××××ר ×× ××××× ×Š× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ××ץ×ר×Ē ×× ×× ×××××× ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ××. ××× × ××§×××Ļ××Ē ××××× ×× ××××× ×׊××× ×¤×Ą×××××× ×××Ē ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē××Ē ×Š×¤××Ē×× ××× ×× ×××, ×× ×Ē×××× ×ĸ× ××× "××ĸ×××Ē× ×××××× ×ץ××××". ××××× ×× ××Š× × ××׊ ×ĸ× ×׊××× ××× ××ר×××××Ē ×¨×-××§×Ļ××ĸ××Ē ×Š××ר×Ē× ××§×× ××××× ××××ץ××× ×××× ××¨× ××× ×Ē×××× ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē: ××Ēפק×× ×××, ××Ē××× ×׊פ×Ē×, ××Ą× ×Ą×-×××××¨× ×××¤× ××-× ×¤×Š×. ××××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē×-××××× ×Š× ×××× ××××ר ××Ē×§××× ××ר×× ××× ××××× ××Ē ×× ×××× ××× ×××Ļ×××Ē ×××××× ×××Ē×. ××××ר ×× ×׊××××Ē ××××× ××ר×××××Ē ××Ē ××§×××Ļ× ×ĸ× ×¤× ××××× ××ר×× ×Š× ×××׊ק×. ×ĸ×× ×× ××××ר ×ר×Ļ××× × ×Š× ×××××¨× ××××ר ××× ×ץר ×Ļ××¨× ×ר×׊×× × ×××ר ×× ×××, ×Š× ××ĸ× ××פ׊ר ××××× ××§×××Ļ× ××××× ××Ē ××Ē× ××ĸ× ×× ××××Š× ×××§×× ×§×¨×× ××ĸ×ר ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ×Š× ×§×Š×¨ ××׊××ĸ××Ē.
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×××××Ē ×פ×Ē×: ××××××, ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××פ×× ×××× ××Ē, ×¤×¨× ×Ą×ץ ×ץ×××, ×× ×××××ר×, ××××¨× ×ץ×× (××ר, ×××)
××××ר ×ĸ×ץק ××××× ×Š× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ××× ×× ×××××× ×××× ××¨× ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ××. ×××××× ×Š× ××××× ×Š×××Ļ× ××××ר ××× ×Š××× ×××ץץ ×ĸ× ××ĸ×××× ×Š×× ×× ×Š× ×××× ×××××Ļ××× ××ĸ×¨× ×Ē× ××ĸ× ×× ×ĸ ××× ×¨×××Ē ××Ļ××××Ē ×Š×× ××Ē, ×××Ļ×× ××Ē ××¤× ××××Ē, ×××Ē ×××××× ××× ×××. ××××§× ×××ĸ×¨× ×××ר ×ר××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē ××××¨× ××ץ×× ××Ą×¨× ××Ļ××¨× (×××× ××ר ×× ×××). ×Š× × ×ĸקר×× ××Ē ×××, ×××× × ×××××§× ××××ר×, × ××ĸ×× ××פ׊ר ×פ×׊ ׊×××× ××§×ר פ××× ×Ļ×××× ××ĸ× ×××, ×××××ר×× ×¨×׊×× ×× ××× ×××ĸ, ×Ē×××Š× ××׊××ĸ××Ē, ××××× ×× ××Ļ× × ×Ēק׊×ר×Ē ×××-××׊××Ē ××× ×××¨× ×§×××Ļ×Ē ××××××.
××§×××Ļ××Ē ××Ē×§×××× ××× ×× ×׊××Ē××Ŗ ××Š×¨× ×××× ××, ××ĸ×ר×××, ××Š×¨× ××ר××××Ē ×"××ĸ×××Ē× ×××××× ×ץ××××" â ×ĸ×××Ē× ×Š× ×× ×Š× ××§×Ļ××ĸ ×× ××Ē× ×Ē ××ĸ× × ××פ××× ×××××× ×××× ××¨× ×ĸ× ×פר×ĸ× ××ק׊×Ē ×××××ץ×××Ē. ××× ×× ×ר×׊×× ×× ×××§×× ××ץ×ר×Ē ××ר×× ××ר××××Ē ×× ×¤×Š ×ר××Ē ×× ×××Ē× ××××, ××××× ×× ××× ×× ×××Ēר ×-120 ×× ×× ×ר××× ××ר×Ĩ ×פ××ĸ××× ××¤× ×Ēפ×ץ××Ē ××§×Ļ××ĸ×××Ē ××××× ××Ē (××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē××Ē-פץ××××× ×××××Ē, ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē××Ē-××× ××ר×××××Ē, ×§××× ××××××Ē ×××Ē× ××××Ē××Ē).
××××× ×× ×××× ××××ר ××× ×¤××Ē×× ×¨×ĸ××× × ××××× ×Š× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ××××Š× ×¤×Ą×××××× ×××Ē ×Š××× ×¨×××× ×××× ××¨× ×××× ×ר××× ××ץ×ר×Ē ×ĸ××××Ē× ×××פ×××Ē ×××× ××Ē ××× × ××Ēק׊×ר×Ē ×××××× ××ר××××Ē ×Š× ×××ĸ×¨× ×ר××Ē ××. ××××× ××ץ××× ×Š×××Ļ× ××××ר ×× ××Ļ× ×××Ēפ×Ē× ××Ē×× ×××× ×××, ×××× ×××ץץ ×ĸ× ×ĸ×××× ×׊××Ēפ×Ē ×ר××Ē ×Š× ×× ×ĸ× ××פ××Ē ×××× ××Ē ××ĸ×××Ē×.[1] ××Ē×× ×ĸ××××Ē× × ××׊××Ēפ×Ē, ×׊ר ××Ē×§×××× ×××××× ××ר×Ē ×Š× ××ĸ×××Ē× ×××××× ×ץ××××, ××××× ××ĸ××Ē ××ר××× ××Ļ×× ×¤×Ą××××× ×××××Ē-××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē××Ē, ××ר ××Ē×ĸ×Ļ× ×¤×¨×××§× ×ĸ×Ļ××× ×׊××.
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×××× ××× ××Ļ×ר ××ר×Ē×. ××× ×׊××× ××××× ×ר×׊×× ×× ×××× ×פ×ĸ×× ×Ļ×ר××Ē ×Š×× ××Ē ×Š× ××Ē×××ץ××Ē ×××ר. ××Ē×××× ××׊×× ×××Ēק׊ר××Ē ××ĸ×קר××× ×× ×××, ××× ×××׊פ×× ×××ר×××Ē ××× ×ץ×××××Ē ××× ×Š× ×Ē××× ××Ē××× ×××× ×××Ē××§ ×××§ ××Ē׊×××Ē ××× ×Š×× ××××××ר ××׊××ĸ××Ē× ×××××× ×× × ××××. ×קר××Ē ××× ×Š××׊ ××ר×××Ē ×××Ē×ĸ× ××× ××Ē ×ק׊ר ×ĸ× ××¤×¨× ××׊×Ē×××××Ē ××§×××Ļ×. ×ר××× ×׊××ĸ××Ē× ××××××Ē ××׊×Ē××× ××§×××Ļ× ××× ×××××ĸ× ××¤× ××××Ē ×Š×××ר ××× ×××§× ××ĸ× ×××, ׊×פ׊ר ×××××§ ×ĸ××× ××××××Ē, ׊××× ×××× ×× ×× ×Š×× ×. ×××× ×׊××× ×¨×׊×× ××Ē, ×× ××¤× ×××× ××× ×××Ļ××××Ē, ×××ץ×× ×Š× ×§× ××Ē×, ×××××××Ē ××××Ļ××¨× ×׊××Ēפ×Ē. ××× ×¨××Ļ× ××§×× ××ר×, ××׊×××ĸ ×§××, ×××××Ē × ××× (××× ××§××, 1996×; Stern, 1985).
××××× ×Š×××× ×Š×ĸ××Ē ×¨×××Ē ×××ר×Ē ×׊×××× ×××. ××ר×Ĩ ×ץ×××××Ē ××× ×Š××׊ (×××Ŗ ××¤× × ××) ×פ×ĸ×× ×××× ××× ××ĸ×Ē×× ×׊×××Ē ×××§ × ××ר ×××× × ××ץ×ר×Ē ×§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ××× ×× ××ר×Ē. ××§×××Ļ× ×Ē××× ×פ×× ×××§ ×ר××× ××××× ××Ē×§×× ××פ×ĸ×× ×Š×× ×× ××××¨× ×Š× ××Ē ××Ē××ר××Ē×. ××××× ×××××× ×× ×××, ×××Ļר×× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××Š× × ×××ר××××Ē, ××××§×× ××××××Ē, ×׊××§× ××××× ×פ×ĸ××××Ē ×׊××Ēפ×Ē, ×××× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××פ×××××Ē ×× ××פ×Ļ×× ×׊××ĸ××Ē××Ē ×××Ē×ĸר×××Ē ××פ××××Ē ××Ļ× ×××××, ×××××× ×× ××× ×׊פ×ĸ×Ē× ×××××××Ē ×ĸ× ×Ēפק×× ×××Ļ××××Ē (Moss, 1984).
