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ืžื™ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ; M.A., ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื”, ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช
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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื“ โ€“ ื—ื™ื•ึผืช ืžึฐื ื™ืขึธื”, ืžื ื•ืข ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื•ืคืกืช ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืืœื• ืœืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืืœื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืืจืง ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืชื• ืขืœ "ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืœื ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™". ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืœ: ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉืืจืš ื›ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื™.

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื™ื•ืกื™ ื˜ืจื™ืืกื˜ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›"ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”" (2013, 140), ื›ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ืื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ืžื”, ืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื—ื™ื•ึผืช ืžื ื•ึผืขื” โ€“ ื—ืกื™ืžืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆืžื™ื—ื”.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื›ืืœ ื”"ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ" - ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ืืฆืœ ื˜ืจื™ืืกื˜, 2013). ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ืฆื•ืคื ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืžืžืฉื•ืชื” ื”ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ืช ืžืฉื’ืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืžืกืข ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื• (ืฉื, ืขืž' 140). ืžืขืฆื ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืกื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืืœ ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืžืชื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™. ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆืข ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ "ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช-ื–ื”ื•ืช-ืงืฉืจ"; ืžืืจื’ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื - ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ - ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื ืคืชืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื–ื” ืžื–ื” (ืฉื, 140).

ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืกืช ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ย ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืจืื” ื‘ื” ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื–ื™ืงืชื• ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืื—ืจ. ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืงื• ืชืคืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืฉื). ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืคืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขื•ื“ (ืœืคืœืื ืฉ ื•ืคื•ื ื˜ืืœื™, ืืฆืœ ื˜ืจื™ืืกื˜, 2013).

ืื ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืชืคืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ืคืจื“ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืœืจื™ืงื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœืœื ืื ื™. ืœื“ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœืช "ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉื™". ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื•, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช, ื’ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื” ืื• ืœื”ื™ืคืจืง. ืืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช - ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื• - ืฉื”ืžืฉืืœื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืœืคึดืจืงื•ึผื ื• ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื™, ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ืžืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• (ืฉื, 156).

ื“ื•ื“ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ, ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืš: 'ืื”ื‘ื”' ", ืžื ื™ื— ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ืงืื–ื™ืง ืฉืžื•, ืืฉืจ ืฉื”ื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื ืืฆื™ ืขืœ ืื“ืžืช ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1943. ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ื–ื”, "ืื”ื‘ื”", ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืš: ืžื™ืŸ"; ื•ื‘ืขืจืš "ืžื™ืŸ" ื›ืชื•ื‘ - "ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืš: ืื”ื‘ื”". ื•ืงืื–ื™ืง ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉ"ืœื•ึผ ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ื”ื›ื•ืœ". ื‘ืžืขื ื” ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื–ืœืžื ืกื•ืŸ:

"ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื ื•ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืื•ื•ืชื ื•ืช". ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื“ืงื™ื, ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ื”ืœื™ืœืš, ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืขืช ืคืจืคืจื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช, ืื• ื‘ืฆืœื™ืœ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ืื•ืŸ [...] ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืื ื—ื”: "ื•ื”ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื, ื”ืจื™ ืื ื™ ื ื˜ืจืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื”ืŸ, ืืชื” ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ืื ื™ ืื•ืชืŸ, ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืืช ืจื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ, ืืช ื’ื•ืคื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ืจื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืœื ื”ื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช, ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื”ืขืœ-ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื™, ืฉื ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื•" [...] ืžืจื›ื•ืก ืื•ืžืจ: "ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืื ื™, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื“ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืชื—ื‘ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืื”ื‘ืช ืืžืช, ืื”, ืื”ื‘ืช ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืจืง ืืช ื”ืื“ื" [...] ืคืจื™ื“: "ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœืš, ืžืจื›ื•ืก, ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš, ืฉืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ-ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ื ืื“ื" (ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ, 1986, 337โ€“338).

ืืกืžืŸ ืืคื•ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชืฉื•ืงืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืœืคืช ื‘ืฉื ืื” โ€“ ืื•ืชื” ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš. ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืžืชื”ืคื›ืช ืœื›ืื‘, ืœืื›ื–ื‘ื” โ€“ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื›ืื‘ ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื”. ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื”ืคื ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ืจืฃ ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืื‘ ื”ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ. ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืงื”, ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื• ื”ื“ื—ืงื”, ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”. ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื”, ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ืื• ื ืขื™ืœื”.

