœื” ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื”ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ื—ืกื•ืžื”.

ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ืฅ ื”ืคื•ืจื— ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื›ืžืชื ืช ืชื•ื“ื” ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงืฉื”, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืงื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืขืฆื™ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืœื• ืื“ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื•ืฉื“ื•ืฃ, ืžืœื‘ืœื‘ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืคื•ืจื— ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื™ืฅ. ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืคืจื•ื— ืœืื—ืจ ืฆื™ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืžืงืคื™ืื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื•ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืื•ืชื™. ื›ืžื• ืžืช ืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.ย 


ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

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ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ืขื•ืคืจื” ื•ืžื•ืœื™ ืœื”ื“, 2000. ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ: ื ื•ืจื“.

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ืจื•ืก, ื’'ื™ื ื”, 2008. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”, ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ: ื ื•ืจื“.

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[1] ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื• ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื•ื‘ืข"ืค.

[2] ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™" ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ (2011).

[3] ื’ืฉืจ ืžืื—"ื“ โ€“ ย ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” (Lahad, 1997) ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืฉื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืชื•ืจื’ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืฉื "ื’ืฉืจ ืžืื—"ื“" (ืœื”ื“ ื•ืื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ, 2000).