××Ŗ ×Š× ××Ē× ×× ××ĸ× ×××ר ×ר×Ē×§ ×ĸ× ××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ×××§×× ×Ē××××× ×Ą××××××××Ļ×× ××Ļ× ××××× ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ×× (Evans & Dubowski, 2001; Isserow, 2013) ××ĸ× ××Ē×ĸר×××××Ē ×§×××Ļ×Ē×××Ē ×××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ×ĸ× ×××× ×××Ē ×Ą×¤×¨ ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ×× (Gabriels, 2012), ××Ą×¨× ××Ē×××ץ××Ē ×Ē×××ר×××Ē ×××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ×××××× ××××ץ××× ×××× ×ר×, ××× ×Š×× ××§×××Ļ××Ē ××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ××××× ×× ××××ץ×××. ×××ר ×× ××ק׊ ××Ēר×× ××× ×××ĸ× ×××××× ××Öļץר ××Ē×××.
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×××××× (ASD) ××× ×פר×ĸ×Ē ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē × ×¨×××Ē ×פ×××ĸ×Ē ××× ×Ē×××× ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē. ××Š× × ×Š×××׊ ××ĸ×קר ××××××× ×ק׊×ר×× ××Ēק׊×ר×Ē ×ĸ× ×××ר (×××××××Ē ××× ×××××××Ē). ××× ×××פ××× × ××פר×ĸ× ××ĸ×קר××× ××× ×¤×××ĸ× ××××Ē××Ē ×××××××Ē ×××ר×Ē××Ē, ×× ×Š××Š× × ×§××Š× ×׊×Ē×Ŗ ××Ē×××× ×ĸ× ××× ××ר×׊××Ē ×××׊×Ē×Ē×Ŗ ××׊××§ ××××× ×. ××פר×ĸ× ×××פ××× ×Ē ×× ××פ××Ą× ××Ē× ××××Ē, ×ĸ× ××× ×פ×ĸ××××Ē ×××××××, ×××× ×××Ļ××××Ē ×ר××××××× ×××××××× ××× ××××××××, × ×ק׊××Ē ××׊××× ×× ×××Ē× ××××Ē ×׊×××׊ ××ר×Ē× ×פ×ĸ××××Ē ×× ×××××××§×. ××פ××× ××¤×Š×¨× × ××Ą×Ŗ ××× ×Ē×××× ×ĸ× ××× ××Ļ×××Ļ××× ×× ××§×××ĸ×× ××, ××××פ××, ×ĸ× ××× ××××ר ×××ר×××× ×Ą× ×Ą×ר××× (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
××ĸ×ר ××× ××§××× ×ר×××Ē ××××××× ×ĸ×Ļ××¨× ×× × ×Ą××× ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē××Ē ×"׊×× ××××ץ××" (Mahler, Pine, & Bergman, 1975) ר×׊×× × ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ××Ē×××× ×ץ×××× ×××Ļ×× ××Ē ×§××Ļ×× ××Ē ××× ×Ē××××Ē (Bettelheim, 1967), ××× ×××× ×Ēפ××Ą× ×× ××× × ××§××××Ē. ×׊×× ×× ××ר××× ××Ē×××× ××ĸ×§×××Ē ××קר×× ×Š× ×Ē×Ļפ×××Ē ××Ē×× ××§××Ē (Trevarthen, 1977; Stern, 1985) ׊××××× ××Ē ×××× × ×× ××Ē×× ××§××Ē ×××××Ē ×××××Ē ×× ×¤×¨×××Ē ×××× × ×¨×׊×× ××Ē ×Š× ×× ×â××ר, ×××× ××× ×× ×× ××Š× × ×ĸ×Ļ××¨× ×× × ×Ą××× ×׊×× ××××ץ×× ×Ē×§×× ××× × ×××××§×Ē. ×× ××× ×ĸ× ×׊×× ×××קר×, ××Ē×× ××Ē× ×Ą××Ē ××§××× ××§× ×ĸ× ××××× ××× ××××ĸ× ×¤×¨× ×Ą×ץ ×ץ××× (1994; 2008) ××× ××××××¨× (2005; 2017) ×××Ą×§× × ×× ××××××× ××× × ×Ē×××× ×××ר××ĸ ×× ×××ר××ĸ×× ×××Ļ××××Ē ×××× × × ×Ą××× ×××× × ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē× ×§××× ×××Ēר, ××× ××× × × ×¤×Š× ×××××× ×Š×ĸ××× ××××ĸ ××Ē×× ××§ ××ĸ×××. ×× ××Ē ××ץ×× ××× ×Š×Ē×× ××§ ××ĸ× ××× × ×××××× ×× ×××× ××××Ē×××× ××Ē ×× ×¤×¨×××Ē ××××¤× ××Ē ×ר×׊×× ××Ē ××××Ŗ ××× ×× ×¤×¨×××Ē ××¨× ××× × ××××ר××ĸ ×ר×××××. ××××ר ׊×× ×Ē××Ą× ×× ×××××× ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē××Ē ××ץ××××, ××Ē×× ××§ ××× ×ĸ× ×ĸ×Ļ×× ×ץ×פ××§ ×Ē××׊×Ē× ×ĸ×Ļ×× ×××ץ×Ē×ר××Ē ××¤× × ××ĸ××× ××× ×Š×× ×××××Ē ××××ĸ ×ĸ× ×××× ××××Ē× × ×Ą×× ×Š× ×ר××××Ē ×× ×¤×¨×××Ē.
××ץ×ר ×פץ×××××× ×× ×¨××× ×פ×× ××××××× ××× × ××¤× × × ×¤×¨×××Ē ××¨× ××× ×, ×××× × ×Ą××ר×Ē ×Š××× ×××ĸ×× ×Š×¨××× ××¤× × ×׊×× ×× ×××Ē××× ×Š×§××× ×××××× ×Š× ××××Ē ××ĸ×××. ××××××× ××× ××ĸ×× ×Ē××××Ē ×× ×ĸ ×× ×× ××ר××× ×Š× ××××× ××Ē××××× ××Ļ×××× ×××׊×Ē× ××Ē ××××××× ×××, ×Ē×××××× ×Š××××Ē× ×××× ×Š×× ××××××× ×§×××× ××׊×׊×× ××§×ר ×××Ļ×ר×Ē×××Ē, ××××× ××׊×××, ×׊ ××× ×× ×¤×¨××× ××× ×Š××× ×××× × × ×ĸ××. ××× ××Ē ××××ץ××××Ē ×××, ׊××××§×× ××׊×ĸ× ××Ē ××Ēר ×ĸ× ×ר××× ×ץ×פ××§ ×ĸ×Ļ××, ×××××××Ē ×׊×××׊ ×× ××× ×××Ē× ×Ą××Ē ××ĸ××× ×פ×××ĸ××Ē ××××××Ē ××Ē×Ē ×¤×¨×Š× ××Ē ×××××× (×ץ×××, 1994; Tustin, 1994).
××××Ē ×Š××, ××××× ××××ץ××× ××Ēק׊×× ××ĸ×××× ×Ą×××××× × ×Š× ××ר×××× (××ĸ××Ē×× ×× ××Ē××§××× ×××׊ ××× ×××× × ×ץ××××× ××Ēפ×ץ ××××××§× ××××¤× ××× ××ר×××× ×××ĸ× ××× ×××××), ××ר××× ×××¤× × (××× × ××××× ××Ē ×××¤× ×׊××) ××פ×ĸ× ×× ×¨×׊××Ē ×Š× ×ĸ×Ļ×× ××Š× ××ר. ×××× ×× ××× ×× ××Ļ×× ×Š×××׊ ××××××Ē ×××ר ××× ×Ē××׊××Ē ××׊××ĸ××Ē ×× ×Š×××¨× ×Ą×¤×ר××Ļ×× ××× ××ר×× ××Š×¤× × ×¤××ĸ×Ē ×××ר×××× ×Ē××׊×Ē××× × ×Š×ר×× ××××××× ××× ×פ××ĸ× ×××. ×× ××× ×ר××××× ×××× ××× ××Ē× ××ĸ× ××× ××Ļ××××Ē ××ĸ××× ×¤× ××× ×Š××× ×××Ą× ×××××× ×ץ×××××§×××××Ē, ××××× ×××××§××Ē ××ר×× ×¤××× ×Ļ×××× ××× ×× × ××× ×× × (××× ××§××, 1996×). ×פ׊ר ×× ×××××× ×ĸ× ××× ×ĸ×××× ×Š× ××××× ××× × ××Ēר ××××× ×פר××× ×ר×.