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื” - ื’ืœ
ื’ืœ[1] ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 27. ื”ื™ื ืคื ืชื” ืืœื™ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœืช ืขื–ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืคืจึตื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืžื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’, ืฉืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื” "ื”ืชืคืจืงื” ืœื’ืžืจื™" โ€“ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืœื” ืžื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช.

ื’ืœ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื›ื•ืจื‘ืœืช, ืฉืžื•ื˜ื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆืช. ื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ืžื•ื–ื ื—ืช, ื–ื ื•ื—ื”. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืชื™ื” ืจื•ืขื“ื•ืช, ืฉื™ื ื™ื” ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช; ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืฉืคื ื™ื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืžืชืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช.

ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื— ื•ืื—ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื”. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืžื” ื—ืœืชื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ. ื’ืœ ืชื™ืืจื” ืฉื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื•ื’ืกืกื”, ืขื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ืชื”, ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื–ื•ื– ืžืžื ื”. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฉื” ืžืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื ื’ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืื ื’ืกืกื” ื•ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืข ืžืื•ื“. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžืืžื”. ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคืจื” ื’ืœ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ ืืžื” (ืกื‘ื” ื•ืกื‘ืชื” ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื) ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื‘ืชืื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืœื“ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื’ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืžื ื” ื•ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืขื ืฃ ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™. ืื– ื’ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื‘ื•ืœืžื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืžืชื ืคืฅ. ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื—ืจื“ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืขื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’, ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™. ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืืš ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฆืฃ, ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.

ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืื– ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื™, ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ืืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื•ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”; ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืื” ืืœื™ื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืงื™ื™ืžื ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื ืชืžื™ื›ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ (ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื) ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”, ืฉื‘ืื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ื ื•ืœื•ึผื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืงืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“, ย ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœ, ืื ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืืฉืคื•ื–. ื’ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื—ื–ืงื” ืืฉืคื•ื–ื™ืช ืืš ื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืืฉืคื– ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื’ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉืขื” ื•ืจื‘ืข, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉื ื•, ื•ื”ืกื›ืžื ื•, ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื’ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื™ื˜ืชื”.

ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก โ€“ ืื ืืงื˜ืžื ื˜, ืฉึดื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืก, ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืจืก. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ: ื’ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ืจืืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”, ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืคืงืช ื›ื™ืกื ืžืขืฅ ืืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘. ื›ืš ื‘ืžืฉืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช, ื›-15โ€“20 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื“ื•ืคืงืช ืืช ืžืฉืขื ืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื ืืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช, ืจื•ืขื“ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืœืกืช, ืœืœื ืงื•ืœ ืžืœื‘ื“ ืฉื™ื ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช, ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืžืฉื™ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœื”, ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืชื™ ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ. ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื—ื–ืจื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื›ืฉื ื”. ื’ืœ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืงืจื• ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช: ื”ืื ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื™ื™ืฉื‘ืจ, ื™ืชืคืจืง ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช?; ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื ื’ืœ ืชื™ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืชืชืคืจืง ืœื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช?; ื”ืื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื™ืชืคืจืง ืื• ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“? ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื—ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืœื ื‘ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืขื–ืจื” ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื’ืœ ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ืื ื”ื›ื™ืกื, ืฉืœื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• โ€“ ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืขืžื“ ืื• ื™ื™ืฉื‘ืจ, ื™ืชืคืจืง. ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื“. ื’ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืฉืคื ื™ื” ืžืชืขื•ื•ืชื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื›ื™ ืžื™ื•ืกืจ, ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš, ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคึผึธื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคึผึฐื ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื”ื•ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื ื ืงื™ืฉืช ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื. ื ืชึทื ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคืขื•ืœืชื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื”. ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืจืง ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื‘ืฆื‘ืฆื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.

