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ื™ืขืœ ื›ื”ืŸ ืคืจื™ื’ืœ, ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช: yprigal@gmail.com

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ
ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื”. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืœื™ื“ื”. ืืชืืจ ืฉื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืžื—ื•ืชื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืคืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืืฆื™ื’ ื•ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื’ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—:ย ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื—ืฉื™ืคื”, ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ื™

ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช
ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” โ€“ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœื™ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ืžืื– 1970 ื™ืฉื ื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกืคืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื. ืื—ื“ ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ ื”ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื™ื“ื”. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื˜ืื‘ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื•, ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (Deben-Mager, 1993).
ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ (ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ื•ื‘ืœืืง, 2006) ืžืชืืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ "ืžื•ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืื™ืžื”ื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช" (primary maternal preoccupation), ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ. ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœ"ืื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”" ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื”. ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•.
ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื”, ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžืช ืื•ืชื” ืขื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขืฆืžื”. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืฉื™ื•ืชื”, ืคื—ื“ ืžืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื”ื•ืชื”, ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (Etchegoyen, 1993).
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื’ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื. ืœืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืชื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื”ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื’ื ืœืœื™ื“ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืจื™ื (Perlman, 1986).
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืขื ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื” ื•ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื“ืื’ื” ื•ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืœื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืฉืœื” ืชื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืžืคื—ื“ ืฉื™ืคื’ืขื• ื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืื• ื›ืขืก (Maat and Vandersyde, 1995).

ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื—ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื™ืœื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืื™ืฉื”, ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื (McGarty, 1988). ืœืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื•ืขืฆืžื™ื ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื”. ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืืฉืžื” ืงืื•ื ื˜ืจ-ื˜ืจื ืกืคืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœืงืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, ืืฃ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•. ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฉืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžื•ื“ืขืช. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื›ืœื ืขืงื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืขื“ ื›ื”. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื ื—ืฉืคืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ื“ืข ืื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ื”, ืืš ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืžืฆื‘, ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื ืืœืฆืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืœื” (Uyehara et al., 1995).
ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ื’ื ืžื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืื›ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืฉืžื ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืฉืงืขื•ืชื” ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืขืงื‘ ื›ืš ืชื—ื•ืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื•. ื”ืืฉืžื” ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืฆื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” (Maat and Vandersyde, 1995).

ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™
ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืื ื‘ืžืขื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืขืœ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ โ€“ ืžื’ืœื” ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ื–ื•ืœ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืคื—ื“ ืžื ื˜ื™ืฉื” (Uyehara et al., 1995).
ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื•, ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืื• ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื”ื. ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื• ืขืงื‘ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืžื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืขื ื•ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœื”ื (McGarty, 1988). ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืืฉืžื”, ืœืคื—ื“ ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ืื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ (Uyehara et al., 1995).

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื•ืช
ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื›ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ืจื– ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื“ืจื›ื•. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ (Schaverien, 1999). ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืงืฉืจ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™.

ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืœื™ื“ื”
ืคืจื“ื” ืื™ื ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื™ื ืืจื™ ืืœื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช. ืœื›ืœ ืืžื™ืจืช ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ืชื™ื–ื›ืจ ื•ืชื•ื—ื–ืง ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช, ืื ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข, ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช (ืžืกืœืจ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก, 2005).
ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื ื• ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ืžื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืืฃ ืฉื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื”ืฉื’ืช ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื™ืฉื ื ืกื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื’ื ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื ืืœืฅ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• (ื‘ืจ-ืฉื“ื”, 2003) ื•ืืฃ ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืคื•ื™ ื•ืžืื•ืœืฅ ื•ื ื’ืจื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื•. ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืื•ืœืฅ ื•ืฉืžื” ืืช ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ (ื‘ืื•ื, 2006).
ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืœื™ื“ื”, ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื‘ื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• (Bassen, 1988).

ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืคื•ื™
ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืขื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ืื• ื ื˜ื™ืฉื”, ืขืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื—ืจื“ืช ืคืจื“ื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื•ืื‘ืœ, ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื“ื” ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ (ื‘ืจ-ืฉื“ื”, 2003; ื‘ืื•ื, 2006). ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขืงื™ืคื” โ€“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืขืœืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคืจื“ื” ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื” ืฉืœื” (Penn, 1990).
ืกื™ื•ื ื›ืคื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื›ืขืก ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ื›ื— ืฉื›ืขืก ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืจืก ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื›ืขื•ืก ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื• โ€“ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืœืฆื“ ื”ื›ืขืก. ื”ืชืจื›ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืืช ืฉื (Penn, 1990).
ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ืจื“ื” ืขืงื‘ ื”ืคืจื“ื”, ืขืฆื‘ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืืฉืžื” ืขืœ "ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช" ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื“ืจื›ื•. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืงืฉืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™, ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื•ื›ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื˜ืจื ื–ืžื ื• ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ "ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื" ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฉื’ื•, ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืชื” ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช. ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืขื ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ืขื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื™ืฉ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื ืจืื” ืฉืจืง ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ืคืœืช ื•ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ืคื™ื•ืก ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื” (ื‘ืจ-ืฉื“ื”, 2003; ื‘ืื•ื, 2006; Penn, 1990). ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื (Penn, 1990).

ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช
ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื™ืฉื ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ืงื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชืขื“ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ (Schaverien, 1993). ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ื ืฉืžืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื’ื ืขื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื–ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช (Schaverien, 1999). ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ื•ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ืื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืžื• ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (Moon, 2000).
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• โ€“ ืฉื—ืœืงื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื—ืœืงื• ืžื•ืฆืข ื›ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื”ื•ื’ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืกื™ื•ื (Edwards, 1997). ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืจืงื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ืคืœ. ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (Schaverien, 1993) ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืื• ื‘ื”ื›ืœืชื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจืš ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœ-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ-ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.
ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืคื•ื™ ืขืงื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืœื™ื“ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืคืจื“ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื•ืื•ืœื ื›ืฉื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ื–ืžื ื™ืช, ืจืง ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช. ืชื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืืœืช ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื—ื–ืจืชื”, ืื• ืฉืžื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื™ืงื— ืขืžื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงืŸ. ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืืœื ืขื ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช, ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•.

ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™
ื“ื™ื ื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™) ื‘ืช 14, ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื—ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื“ืชื™ืช, ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืขืADHD . ื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ืœืžืจืคืื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืจื ื›ื™ืชืชื™, ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื—ืจื“ื•ืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื›ืขืกื™ื, ืœื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื“ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื.
ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ โ€“ ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ. ื•ืื•ืœื ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื›ืจื–ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืืœื™ื•. ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืจื—ืงื” ืฉืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ืชื ืกืชื” ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื“ื™ื ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกืคื™ืง ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ.
ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืจื‘ืชื” ื“ื™ื ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืœื” ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“. ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื™. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื“ื™ื ื” ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ื•ืชื™, ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื™ืžืฉืš; ืื ื™ self object ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”.
ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื™, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื“ื™ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื’ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื“ ืขื ืขื•ืœืžื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื–ื”. ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื ืื ื™ "ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื”" ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืืฉืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืขืงื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืืชื™ ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืœื™ื“ื”. ื’ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœื” โ€“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืžืจื” ืฉืฉื›ื—ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืคื’ืฉื ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื•. ืื ื™ ืžื”ืจื”ืจืช ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” โ€“ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ื.
ืืœื›ืก (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™) ื‘ืŸ 14, ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ืœืืžื• ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ, ื•ืœืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืขืœืชื” ืืจืฆื” ื›ืฉืืœื›ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ. ืืœื›ืก ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืœืžืจืคืื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉืœื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื ื–ืง ืคื™ื–ื™ ืืš ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืกื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืœื™ืœื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ื™ื, ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ืื ื•ืขื•ื“. ื›ืฉืืœื›ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืœืชื” ืืžื• ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื‘ืชื•. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ืืœื›ืก ืคื™ืชื— ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•, ื—ืจื“ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืืคื™ืœื•.
ื›ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœื›ืก ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื™ืœื“ ืžืฉืœื™, ื•ืœื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืื™ืžื โ€“ ืฉืœื• ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื”. ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ื’ื ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™, ื›ืฉื ืฉื“ืื’ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืืžื•. ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืฉืคืชื™ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ืืœื›ืก ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื™, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืืœื›ืก ื“ื•ืื’ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžื’ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืืžื•.
ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืก. ืžืจื’ืข ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฉืืœื›ืก ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืงื•ื ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ืœืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื™ืฉื ื ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ืืœื›ืก ืžื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคืจื“ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™. ืืœื›ืก ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืžื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืกืžืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืงืฉื”. ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.

ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื”
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืข ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื”ืŸ ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ืžื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.
ื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™, ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืœ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืžืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืคื ื™ื” ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื™. ื ื•ืกืคื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื” ืขื ืืžื”, ืงืฉืจ ืงืจื•ื‘, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™. ืืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืœื ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืืฉืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืขื ADHD ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ โ€“ ืœื ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ื•ืœื ืจื’ืฉื™. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืจืง ืืช ื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ. ื‘ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื ื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื’ื ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ืืฉืช ืžืžื ื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื”. ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืืฉืžื” ืงืื•ื ื˜ืจ-ื˜ืจื ืกืคืจื™ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืืฃ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื (Uyehara et al., 1995).
ืขื ืืœื›ืก ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ื™ ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื˜ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉื ืฉืืžื• ื ื˜ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื• (Uyehara et al., 1995). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืฉืžื ืคืจื“ืชื ื• ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืขื ื•ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœื• (McGarty, 1988), ืื• ืฉืชื—ื•ืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ืœืื—ืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืขืก ื•ืืฉืžื” ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ืคื ื•ื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื›ืขืช (Maat and Vandersyde, 1995).
ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืืœื›ืก ืœื ื–ื™ื”ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื˜ืจื ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืื ื”ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืื• ืœื. ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืจืจ ื‘ืืžืช ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื (Uyehara et al., 1995). ื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืฆืคื•ื™, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืจื–ืชื•. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื•. ืืœื›ืก, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืขืฆื‘ื•ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš.

ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืš ืฉื™ืขืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืงืจื” ื’ื ืœื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืจื“ืชื ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื•ื.
ื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘, ื ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฃ ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื“ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืกืชื“ืจ ืœืœื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™. ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื—ืฉืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื” ืžื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืขืœ ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจื›ืฉืชื™ ืืช ืืžื•ื ื”. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขืœืชื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืœื ืขืœื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืฉืœื™ (Penn, 1990).
ืœืขื•ืžืชื”, ืืœื›ืก ื”ื ื›ื™ื— ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•. ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืืœื›ืก ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ื’ื ื›ืฉืืœื• ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื”, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืืœื›ืก ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆื‘ื•ืชื• ืžืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ื™. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื ืชื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืžืงื•ื ื ืจื—ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ (ื‘ืจ-ืฉื“ื”, 2003; ื‘ืื•ื, 2006).
ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืคื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืืฆืœื™, ืœืืฉืžื” ื•ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™. ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืงืœื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื’ื ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื (Perlman, 1986).