××ץ×ץ ××Ē×××ר×× ×Š× ××§×××Ļ× ×××Ļ× ××Ē×× ×× ×× ×Š××§×××Ļ× ×××××× ××××××Ē ××Ē ××ĸ×¨× ×××ץ×× ×××§×× ×¤×××§××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē××× ×Š× ×××. ××××× ×× ××Ēפ××Ą× ××Ē×××ר×××Ē ×××××× ××Ē ××׊××× ×ĸ× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××× ××× ×ר×׊ ××ר×׊×× × ×¤×Ą×××××× ×××Ē ×××ר×Ē× ×××§× ××Ē ×׊××ĸ××Ē ×××ĸ×¨× ×××ץ×× ×××Ē×§××× ××§×××Ļ× ×××ĸ×§×× ×××¨× ×¤××××Ļ×××Ē ×× ×××××Ē ××Ē××פ××Ē ××× ××Ē×Ē ××× ×׊××ĸ××Ē (××ר×, 1997).
×Ēפ×ץ×Ē× ×Š× ×××× (1992) ×× ×××ĸ ××× ×× ×× ×× ××§×××Ļ×Ē××× ××××Ē× ×× × ××ĸ×ר ×¨× ××׊××× ××ק׊ר ××, ׊×× ×ר×׊ ××ר×׊×× × ××Ē××××Ą× × ××§×××Ļ× ×׊×× ×׊×× × ××׊ ×ĸ× ×××¤×§× ××§×××Ļ×Ē× ×ר××ĸ × ×Ē××. ×× ××Ē ××ץ×× ××ĸ×××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ××××ץץ×Ē ×ĸ× ××××× ×Š× ×××× ××× ×Š××§×××Ļ× ×××× ×× ××××× ×׊××, ×××× ××××× ×× ×××× ××××× ××× ××Ē ××× ×¤× ××××××Ē ×ר×רץ×××××Ē. ××¤× ××××, ××× ×Ē×××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē× ××Š× × ×Š× × ××Ļ××× ×××Ē××פ×× ××× ×׍ת ×××××Ļ××× ××Ļ× ××× ×Ē× ××ĸ×××Ē ××Ļ× ×Š× "×ĸ××××" ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē. ×××Ļ× ×××× ×Ē× ××× ×§×¨× basic assumptions, ×××× ×××× ××× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×× ××××ĸ××:fight/flight, pairing, dependency. ×××× ××ĸ× ×Š××××Ļ×ĸ××Ē ×× ×× ×× ×× ××× ××§×××Ļ× × ×× ×ĸ×Ē ××××¤× ×× ××××ĸ ×"×ĸ××××" ××××××׊ ××××¨× ×Š×׊×× ××Ē×× ×Ą×. ××§×××Ļ×Ē ××ĸ×××× ××ר××× × ××Ļר ×׊××Ē××Ŗ פ×ĸ××× ××××ĸ ××× ×××¨× ××§×××Ļ×. ××× ×Š×׊ ×××Ēר ×פ׊ר××Ē ××ĸ×× ××Ē ××××××Ē ××× ×××ĸ××, ×× ×Ē××× ××§×××Ļ× ×פ××××Ļ×× ×Š× ×§×××Ļ×Ē ×ĸ×××× ××Ē××× ××ĸ××ר ×Ē××××× ×ĸ×××× ×׊×× ××.
×××§× × ××Ą×Ŗ ××׊××× ×ĸ× ××§×××Ļ× ××× ×Š××× ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ××§×××Ļ× ××××ץץ×× ×ĸ× ××××× ×Š× ××§×× Tuckman, 1965; Tuckman & Jensen, 1977; Bonebright, 2010)). ××¤× ××××× ×Š×××Š× ×Š×××× ×ĸ×קר××× ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ××§×××Ļ×: ׊×× ×¨×׊×× × ×Š× ×××××Ļר××Ē (forming), ××××פ××× ××Ē××׊××Ē ×ĸ×××××Ē ×××ץר ××× ××; ׊×× ×Š× × ×Š× ×Ē×ר××Ē ×× ×ץ××× ××§×××ĸ ×× ××ĸ×¨× ××××××Ē ××§×××Ļ×Ē×, ×× × ×× ×× ××× ×Š××× (storming), ׊××× ×××§ ×××ץ×ץ ××××Ē; ×׊×× ×Š×××Š× (performing), ׊×××פ××× ×××× ××××××Ē ×××××××Ē ××× ××§×××Ļ× ×××¨× ××× × ×¨×Ē××Ē ×××××׊ ×××ר××Ē ×Š×׊×× ××Ē×× ×Ą×. ׊×× × ××Ą×Ŗ ××× ×ץ×××, ×××× ×××× ×¤×ĸ××× ×¨×××Ē ×¨×׊××Ē ××ĸ×ר××× ×××ĸץ, ×ĸ×Ļ×, ××§×× ××× ×§××× ×××¤× ××. ××Ŗ ׊×××××× ××× ××× ×ץ×ר×Ē ×××××Ē ××׊××× ×ĸ× ××§×××Ļ××Ē, × ××ר ×× ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×× ×××× ××Ē ×× ×Š×××׊ ×× ××Ē×××× ××ר×× ×××××-××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē× ××× ×××× ×××§× ××§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē. ××Ļ××¨× ×× ××Ē×××ץ ×××פ××× × ××ĸ×××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ×ĸ× ××××× ×××××× ××׊××× ××Ē ×Ļ×ר×××× ×Š× ××××× ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ××.
××××× ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ×× ×××¨× ××× × ×× ×Ą×× ××ץ×ר××Ē ××× ×××××Ē, ××××××× ×Š××ĸ×××× ××× ×× ××× ×ר×׊ ××ר×׊×× × ×ĸ×××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ×××׊×Ē×Ē×Ē ×ĸ× ×Ą×ר ××× ×× × ××××× ×פ×׊××, פ×ĸ××××××Ē ×׊××Ēפ××Ē, ×ר××××Ē, ××× ××Ļר ××ĸ××, ×׊×× ××Ē×Ē ××Ē ×××ĸ×Ē ×ĸ× ×××Ē× ××× ××ץ×Ē×ר××Ē ××׊×××׊ ××Ēק׊×ר×Ē× ××××××× ×××× ×××× × ××§×××Ļ×Ē× ×Š××× ××× ×××× ×Š× ×××××× ××× ××Ē.
×רפ××××× ×פ×××§ (Trafimow & Pattack, 1981; 1982) ××Ē×××ץ×× ××××××× ×רפ××× ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×××××× ×ĸ× ×פר×ĸ××Ē ×§×Š××Ē. ×××ĸ× ×Ē×, ××Š× × ×Š×××Š× ××ר××× ×רפ××× ×ĸ×קר×××: ×ר×׊×× ××× ×ĸ×Ļ× × ×××××Ē× ×Š× ×××××, ׊××× ×¤××× ×Ļ××× ××××Ą× ××××××§× ××××× ×× ××××Ļ×ר×Ē ×¨×Š×Ē ×Š× ×§×Š×¨×× ×¤×Ą×××××××× ×׊×Ē× ××; ××Š× × ××× ×Ēפק××× ×Š× ××× ×× ×××× ×××Ļ×× × ××ץ×××ĸ ×××××× ×׊×ĸ××× ××Ļ×ר×; ×××××¨× ×׊×××Š× ×§×Š×ר ××××¤× ×Š×× ××§×××Ļ× ××××Ļ××Ē ××××¤× ×× ××××ĸ ××Ē ×××, ×××× ×׊×׊×Ē ××××× ××ר×× ××××× ×××× ××× ×Š× ×××× ×××× ××ר×Ļ×× ××Ļ× ×××× ××× ×Š× ×רץ ×פ×ר××§.
××× ×Š××פר×ĸ× ×××××ץ×××Ē ×׊×׊×Ē ××××¤× ××××Ē× ××Ē ××× ×× ×× ×× ××× ××××× ×Š×ĸ××××× ××ץ×ץ ××××××Ē ××××ĸ×ר ××§×××Ļ× ××Ļ××¨× ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ×××××× ××ר×Ē××Ē ×××׊××Ē. ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ×Š×§×××Ļ××Ē ×Š× ××××× ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ×× ××× × × ×ĸ× ××Ē ×Ē××× ××××××× ×Š× ××× × ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ×Š× ×§×××Ļ××Ē. ××ĸ××Ē×× ××§×××Ļ× ×Š××× ×׊×× ××§×××, ׊×××Ē× ××× × ×Š×× ×ר×× ×××××Ļר××Ē (pre-forming), ׊×× ×× ××× ××××¨× ××§×××Ļ× ×Š××× ××ĸ××× ×××××××Ē ×Š×× ××ĸ×× ××××ר ×××§×××Ļ× ×׊×××× ×׊××ĸ××Ē ×פ××ĸ××× ××× ×ק׊ר. ×× ×ר×××× ×Š× ××××× ×Š× ×××× ××××ר ×××× ××Ē ×¨×רץ×××××Ē ×××Ēר ×ק׊×ר××Ē ×× ××Ē××§ ×× ×¤×ר××§ ×ץ××× ×××××× ×Š××××ĸ× ××Ē ×××××××§× ×Ļר××× ××××××Ļר ×××× × × ×Ē×× × ×ר×׊. ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×××§× ××× ×¨× ×ĸ× ×Š× ××Ļר×Ē ××××Ē ×§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē, ×××ĸ××Ē×× ×× ××׊××× ××ĸ×קר××Ē ×Š×××× ×Ē׊××Ŗ ××§×××Ļ× ××××¨× ×§××××. ×××׊ ××ĸ×××× ×××× ×פ×× ×¤××Ē×× ××××××Ļ×× ××Ē׊××§× ×¨×׊×× ××Ē ×׊×××× ××§×××Ļ×.