ื’'ืกื™ืงื” ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืžื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ืช, ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื” "ื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”": "ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืกืชื’ืœืŸ, ืฉื”ื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ื›ืื•ืก ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ืขืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช" (ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ, 2005, 84). ืืœื• ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™-ืฉื™ืงื•ืžื™. ืืคืฉืจื ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื™, ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ โ€“ ื–ืืช ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื” ืขื ืืžื”. ืืžื” ื“ืจืฉื” ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขืฆืžื™, ืœืขื•ืฆืžื™ื•ืช, ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ืจื“ื”. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช-ืงืฉืจ-ื–ื”ื•ืช.

ย ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื•ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ื’ืœ ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื”, ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืชื”. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ืืฆืœื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื’ื•ื‘ืกืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื ื•ืข. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื ืœื™, ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฆืžื™ ืคื•ึผืจืฉ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื” ื›ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ื ื•ืขืœืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ืขื“ ืฉื”ืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช. ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ืœืคื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ. ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ื’ืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื”ืœื” ืžื”ืขื•ืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื•ืœื”ื—ื ื™ืง ืืช ืฉื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื” โ€“ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” "ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื›ืชื™ืช" ืฉื‘ื”. "ื›ื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื•ื ืขืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืฉื”" (ืฉื, 92). ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื’ืœ ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื”:

ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืžื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืคืจื˜ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžื•ืฉืขื™ื ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžื•ื ื—ืช ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืขื–ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื‘ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื (ืฉื, 37; ื”ื“ื’ืฉื” ืฉืœื™).

ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคืš, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจ.

ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜-ื ืฉืœื˜ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจืช: "ืื ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืื—ืจ, ื›ื™ ืื– ื”ืื—ืจ ื—ื“ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื, ื•ืื ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ืื–ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื“ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื (ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ืช). ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืชื— ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืืœื”. ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืื—ืจ" (ืฉื, 65).

ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืœื, ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื. ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืกื›ืžืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืš:

ื˜ืขื ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื”ืกื ืกืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ืช ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื”, ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกื•ื•ืช ืฉืชืฉื•ืงื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื”ืŸ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ืื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” - ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื›ืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื›ื ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืื—ื•ื•ื”. ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืฉืœื•ืช ืืช ื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” (ืฉื, 97).

ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ื’ืœ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืขืก ืื• ืื™-ื”ืกื›ืžื”, ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืื”ื•ื‘, ืžืืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ, ื”ื“ืจื”, ื”ืจื—ืงื” ื•ื ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœืชื” ืืคื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชึตืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื’ืœ, ืฉื”ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืชื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ.

ื›ืš, ื’ื ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืžืชืืจ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืขื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืฉืชืฃ ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ื”ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืœืขื’, ื‘ื•ืฉื”, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืจืš ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืงืฉื” ืžื ืฉื•ื (2002, 215).

ย ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืชื• ืขืœ "ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™" ื‘ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืืžืจ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืืจืง (2015), ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™: "ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื™ ืื—ืจ ื“ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืกื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ืช (Middle Group) ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื•ืื ื™ื“ ื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, 'ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื ื™' " โ€ŸBefore I was Iโ€); ื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜ ืืฆืœ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืืจืง, 2015).

ื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜ (ืฉื) ืชื™ืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื™ื™ื—ืก ืขืจืš ืขืฆื•ื ืœืžืชืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœืชื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•. ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื ื“ืžื” ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืงืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื "ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื–ื” ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื". ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ "ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ [recognize] ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื•". ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ "ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™" ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื”. ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื "ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื ื•ืกื—ื™ื" ืื• "ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื" ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ืœืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉ"ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ, ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื" ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืคืฆืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžืš ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจ. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœึทืžืงื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืฉืœื.

ื”ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”, ืœืขืฆื‘ ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืฉืคืชื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืžืฉืื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ (primal process) ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ "ื›ืœ ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช" ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜/ื‘ืžื˜ืคืœ, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช "ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื". ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”, ืื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื›ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื ืคืจื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื•, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” ืืœื•.