ื”ืืžื ื•ืช
ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ืš ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื” ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ืžืžื ืงื™ ืžืงื˜ืจื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœื” ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืžืจื”, "ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืš". ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช, ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื”, ืืžืจื” ืฉื–ื• ืžืคืœืฆืช. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืฉืืช ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ื”, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืืœื™ื™, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช โ€“ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืชืคืกืชื™ ื›ืžืคืœืฆืช ืœืงืจืืช ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื™. ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื“ื™ื ื” ืชื•ืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื›ืฉื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืงื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ (Schaverien, 1999). ื’ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื“ื™ื ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื.
ืžืขื˜ ืœืื—ืจ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฉื” ืืœื›ืก ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื” ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืจืืชื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื”, ืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืืœื™ื™ ืžื”ื“ืฃ, ืืš ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžืชื—ืฉื‘. ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ ืขื ืืœื›ืก, ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ืขืœื™ื• โ€“ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื‘ื—ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืก ื•ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืชื•. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืืœื›ืก ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื—ื ื‘ืœื‘ื™, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ืื• ื ืจืชืขืชื™ ืžืžื ื•. ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืืœื›ืก ื™ืฆืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื™. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื›ืก, ื•ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื• ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• (Schaverien, 1999).

ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœื—ื•ืคืฉืช ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื• ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืคื•ื™ ื•ืžืื•ืœืฅ ื•ื ื’ืจื ืขืงื‘ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืชื™ื• (Bassen, 1988). ืขื–ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื, ืœื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื›ืขืก, ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืื‘ืœ (ื‘ืจ-ืฉื“ื”, 2003; ื‘ืื•ื, 2006).
ื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ื™. ืื•ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื•. ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืฉื•ื—ื—ื•ืช ืœื ืคืขื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื—ืช ืขืžื” ื”ืœืื” (Penn, 1990).
ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืก ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ ืคื•ืชื— ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื›ืขืก, ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืขืก ืื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืจืก ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ืช (Penn, 1990). ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœื›ืก ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืืฃ ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”. ื ืจืื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” (ื‘ืจ-ืฉื“ื”, 2003; ื‘ืื•ื 2006; Penn, 1990).
ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ. ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจืช, ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื•ื (Edwards, 1997). ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ื’ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช (ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื ืœืงื—ื” ืืฃ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“), ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืœื›ืก ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืฃ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” (ืืš ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืงื— ืื—ืช ื‘ืขื™ื“ื•ื“ื™). ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื›ื™ ื’ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื™, ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (Schaverien, 1993).
ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื. ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขืช, ืืš ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื— ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ โ€“ ืฉืืœืžืœื ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื›ืคื•ื™ ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืชื™ ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ ื”ืื™ืฆื” ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื—ืฉื™ืคืชื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื•ื“ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื•ืžืกืงื ื•ืช
ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืืชื’ืจ ืœืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื”ื•ื’ื” ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืกื•ืง ื’ื ื‘ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ื‘ื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ืฉืขื“ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื ืืœืฆืช ื›ืขืช ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืชื” ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื”.
ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื›ืจืขืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืชื–ืžื•ื ื”. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ื•ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœื”, ืžืคื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื›ื ื•ื˜ืฉืช, ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช, ืœื ืื›ืคืชื™ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืžื—ืฉืฉ ืžืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ืžื›ืขืก, ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืืฃ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.
ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืžืงืœื” ื”ืงืœื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœืชืช ืžืงื•ื ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ืข ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื”. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื•ื“ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืจื’ืฉื™. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื ื”ืจืกื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื”, ืืœื ืœื”ืคืš โ€“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื–ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•.
ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื’ื ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื“ื“ื™, ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆื‘ืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ื ืจืื” ืฉืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืืคืฉืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ื™ ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžืชืืคืฉืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ โ€“ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช
ื‘ืื•ื, ื ', 2006. "ืกื™ื•ื ืžืื•ืœืฅ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™", ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื›ื•, ืขืž' 355โ€“375.
ื‘ืจ-ืฉื“ื”, ื ', 2004. "ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ: ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื", ืืชืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช: www.hebpsy.net/articles.asp?id=233.
ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, ืก', ื•ืž' ื‘ืœืืง, 2006. ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื•, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.
ืžืกืœืจ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื™ืก, ื’', 2005. "ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ: ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืกื™ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ืช", ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื 15 (6), ืขืž' 779โ€“805.

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