××Ē×× ×× ×ĸ××× ×Š××× ×××Ļ× ×פ׊ר ×××Ļ×ר ××× × ×׊××Ē×Ŗ ××ĸ× ××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē× ××Ļ× ××××× ×Š×× ×××× ××××ĸ××Ē ×Š××× ××× ×× ××ĸ ×××ĸ×××× ×Ą××× ×ĸ×Ļ××, ×××××× ×××Ē ×××××§×× ××קץ×× ×××Ē ×× ×× × ×¤×׊××? ××ĸ× ×Ē ××××ר ××× ×Š×׊×××׊ ××××ר ר×׊×× × ××ר××-ץ×××××× ××××§× ××ĸ×××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ×××× ×פ׊ר××Ē ×ק׊×ר ××× ××Ē× ×Ą××Ē ×¤××××Ē ×××× ×¨×¤×קץ××× ×Š× ×Ē××׊×, ר×׊ ×××Ŗ ××׊××, ××× ×××Ē ××ק׊ר ×Š× ××ץ×× ×ĸ× ×§×××Ļ×Ē ×׊××××. ××××ר ××××׊ ××Ē ×××××× ×Š× ×׊×××× ××× ×Š××׊×Ē ×ר×××× ××××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē× â ××××ר, ××קץ ×׊××××Ē ××××× ×׊×× ××Ē â ××× ×Š××פ׊ר ××§×××Ļ× ×××Ē××××Ē.
××§×××Ļ××Ē ××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ××ר×× ×××Ļ×ר×Ē× ××× ×××Ļ×ĸ× ×Ēק׊×ר×Ē× ×××פ׊ר ××××¨× ××§×××Ļ× ×××× ××Ē ×ĸ×Ļ×× (Waller, 2012). ××Ēק׊×ר×Ē ×× ×××××Ē ×××××Ē ×××××××Ē, ××× ××××Ļ×ĸ××Ē ×¨×××Ē ×Š×× ××Ē ×Š× ×××Ļ×××× ×× ×××××××× ×××פ׊ר×× ×××××§ ××ר×× ×××××ĸ×Ē ×Š× ××Š×¤× ××××××××Ē. ××Ļ× ××××× ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ×× ×××ר ×׊××ĸ××Ē× ×××××× ××Š× ××Ē× ×× ××Ē ×××ĸ×Ē ×ĸ× ××§××Š× ×Š× ××××× ××× ××׊××× ×Ą×××××××Ē ××××Ļ×ר×Ē ×§×Š×¨ ×ĸ× ×× × ×××× ((Tyminski, 2005; Gabriels, 2012. ××ĸ×××× ××××Ļ×ĸ×× ×Š××× × ×××××××× ××פ׊ר×Ē ×פ×Ē× × ××Ļ× × ×Ēק׊×ר×Ē ×׊××××ר ×ĸ×Ļ×× ××× ××§×ר ××Ē×××× ×××Ļ×ĸ ×׊××Ē×Ŗ.
××××ר×× ×Š× ×××¨× ××ĸ×××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ×× ××××¨× ×ץ×× ×¨×׊×× ××× ×××ר×× ××× ×××ר ×× ×××. ×××ר×× ×××, ׊×× ××Ą×¨× ×Ļ×ר×, ×× ××׊×× ××Ē ×ĸ×Ļ×× ×××××× ×Ē××׊×Ē××Ē ×ץ×ץ××Ē ×ĸ× ××××××§× ×××Ļ×× ×. ×× ××פ׊ר×× ×××ר××Ē ×ĸ× ×Ē××׊××Ē ×¨×׊×× ×××Ē ×Š× ×¨× ××ĸ×××Ē ×§×Š× ×× ×××§ ××ĸ×××Ē ×××ץפץ, ×××× ××××××Ē ×××××Ē ××Ē×ר××××Ē ××Ē××××× ×Š× ××׊ ×Ļ×××Ē ×ר×׊××Ē ×Ą×××××§×××××× ××× × ×ĸ×× ×× ×× × ×ĸ××. ×××× ×× ××××× ××Ē ××××× ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē× ×ר×׊×× × ×Š×× ××Ē×× ××§ ×××× ×Ē××׊××Ē ×¤×××××Ē ××פ×׊ ××× ××ĸ×××. ××× ××Ē××××Ē ×× ×׊××ĸ××Ē ×פק×××××Ē ×Ē××××Ē, ××× ××Ē×× ××§ ××Ē××× ×××¤× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×¤×¨×Š× ××Ē ×× ××××× ×××ר×× ××Ē×Ē ×׊××ĸ××Ē ×××××××Ē××. ×× ××Ē ××ץ×× ××× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×׊××׊ ××××××× (×ץ×××, 1994; 1968 Bick,). ××× ×× ×Ą×× ×××Ļ×× ×פ׊ר××××Ē ××פ×××××Ē ××Ē××× ××××××× ××× ×××§×× ×××Ē×.
××××× ×××××ר ××Š× × ×××ר ××× ×ץ××Ą× ××ר××-×××Ļ××× ×Š× ××ĸ× ×׊×׊ ××ĸ××× ××Ē××× ×Š× ××§×××Ļ×. ××× ×Š××××ר ×××ר, ×××× ×× ×××, ××§×××Ļ××Ē × ×Ą×××Ē ×Ą××× ×××ר ×× ××Ē×× ×××¨× ×××פ×× ×××××××§× ××§×Ą× ×Š×Ą×××× ××Ē×× ×Ą×Ē ××§×××Ļ×, ××× ×Š×× ×§××× ×××Ē×× ×Ą ץ××× ××××¨× ×× ××××. ×קץ ×פ×Ē××× ×׊×׊ ×קר××× ×××Ē×× ×Ą, ××××× ×××Š× ××Ē××¤× ××× ×× ××§×ר××× ×׊×× ×××Ē×× ×Ą. ×קץ ×ץ××× ××ĸ×ר×Ē ××××ר ×× ××× ×××§× ×§×××Ļ×Ē× ×××ר×× ×ĸ× ×Ą×××, פר××× ××××ĸ× ×××Ē×× ×Ą××Ē ×××, ×׊×ĸ× ×××§×× ×§×××ĸ××. ×××× × ×××§×Ą× ×Š××ר××× ××××ר ××× ×××ĸ×× ×ר×׊×× × ×××× × ×¨×-׊×××Ē× ×Š× ××ĸ× ××Ē××× ×× ×××× ×××××ץ×××Ē ×פ×ר××§ ×× ××Ē××§.
××××ר×× ×׊×׊×× ××ĸ×× ×ĸ××× ×Š××¨× ××ר×ÖŧÖĩ× ××§×××Ļ× ××××, ×××§× ×Š×Ą×××× ××§×××Ļ× × ×ĸ×. ××××ר ××× ×׊××Ē×Ŗ, ×× ×××× ×× ×××Ē×××§ ×× ×Š×× ××× ××§×× ×××§ ××× ×; ×××Š× ×××ר ××ר ר××Š× ×Š×××××§ ××××ר×× ××׊×××, ××× ×××× ×ר××× ×Š×××××§× ××§×ĸר××Ē ××׊×××Ē ×× ×× ×ר××× ××××× ××׊×××. ×Ē× ××ĸ× ×× ×׊×ר×Ē ××ĸ×ר×Ē ××××ר ××ר××× ×Ē× ××ĸ× ××Ē×××Ē ××× ×Ē×××××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē××× ×××׊×××. ××××× ××× ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ××Ļ×××××× ××××× ×Š××× ×× ××× ××§×× ×××ר ×׊×× ×××Ē×××× ××§×ר×Ē ××××ר.
××××¨× ××ץ×× ×××××Ē× ××Ą×¨× ×Ļ××¨× ×¤××Ē××× ×¤×Ē× ×××¨× ×Ą×¤×ר××Ļ×× ××Ē×××Ē ××׊×׊×× ××× ××׊××××Ē. ×× ××פ׊ר×× ×××ĸ, ×׊×ר×Ē ×Ą×××, פ×ר××§, ×ר××× ×××Ļ×ר×Ē ××× ×Š×××××§ ×××Ē×, ××× ×××Š× ×׊×××׊ ××××. ××Ē ×× ×××Ē× ×Ą××××Ē ×××× ×פ׊ר ××Ē××× ×ר×× ×××××××Ē ××ר×× ××§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē. ××Ļ×××××× ××××× ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ×Ē×××××× ×× ×ĸ×× ××× ×¤×ר××§ ××××××, ×Ē×××× ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē× ×Š××Ēר×׊ ××××Ļ×ĸ××Ē ×××ר ×Ē×× ××× ××§××¨× ××××××.