ืื ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื’ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื™, ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื•. ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืข, ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื ืคืจื“ ืžืžื ื”, ื”ึตืคืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื”. ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื™. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ (ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื”, "ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืขืœ ืžื”"), ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืืžื ื” ื‘"ืœื ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช"; ื”ืชืืžื ื” ื‘"ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขื– ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”", ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื, ื•ืœื ืจืง ื›ืžึฐื›ืœ ืคื ื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”.

ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืื‘ ืœืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืฆืœื™ ืงึดืจื‘ื” ื•ืจื•ืš, ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”.

ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ืžืงืฉืจ. ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื“ืจืš ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ื ื•. ื’ืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืœื™, ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ื›ืœืคื™ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฉืื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื’ื ืื ื™ ืืช ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืขืจื›ื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ โ€“ ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืœืจื’ืข ื•ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื‘ื”ืœื” ื“ืงื”. ื›ืš, ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ ืžื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื™, ืžืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืคืชืื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ ืžื’ืข ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ โ€“ ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช. ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื• ื”ืชืงืคื™ ื”ื—ืจื“ื”, ืฉืœื•ื• ื‘ืจืขื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืง, ืฉืœืฉื•ืœื™ื, ืชืฉื™ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื–ืขื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™, ื”ืชืงืฃ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื›-4โ€“7 ื™ืžื™ื. ืขืœื• ื‘ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืžื•ืช. ื”ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจืš ืืฉืคื•ื– ืขืฆืžื™-ื‘ื™ืชื™.

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ โ€“ ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช, ื‘ื•ื“ืงืช, ืžื—ืคืฉืช, ื ืจืชืขืช, ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืš ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™; ื•ืืฆืœื™ โ€“ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ, ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื”, ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ืื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชืืคืฉืจ.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ืœ ื”ืขืœืชื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”: "ื”ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืคื’ื•ื ืืฆืœื™?"

ืื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” โ€“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื“ื-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”; ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืืชื• ืฉื โ€“ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ; ืื ื—ื ื• ืืชื” ืฉื โ€“ ืขื ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื‘ืžืจื—ืง, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืชื. ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื‘ื”ืชืžืงืžื•ืช ื‘ื•, ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™-ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™, ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™-ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜, ื’ืจื•ืกืžืืจืง ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื•.

ื‘ื”ืจืฆืืชื”, ืื•ืžืจืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ืจื™ืง (2015):

ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืงื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื—ืง, ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžืืชื ื• ืจืฆืคื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžื’ืข ืฉื™ืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื. ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืžื‘ื˜, ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (management) ื•ืœืขืชื™ื, ื ื™ื“ืจืฉ ื’ื ืœืžื’ืข ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง, ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืฆืžื™ื— ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.

ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื” ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ื•ื—ื–ืจื”, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื’ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœืฆื“ื™, ืฆึดื“ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ืฉืœื™, ื•ืื– ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ืจืืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™. ื’ืœ ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืจืืฉื” ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช, ื›ืš ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื–ื” (ื›ืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื). ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื ื‘ืขื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื™, ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื’ืœ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืขื•ื“, ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘, ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืžืงืฆื‘. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืขืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืœื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืžืจื—ื‘.

ื‘ืขืจืš ืžื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ื–ื• ื›ืœืœื” ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช. ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ. ืืžื ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ โ€“ ืœืžืฉืœ, ื’ืœ ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื›ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืขืจื”, ื”ื ื™ืขื” ืืช ืฉืคืชื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืง, ืขืžื“ื” ื‘ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืžืคืชื” ืืš ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ื•ืกืจื™ืช. ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงืจื‘ื” ื•ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช: "ื”ืื ืื™ื”ืจืก/ืื”ืจื•ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืฉืจ ื–ื•ื’ื™?" "ื”ืื ืืชื ืคืฅ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืจืกื™ืกื™ื?".

ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื”ื˜ื•ืจืกื• ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืืจืš ืžืขืœ ืœืื’ืŸ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื“ื—ื•ืก ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”, ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืžื›ื•ื•ืฅ, ื›ืื“ื ื”ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืžืขืœื”. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ ืฉืœื” ื ืขืœื, ืจืง ื”ืจืืฉ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžืขืœื”, ืžื ืกื” ืœื ืœื˜ื‘ื•ืข. ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื”, ืงืฆืจื” ื•ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”.