Â
××× ×××× ×××× × ××§×××Ļ× ××××ץץ ×ĸ× ×××× ×¨×-׊×××Ē××Ē ×××ĸ×ר ×××××× ××ר×× ×Š× ×××׊ק×. ×××Ē××× × ××Ē ××§×××Ļ× ××××Ļ×ĸ××Ē ××××× ×× ×ĸ׊××× ×××××ר ×× ×¨×§ ××Ē ××××× ×ĸ×Ļ××, ××× ×× ××Ē ×××××× ××× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ×××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ××××ĸ× × ×××פ×××-××× ××× ×Š× ×××Ē×ĸר×××Ē ×××××× ××× ××Ē ×××××× ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ××.
Â
ר×ĸ××× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ×××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ×Ļ×× ××××§ ××Ēפ××Ą× × ×¨×××Ē ×××Ēר ×Š× ××ĸ× × ××פ××× ×¨×-××§×Ļ××ĸ× ×××××× ××××ץ××× ×××× ×ר×. ×פרק ××Ē×× ×ץפר "'×× × ×× ××, ×× ×Ē××××!': ××פ×× ×¨× ××§×Ļ××ĸ× ×××××× ××ק׊×Ē ×××××ץ×××Ē" (2014) ××Ē××××Ą× ×¤× ××××-פ×××§ ×××××××××Ē ××× ×× ×Š× ×××ĸ× × ×××פ××× ×ר×-××§×Ļ××ĸ× ×Š×¤××Ē× ××× × ×Š×§× ××××××,[2] ×××××Ē ××Ē ×Š× ××ĸ×××Ē× ×××××× ×ץ××××, ××××ץץ ×ĸ× ×¨×Ļ××× × ×¤×Ą××××× ××××-××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē×. ×ĸ××§×¨× ×Š× ××××× ××× ×׊×× ×××Ē××× ××× ××ץ×ר×Ē ×××× ××××Ē ×××פ××××Ē. ׊×Ē× ×××ץ×Ļ×פ××× ××Ē ×××× ×××Ē, ×××× ×× ×××××Ē ×××¨× ×××××× ××Ē ×Ļר××× ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē××× ×Š× ×× ×××, ××× ×Š× ×××Ļ××××Ē ××××Ļ×× ××Ē ×××× ×Š× ×××Ļ××××Ē ××¤× ××××Ē, ×××Ē ×××××× ××× ×××, ׊××× ××ץ×ץ ×××Ļ×ר×Ē ××××××Ē ×× × ×Ą×××××§×××××Ē.
×× ××Ē ××ץ×× ××× ×Š×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ×Ē×§×× × ××Š× × ××××× ××Ē××× ××× ×××ĸר×××Ē ×׊×× ××Ē â ק׊ר, ×פק×, ׊פ×, ×Ēק׊×ר×Ē, ×Ą× ×Ą×-××××ר××§×, ×׊××§ ××§××× ××Ļ×× â ××× ×××Ē ×פ×× ×§×Ļ×××Ē ××× ××Ēפ×Ē××Ē ××Ē×× ××Ē× ×Ą××Ē ×××Ļ××××Ē ×××ץ×× ×ĸ× ××××××§×. ××××××× ××Š× × ×Š×××׊ ××× ×××Ē ××××ĸר×××Ē ×××× ×××××××Ē ×Š× ×××ĸר×××Ē ××Ēק׊ר ×× ×ĸ× ××, ×××××× ××× ×××Ļ××××Ē ×××× ×××ר × ×¤××ĸ ×× ×××, ××× × ×¤××ĸ×Ē ××××××Ē ××ץ×ץ××Ē ×××Ļ×ר×Ē ××××× ×Š× "×× ×" ××× ××ר×××× (×ץ×××, 1994; ×××××ר×, 2005). ××××Ē ×Š××, ×××ĸ× × ×××× ×××-××פ××× × ××ĸ× ××××§ ××Ē ×× ×××Ē ××פ×× ×§×Ļ×××Ē ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē×××Ē, ××××Ēר ×××× ××ר×Ē× ××פ׊ר ××× ×-×ĸ× ×Š×××ר ××× ×× ×פ×× ×§×Ļ×××Ē ××Ļ× ×× ××× ×ĸ× ×¤× ×Ļר×××, ×× ×Š"×× × ×§×××Ē ×¨×××Ē ××§×Ļ××ĸ××Ē ××Ēפק××Ē ×××× ××××¨× ××פ××× ×Ļפ××Ŗ" (××××-פ×××§, 2014, ×ĸ×' 43).
××××-פ×××§ (׊×, ×ĸ×' 65) ××Ļ××ĸ× ××Ē ××××× ×××××Š×§× ×××פ׊ר ××׊×× ×ĸ× ××ĸ××× ××××× ××× ×× ××××Ļ× ××× ×× ×Ą×× ××Ē×Ē ×××Ļ×× ×××ĸר×××Ē ××× × ×׊×× ××Ē, ׊××××ר ×׊××׊××Ē ×××××××. ×××××Š×§× ××××× ××Ē××× ×ĸ×× ××ĸ×× ×××××Ē, ×× ×××××× ×××××Ļ×× ××Ē ×ĸ× ××§×× × ××××××Ą× ××××Ēר. ××××Ē ×××ĸ×פ×Ē ××××× ××××Ļ×, ××׊×, ××Ļ××××Ē ×× ××ק׊ר ×Š× ××××Ŗ ××Ē ××ĸ×ר, ׊××× ×× ×××××¨× × ×׊××ר×Ē ×ĸ× ××××¨× ××××Ŗ ××× × ×§×××Ē ×××׊ק ××× ×××Ŗ ××ĸ×××. ××××× ××××× ××¤× ××××Ē ××××× ××××Ļ× ××Ē ××××§×× ×Š××× × × ×¨×××, ×××Š× ××Ē ×× ×Š××× × ××××, ×××××××× × ×¤×Š××× ××Ē ××× ××××ĸ. ×× ×××× ×××××× ××××× ××ץ×× ××× ×¤× ×× ××××Ĩ, ××× ×Ą××××Ē ×× ×ץ×××× ××פ××××Ē. ×××××Š×§× ××× ×× ××× × ×××§××× ×Ē× ××ĸ× ×Š× ×¤×ר××§ ××ר×××.
×××§××× ××ĸ× ××× ×Ē, ×××××Š×§× ×ĸ××Ē× ×××××× ××ר×× ××××× ×Š× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ×××פ×× ×××× ××Ē; ר×׊××Ē, ×××××× ×Š×× ×× ××××Ē ×ĸ× ×××ץ ××× ×××Ļ××××Ē ××× (××ĸ×פ×Ē ×××Ļ×× ××Ē), ׊×× ××× ××ר×××Ē ×××ĸ×פ××Ē ××Š× ×, ×××× ××ĸ×××× ×× ××× ×××ר ×××× ××Ē ×Š×׊×׊ פ××× ×Ļ××× ×¤× ××× ××׊××××Ē. ××Ēר׊×× ×Š× ×××× ×××××Š×§× ×××× ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ×Š×××××Š×§× ××× × ××Ē×§××××Ē ×××× ×¨××§ ××× ××Ē×× ×ר×× ××Ļ××××Ē ×ץ××× (××× ×××). ×× ××Ē×××ר×× ××××§××Ē ××Ēר׊×× ××××Ĩ ×××××Š×§× ××× ×ץ×× ×Š××× ××× ×-×ĸ× ×××פ׊ר ×׊××× ×ĸ× ××§×××Ļ×. ×××××Š×§× ×ĸ×Ļ×× ××××Ļ××Ē ××Ē ×Š××××Ē ××§×××Ļ×: ××× × ×Ē ××××Ļ××Ē ×ĸ× ××× ××××× ××××Ļ×× ××Ē ×××××× ×Š××× ××ר×××Ē ×ĸ× ×××Ļ××××Ē ××Ē××××× ××××××; ×××ר ××× ××× ×××Ē, ׊×Ēפק××× ××××××§ ××Ē ××§×××Ļ×; ××××ר ××× ×ץ××× ×, ××Ļ×××Ē, ××××××, ×××ץ××Ŗ ××××ר ×ĸ×Ļ××, ׊××× ××ר×ĸ×× ×ץ××× ×××××Ē× ××××××§× ××׊××××Ē ×××¤× ×××Ē. ×××××, ××××Ļ× ××× ××Ļ××¨× ××××Š× ××××, ××× × ×¨×§ ××רר×× ××× ×× ×ר××× ×××× ××, ׊×× ××× ×××Ļ×× ×××××Š×§× ×פ׊ר ××ר×× ×××Ē× ×××× ×××× ×ר×××. ××ĸ×Ē, ×××ר ×××ר×Ē ×ץ×Öĩ×× ××××××Ē, ×פ׊ר ××ĸ××ר ×××Ē××× × ××Ē ×ĸ× ×× ××× ××××§× ×××××.
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××§×××Ļ××Ē ×ĸ×Ļ×× ××Ē×§×××××Ē ×××× ××× ×¤×ĸ× ×׊×××ĸ ×××Š× ×Š×ĸ×, ××× ×××Ē ×××Ē× ×Š×Ē× ××פ×××Ē ×××× ××Ē. ××Ē×× ×××× × ××××× ××Ē ××× ××× ×× ××××××Ē ××Ē ×× ×Š××× ×Ē ×××× ×××, ××Ē ××× × ×Ē ×××Ē ×Ļ×××Ē ×ץ×××ĸ××Ē. ××× ××פ׊ר ×Ē×××× ×××××§× ×Š× ×× ××× ×ĸ× ×¤× ×Ļר××× ×××׊××× ×××¨× × ××××× ××××× ×Š×× ×× ××× ××××× ×××׊ ×Ļ×××Ē ×§×××ĸ, ×××× ××ĸ××Ē×× ×׊×Ē×Ē×¤× ×× ×Ą×××× ××××Ē ×××פ×× ×××× ××Ē. ××××× ××§×××Ļ× ××׊××× ×××× ×××ĸ××, ×× ×ץ××× ×׊×××× ××× ×ĸ× ×ר×Ļפ×.
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××§×××Ļ××Ē, ×××Ē×§×××××Ē ××ר×× ×××, ×׊ ××× × ×Ē ×Ēפק×× ×׊××ĸ××Ē× ×××××Ļ××Ē ××Ē ×××××ץ×××Ē ××× ×××××× ××פ××××Ē. ×ĸ× ×××Ē, ×׊×Ē×Ēפ××Ē ××× × ×Ē ×××ĸ×¨× ×××××§× ××§×××Ļ×Ē× ××ĸ×× ×Š××××Ē ××§×× ×¤×××§××× ×× ×××ĸ×× ××׊×× × ××× ×ץ××× × ××× ×-××× ××× ×××× ×ץ××× × ××§×××Ļ×Ē×-××פ×××. ××ĸ×××Ē ××§×××Ļ× ×××פ××××Ē, ××ĸ×ץק×Ē ××ĸ××× ××¤× ××× ××××Ē×××ץ××Ē ××ר×× ××××-××׊×, ××ר×Ē× ×Š× ××× ××× ×××Ļ×ר ץ×××× ×קר××× ××× ××פ׊ר ×ץ××××Ē ×× × ×ר××××××Ē ×ĸ× ×Ē×× ×× ××× ××××× ×¤××××××× ×Š×ר×× ××Ē×פ׊ר××Ē ×פ×× ×§×Ļ×××Ē ×××פ×××××Ē. ××ר×Ē ××§×××Ļ× ×××פ××××Ē ××××× ××Ē× ××××Ē ××. ×ĸ× ×××Ē, ××××××Ē ×××פ××××Ē ××§× × ××××× ××Ē ×××Ē××× × ××Ē ×Š×׊ ×× ××ר ×ר××§ רפ×קץ××× ×ĸ× ××ĸ׊××× ×××××××××Ē ×××. ××× × ×Ē ×××××Ē ×××××Ē ×××§ ×××××××× ××§×××Ļ× ×Š×××× ××׊××× ××Ē ××××ĸ ×××§×Ļ××ĸ× ×Š×× ×××Ē ×××× × ×Š××× ×××××§× ××Ē ×××ץ××ר×× ×Š× ×× ××× ××××× ××× ××¤×¨× ××Š× ××× ××××.
××ĸ××Ē×× ××§×××Ļ× ×××פ××××Ē ×× ×ĸר××Ē ××ץ×ר×Ē ××× ××ĸר×ĸר×Ē ××Ē ×Š×ר×Ē ×××. ××ר×× ×××××, ××××ר ××××××ĸ, ×Š× ××Ļ× ×׊××××Ē× ××× ××××× ×Š× ××× × ×Ē, ×ĸ××ר ׊×× ×× ××××Ē× ×× ××××× ×Ē ××Ē××× ××× ××××× ×Ē ×××× ×. ××× ××× ×××ר×× ×××׊ ×ĸ× ×¤× ××Ļר××× ××××ר××Ē ×Š× ××§×××Ļ× ×××פ××××Ē. ××ĸ××Ē×× ××Ē× ×׊×Ē ××Š×¤× ×××פ××××Ē ×ĸ× ×× ×××× ××××Ē. ×פ׊ר ×××××׊ ×××Ē ××××Ļ×ĸ××Ē ×××××× ××××: ××××Ē ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×××ר ×ĸ×× ×× ×××× ××§×××Ļ× ×ĸ× ×׊×××× ××ר××× ×ר××§×× ×§×××Ļ×Ē× ×Ą××ĸר. ××Ē×××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē× ×¤××¨×Š× × ×××Ē ×ר××ĸ ×××× × ×Š×× × ××Ļ×¨× ××××Ē ×§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē. ××××× ×××Ē ×Š×Ļ×Ļ× ××××Ē× ×¨××ĸ×× ×××××××Ē ×Š× ×××××× ×פ×ĸ×× ××§×××Ļ× ×¤××¨×Š× ×××Ē×§××××Ē ×××××. × ×¨×× ×Š×× ×¤××ĸ××× ×× ×××Ē×¨×Ą× ×× ×× ×××××ר×× ×××××××, ××Ē×¨×Ą× ×Š××××××Ē ××× × ×¨×׊×× ××Ē ×Š× ××ץ××, ×Š× ×Ļ×פ×××Ē ××Š× ×××××. ×××× ×Š××§×××Ļ× ×××¨× ×Š×× ×××× ××××× "×× ×× × ×××× ×× ×Š×׊ ××ר ××××××× ××פ××", ×××: "×× ×× × ×׊××Ē ×Š××××× ×× ××× ×××ר". ×ĸ× ×××Ē, ×××××× ×¤×ĸ×× ×××¨× ×Š××× × ××§××× ××ץ×ר×Ē ×××× ××××Ē, ×××× ×׊×× ××ĸ׊××Ē ××Ē ××××× × ××××Ē ×××Ļ××× ××¤× ××× ×Š××§×××Ļ× ×××××× ××ĸ××Ē×× ×Š×× ×× ×××× ×Š× ×××. ××××¨× ××× ×××Ļר×Ē ×ĸ×× ×××× × ×Š×׊××× ××××Ą× ×× ×â×ĸ×××.
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×××× ××ĸ×××× ××§×Öš- ××× ×Š× ×× ××× ×׊××Ēפ×Ē ×Š× ×Š×Ē× ××פ×××Ē. ×× ×× ××× ×Š×Ēפק××× ××פ׊ר ××××§× ××ר××Ē ×××× ××§×××Ļ× (××× ×××ĸ××××). ××× ×××Ē ××××Ļ×××Ē ×Ēפק×××× ×Š×× ×× ××× ×× ×׊×Ēפ××Ē ×¤×ĸ××× ××× ××× ×××××Ļר××Ē ×ר×× ×Š× ×׊××× ×׊××Ēפ×Ē ×××פ׊ר×Ē ×Ē×××Š× ×Š× ××××××, ××× × ×××§× ×× ×Š× ×׊××ĸ××Ē ××Ē×××××× ×××Ēר×׊×× ××§×××Ļ×. ××Š× × ×׊××× ×ĸ× ××§×× ××× ×××Ē ×××ĸ×× ××§×××Ļ×Ē×. ××ĸ××Ē×× ×× ××׊×××Ē ×× ××× ×× ××× ×Š×פ׊ר ×××× ××××××§ ××××××Ē ××× ×Š×× ××Ē, ×××ĸ××Ē×× ×××Ē ××׊××Ē ×××Š× ××× ×××Ēר ××Ē× ××ĸ× ××ĸ××ר×Ē ××× ××××××.
××× ×××Ē ×××ר××Ē ××× ××× ×Ē×× ××× ××§×××Ļ× ××׊ק×פ××Ē, ×§×Ļ×Ē ××× ××ר×× ×Š××׊××× ×× ××× ×× ××ר××× ×׊פ××Ē××Ē ××××××§×× ××Ē ××ר××, ×׊××× ×××Š× ×××׊ ×××Š× × ×××××§ ××Ē ×׊××× ×××× ×¤×ĸ× ××׊××× ×××× ×× × ××× ××××Ē× ×¨××ĸ. ××××§× × ×ץפ×Ē ××× ××× ×××Ē ××××× ×××××Ē ×××ץ ××× ××§×××Ļ× ×׊×× ××ĸ×××Ē ××Ļר××× ×××× ××××××××××× ×Š× ×× ×××××, ×× ×××ץ ××× ×¤×¨×Š× ××Ē ××× ×××Ē ×Š× ×××Ą× ××××××Ē ××§×××Ļ× ××ĸ×××Ē ×××׊ ×ĸ× ×Ē×××××× ×× ××× ××××ר. ××× ×ר××§×Ļ×× ×׊××ĸ××Ē××Ē × ×ץפ×Ē ××Ēר×׊×Ē ××× ××× ×××Ē ×× ××××Ĩ ××§×××Ļ×. ××× ×××Ē ××׊×××Ē ××× ×××ר ×× ×¤×××Š× ×ĸ× ××Ē×××××× ×××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē××× ××§×××Ļ×, ×ĸ× ××Ļר××× ×׊×× ×× ×××××× ×× ×ĸ× ×ק׊ר ××× ×××: ×× ×ĸ×××, ×× ×××Ļר ××Ē×, ×××¤× ×××××Ļ× ××Ēק׊×ר×Ē ××××× ××׊××××Ē ×פ×ĸ××× ×× ×××Ē× ×× ××× ××.