ืžืฉื, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืึดื˜ื™ ื•ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ; ื”ื™ื ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืžืจืื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื•ืืœืก, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ืคื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื”-ืžื•ื‘ืœืช; ืขื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื—ืคืฉ ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืชืžืขื˜ื™ื.

ย ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื’ืœ ื”ื—ืœื” ืœืฆืืช ืขื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ืœืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœืœื ืจืฆืฃ ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืงืฉืจ. ื’ืœ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืฉื”ึทื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืช ืงื™ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื›ืื‘ ื—ื“ ื•ืžืคืœื—. ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•: ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืชื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื” ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ืฉื•ื—ื—ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื.

ืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื’ืœ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœืจื’ืขื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืงืฆืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™, ื•ืื– ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ: ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ืื“ื ืื—ื“, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืขื ืื—ืจ, ื•ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉืชืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื”, ื”ืžืฉืืœื” ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉื‘.

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ โ€“ ื’ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ืช ืฉืฉ, ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืžืžืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืขืžื™ื“ื”, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืฉืขื ืช ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื”, ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงืคื•ืช ืึดื˜ื™ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืขืžื“ืช, ื’ืœ ืคื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืœื•ืืŸ, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ื•ืช, ืžื˜ื” ื•ืžืขืœื” ืœืฆื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื˜ื™ืช; ื”ื™ื ื ืขื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื. ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืืœื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื”. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื‘ืขืช ืคื ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืคื” ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื’ื•ืคื” ื ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฆื™ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขืžื™ื“ืช ืฉืฉ.

ื‘ืกืžื•ืš ืœื›ืš, ื’ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืจืงื, ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืžื‘ืฆื‘ืฆืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื•ืฆื•ืžื—ืช. ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืืฆืœ ื’ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ืขื ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื”. ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”. ื‘ืžื’ืข ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœื’ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื”, ื—ืฉืฉื” ื•ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื–ื• ื’ืœ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืขื ืคื—ื“ื™ื” ืžื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื, ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืืช ื™ืœื“ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื’ื โ€“ ืžื” ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืฆื•ืคืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื™ื—ื“?

ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™.

ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื—ืœืžื” ื’ืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข.

ืœืกื™ื•ื, ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืจื’ืฉื™, ืžื™ื ื™, ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืžืœื? ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืงืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืืœื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ โ€“ ื—ืจื“ื” ืื™ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ, ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืžืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ (ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’)? ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื•ื›ื”, ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ, ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ. ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืึดืคืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™-ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”.

ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ืžืจื•ืกืงื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืกืขื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื›ืื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืื™ืžื” ืžืฉืชืงืช, ืจืขื“ ืงื•ืจ, ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื™ ื’ืœ: "ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื‘ื ื•ืช? ืืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœืš?" ื”ืฉื‘ืชื™: "ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™". ื’ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื›ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ.

ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืชื” ื”ืžืœืื”, ื”ืืžื™ืฆื”, ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื™ื™ืกืจ ื”ื–ื”. ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื“ืจืš ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืกืคืงื•ืช ื•ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื’ื ืžืฆื“ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”: ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขื•ื–ืจ? ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ? ื”ืื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ? ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืืžื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื (ืื ืœื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœ.

ย 

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ, ื’'ืกื™ืงื”, 2005. ื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”: ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืชืžืจ ืืœืžื•ื’, ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.

ื’ืจื•ืกืžืืจืง, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜, 2015. "ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”: ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช (Enactment: The Total Situation)", ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™: ื•ืืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืžื˜ืขื ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.

ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ, ื“ื•ื“, 1986. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืš: "ืื”ื‘ื”", ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“.

ื˜ืจื™ืืกื˜, ื™ื•ืกื™, 2013. "ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืื ื™-ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืื ื™-ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜", ืžืืจื’: ื›ืชื‘ ืขืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื“: 137โ€“175.

ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“, 2002. ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื”ื‘ื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืจื™ืง, ืžื™ื›ืœ, 2015. "ื—ืจื™ื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืจ ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื", ื”ืจืฆืื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืœื ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™: ื•ืืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื–ืžื ื ื• ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืžื˜ืขื ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.

[1] ืฉืžื” ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื• ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.