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××Ē×××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē× ×׊ ××Ē× ××× ×Ē×××Ē ×׊×××¤× ×××Ē××× ××Ē×× ×××××Ē ××§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ×××× ×Š×××¤× ×× ×¤×¨×××Ē ×ר×Ļ×× ×××× ×Ļ××¨× ××× ×××××××××. ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××פ×× ×××× ××Ē ××פ׊ר×Ē ××××× ×§×× ×§×¨×× ×××Ē× ××× ××¨× ×Ē× ××ĸ× ××× ×ĸ×××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ×××××Ļ××Ē ×ĸ× ××× ×××ר ×׊××× ××××× ×××× ×ĸ×××× ××Ļ×ר×Ē××Ē ××׊××Ē ×ĸ× ××××ר.
××× ××פ׊ר ××Ļ×ĸ ×Š× ×××××× ××Š× × ×Ą××× × ×§×××ĸ ׊×××× ××× × ××××§××. ×ץ××× × ×××× ××Ē ×××× × ×××××× (××׊ ×Ļ×××Ē ×§×××ĸ ××××), ×Ļ×ר×Ē ××׊××× (×××ĸ××, ××× ×Š××××, ×ĸ× ×ר×Ļ×¤× ×××'), ××××§× ×§×××ĸ× ×Š× ××××ר, ××Ēפ×ר××Ē ××ĸ×××× ×¤×¨×× ××Ē ××××¨× ×××× × ×××ĸ××× ××Ļ××¨× ×ĸ×××× ×פר×××. ××××××: ××§×××Ļ×Ē ××ר ××Ē×§××× ××-׊×× ××× ××××ר ××××× ×××××Ļ× ××Ē ××× ××§×××Ļ× ×××× ××××§ ׊×× ××× ××§×× ××× ×. ×ץ××Ŗ ××§×××Ļ× ×××××× ××××ר×× ××Ē ××××ר ××××Š× ×××× ×××××, ×××× × ××Ē× ××§×× ××Š× × ××××Ļ××××.
×ץ××× × ××× ××פ××× ×× ××ץ×× ×× ××××Ē ×§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē: ××××× ×Š× ××× ×× ×ĸ× ××§×××Ļ×, ×××׊ ××פ××× × ××§×××Ļ× (ץ×× ×¨), ×××¤× ××׊×Ē ××××ר, ץ×××ר ××× ××××× ××§×××Ļ× (××׊×: ×ĸ× ×××ר ×ĸ××××× ×ץ××× ×׊××××), ××× ×§×××ĸ ××××× ××ĸ×××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē. ×ר××× × ××Ą×Ŗ ×××פ׊ר ××Ļ××¨× ×Š× ××××Ē ××××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē××× ××× ××קץ ׊×׊×׊ ×××§× ×××׊ ×××××§. ××קץ ×××× ×××××Ē ×׊××× ×××ĸ××, ׊×ר פ×Ē××× ×Š×××× ×××ר×Ē ×Š××× ××× ××× ××××¨× ××§×××Ļ× ×××Ē×××ץ××Ē ×××××Ē ××§×××Ļ× (××××, ×××ר ×××'). ××קץ×××Ē ××× ×××Ļ×ĸ× ×Ē×××× ××××Ļר ××××××Ē ×××פ׊ר ×××× ×Š× ×¨×׊××Ē ×××§××. ××קץ×××Ē ×Š× × ×ר×××××: ××ר×Ē×××Ē ××××§× ×§×××ĸ. ×ץ××× × ×××××§ ××Ē ××§×××Ļ× ×××Ē ×פ××× ×Ļ××× ××× ××× ×Š× ×¨×Š×Ē ×××××××× ×××Ē×××××× ××׊××× ××××-××׊×××. ××Ē×× ×× × ××Ļר ×Ē×××× ×Š×××, ×××××, ׊×× ××§×××Ļ× ××××× ×××Ēפ×ĸ×, ××××ר ××פ×׊ ×ĸ× ××××ר ××××פ×× ××פ×׊ ×××× ××׊××Ē×Ŗ.
××ĸ×××× ×ĸ× ×××××× ××× ×× ××ĸ× ××§ ××Ļ×××Ē ××ĸ×× ××××× "××ר×" ××××××. ×× ×××׊×× ××Ē ××××× ×ר×××Ē ××ĸר×, ××××ר ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×׊×׊ "××××", ××××××§× ××ק׊ר ××× ×××¨× "××׊פ××" ׊××ר×××Ē ×××××××Ē, ××× ×××××ר. ×××ĸ×¨× ×× ×׊××××Ē ××××××Ē, ׊×× ××××¨× ××××××Ē ××× ××פ׊ר ×××××× ×××פ×׊ ×× ×ĸ× ×× ×××ĸ×× ××קר××§×ץ××ץ ×Š× ××ĸ××× ×××××Ē×. ××Ē×× ××פ×׊ ×ĸ×××× ×§×Š×××, ×§×× ×¤×××§×××, ×¤× ×××××Ē ×××Ē× ××××××Ē ×Š×§×××××Ē ×××× ××× ××××-×××. ××× ×Š×פ×׊ ×× ××Ē×§××× ×××××× ××§××§×× ×××××ר ×Ē××× ×××××.
××׊××× ××§×××Ļ× ××× ×××ĸ×× ×׊×× ×Š× ××Ļ×××Ē ×× ××ĸ×× ××ĸ×× ×Š× × ×××§××Ŗ ××Ē ××××××. ×× ×××ר×× ×× ××× ×××Ļ× ×××Ē××§×, ××× ×××××¨× ×××× ×× ××Ļ×××. ×××§××× ×Š× ×××××ר ×׊××ĸ××Ē ×¨×× ××××××Ē ××××× ××Ē ××××, ×××ĸ××Ē×× ×¨×××× ××× ××Ē× ××××Ē ××××× ××§×××Ļ× ×׊×Ē× ××Ē ×××Ē×× ××××××Ē× ×Š× ×××× ××××××§ ××Ē ×ĸ×Ļ××. ×× × ×¨×× ××ĸ×ר×× ××××××§ ××׊××× ×ĸ× ××ר×××× ×××׊××× ×× ××× ×× ×× ×××Ļ×ר×Ē ×ר××§ ×××××× ×ק׊ר ×ĸ××. ××Ļ×××××× ××××× ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ××× ×××Ē××§×××Ē ××××¤× ××Ē ×Š× ××׊ ××Ļ×××Ē ××××Ļר×Ē ×Ē×××× ××פ×׊ ×Š× ×××× ×ĸ× ××××ר:
××× ×Š×××××§××Ē ××ĸ××Ē×× ××Ē "×§×××Ļ×Ē ××ĸ××××", ×ץ×××ĸ××Ē ×× ×××¨× ××Ē××× ××× ×ץ××× ×, ××× ××× ×××××. ×Ēפק××× ××××××§ ×× ×¨×§ ××Ē ×ק׊ר ××××××, ××× ××Ē ×ק׊ר×× ××× ×××××× ××¨× ×ק׊ר×× ×Š××× ×××. ק׊ר ×ĸ××, ׊××× ×××Ŗ ×××ĸ ×× ×× ×¨×§ ××××, ××× ××¨× ×××××¨× ××××××§× ×Š× ×××ĸ×× ××§×××Ļ×Ē×. ××××× ××× ××× ×¨××ĸ ׊×× ××× ×' × ××׊ ×××× ×' ×××××× ×Š×׊×× ×Ą×§×¨× ×××Ē× ××ĸ׊××× ×Š× ×××Ē× ××××. ×××§×¨× ××× ××Ļ×××Ē ×××Ē× ××× ××׊ ×××ĸ××× ××Ē ××××××. ×× ×× ××××× ××Ē ××ר××× ××Ē ×××× ×ר××§×Ļ××.
××Ēק׊×ר×Ē ×ĸ× ×××××× ×××× ×¨×׊×× ××Ē ×פ××ĸ××Ē ×Ą××× ×× ×× ×× ×× ×××××××Ē, ×׊××× ×× ××××××Ē ×׊×××Ē××Ē. ×× ×¨×××× ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×××Ļ× ××׊ ××Ļ×××Ē × ×Š×× ××Ē×× ××××××Ē ×××× ××׊ ר××§× ××Ē, ׊×ĸ×××, ×××ĸ×, ×ר×× ×× × ××Ē××§. ××××× ××§×××Ļ× × ×׊פ×× ×× ×Š× ××Ļ×××Ē ××Ē××׊××Ē ××¤× ×××××Ē ×ק׊×ר××Ē ×××××× ×××ר××Ē, ×Ē××׊××Ē ×Š× ×¤×ר××§, ××ץר ××× ×× ××ר××. ×× × ×Ē×§××× ×××××× ××× ×¤×Š××× ×Š× ××ר××Ē ×××× ××××ץ×. ×Ēפק××× ×Š× ×× ×Š× ××Ļ×××Ē ×××§× ××Ē ×××× ×Öŧ×Ē ×××××××Ē×× ×ר×׊×××Ē ×Š× ××××, ×ר×× ×¨×׊×× ××Ē, ××× ×Š××× ×פר׊×Ē ××Ē ××Ē××׊××Ē ×ר×׊×× ×××Ē ×Š× ××Ē×× ××§ ××××× ××× ×× ×ĸ×××× ××× × ×××× ××§×Š×¨× ××××Š× "×××" ×× "××× ×××".
×ץ×××ĸ××Ē × ×¤×׊××Ē ××××× ××ĸ×××× ×××ר ××§×××Ļ×. ××× ××Ē×××§ ×××ĸ××, ××Ē×פ׊ר×× ×××ר×ר ××פר×× ××× ×××§× ××××××. ×××ר ×× ××××ĸ ׊××׊×× ××××× ××§×××Ļ× ××§×× ×¤×¨×Š× ××Ē ××׊××ĸ××Ē ××××× ××××ĸ×× ××××Š× ×××ĸ×× ××××Ļ×× × ××××Ēר ×Š× ××× ×××.
××Ŗ ׊××× ××ĸ×× ×¤× ××× ××××× ×Ē ×××××, ××¨× ×Š××ĸ×× ×× ××× ××××§×. ׊×ר ×××ĸ×××× × ××ĸ×× ×××§××Ŗ, ××ĸ×××Ŗ, ××××× ×××Ē× ××××§× ××Ē ×׊××ĸ××Ē ×××××× ×××ק׊ר×× ×Š× ××Ļר×× ××Ē×× ××ĸ×× ××. ×××ĸ×× ×× ×× × ×¤××׊×× ××Ē ×§×××Ļ×Ē ×××× ×××, ××××× ×Š×Š×××Ļ× ××××× ×××××× ××× ×¨× ×× ×ĸ× ××. ××ר××Ē ×××Ē ×××××Ļר××Ē× ×Š× ×§×××Ļ× ××× × ×××× ×Ē ×××××, ××פ××× ××פ×. ××ĸ××Ē×× ×§×¨××××Ē ×××××× × ××Ļ××× ××ר×× ×××××× ×Š××× ×× ×Š× ××Ļר×× ×§×Š×¨×× ××ĸ×× ××פ××× ×× ×× ×Ē×§×× ××, ×××××× ××Ē×××ץ××Ē ××××ר××Ē ×× ×××ר ×ץ××× ×Š× ×××ר (׊××ĸר ××׊×) ×××ĸ×רר ×ĸ× ××× ×××××××§× ××¤× × ×ĸ×Ļ××. ××ĸ××Ē×× × ××Ļר ××× ×××××× ×§×Š×¨ ר×׊×× × ××× ×××§×× ×× ×¨××Ļ× ×׊××Ēפ×Ē, ×× ×××¨× ××× ×§×Š×¨ ×× ××× × ××Ēפ×Ē×. ××Ļ× ××פ××× ×× ××× ×××× ××××××× ×Š× ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ××ר×Ē××Ē ×Ē×§×× × ××× ×Ą×§×¨× ××Ē, ר×Ļ×× ×××××Ē ×××§ ×..., ×׊××§, ××× ×Ē×פ×ĸ××Ē ××× ×§× ××, ×××××, ××××§× ×××, ×Ēץ××× ××ĸ××.
×§×××Ļ××Ē ××× ×× ×ר×× ××ר××× ×××Ē ×××××××Ē ××Ē ×× ×§×Š×Ē ×××××××× ×Š× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ××, ××××× ×× ×§×Š×× ×Ēק׊×ר×Ē ×ץ××××Ē × ×¤×Š×××Ē ×ץ××××Ē×××Ē, ×× ×Š××××Ļר ×פ×׊ ××ר×× ×××× ×Š× ×Ļר××× ×ר×××Ē ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ×Š×× ××Ē. ××Š× × ××××× ×××§×× ×¨×׊×× ×, ×ץ××ר ×׊×××××, ××ĸ×××Ē ××××× ×××Ļ× ×¤×ץ×-××××ץ×× ×Š×××××× ×××§×× ××××××××, ××××× × × ××Ļ× × ×ר××× × ×¤×Š× ×× ××× ××ר×××× ××ĸ××× ×××××¨× ××פ×רק. ××Š× × ××××× ×ĸ× ×Ļ×ר×× ××ץ××Ē ×Š×× ×× ××Ļ×ר×× ×Š×¤× ××Ēק׊×ר×Ē ×Š×× ××. ××Ē ×× ××× ×Ļר×× ××× ××××× ××× ××Ē×Ē ××ĸ× × ××× ×××. ×××Ē ×××ר××Ē ××ĸ×קר×××Ē ×Š× ××§×××Ļ× ×××פ××××Ē ××× ×××Ļ×ר ×ר×× ×׊××Ē×Ŗ ××ץ××× ××××× ××Ē ×× ××§×××Ļ× ×ĸ× ×××ר××× ×××Ē ×Š××. ××Ē××× × ×××× ××Ļ××× ×Š××× ××ר ×Š× ××Ļר ××× ××××××. ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ×Š××ר××Ē ×Š×× ××× ×ĸץ××§ ×׊××, ׊××× ×××ר ×׊×׊ ק׊ר פ××× ×¨×׊×× × ××§×׊ר ××× ×××××× ××××× ×××××Ē ×¤××× ×Ļ××× ××Ē××××Ē× ×Š× ×§×Š×¨.
××××× × ×ץפ×Ē ××Ē×××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē×: ××××Ē ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×××ר ×׊×Ē×Ē×¤× ×¨×× ××Ē (×Š× ××××), ×××× ×ĸ× ×××××× ××Ēפק×× × ×××, ××× ×Š×¤× ××ĸ× × ×××× ××ר××× ×ĸ×Ļ×××Ē ×ץ××××Ē. ××× ×ĸ××× ×ĸ××× ××Ē××× ××Ē ××׊××Ē ×××׊ק×ĸ× ×¨××. ×××××׊ ×Š× ××Ļ×××Ē ×××ץר ׊××Ē××Ŗ ×פ×ĸ××× ×Š×× ××××-××׊×Ē××××Ē ×Š×× ×פ×ĸ××××××Ē ××× ××× ×××ר. ×׊×××× ××§×××Ļ× ××××Ē× ××Ļ×××Ē ×Ē×××Š× ×Š×¨×× ××Ē ××× × ××Ē×××× ×××××× ×Š××× ×ר××Ē× ×׊×× ×ĸ× ×ר×Ļפ×, ××׊×××ĸ ×§××××Ē ××××Ē×ĸץק ×׊ר××××. ×ĸ× ×××Ē, ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ×× ××Ē× ×× ××§×××× ××× ××׊×Ē×Ēפ××Ē ×Š× ×× ×××× ×××. ×ר×× × ×ר×× ××Ē ×¤×× × ××Ļ× ××§×××Ļ× ×Š×× ×××× ×׊×× ×××Ļ××× ×Š×× ×ץ×××ĸ ׊××. ××× ×¤×××Š× ××Ē×ĸ×§×Š× × ×××ר ×× ×Š××× ×××××× ×× ××Ē ×××ר ×××ר ×××Ē×Ē ×× ××ר ×׊×× ×׊×ר ××××××. ×××× ××פ×׊×× ×§× ××× ×××××× ×××ק׊ ××××× ×× ××Ē ××××ר ××ĸ×Ļ××. ××× ××Ē××× ×Ē×××× ×Š×× ××§×××Ļ× ××××× ××ר ××××. ×× ×§×××Ē ××× ×Š× ××Ē×××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē× ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ×ר××ĸ ××× ×××××Ļר××Ē ×Š× ××× ××××××Ē ×××××××Ē (preforming), ×× ×××× ×׊×× ×פר×-××Ē×××Ē×, ׊×××Ē× ××× ××Ē× ××ĸ×× ×Š×× ××ר××-×××××Ļר××Ē ((pre-forming, ׊×× ×××××× ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×××××× ××××ץ×××. ×ĸ× ×××× ×××ĸ×××× ××׊ ××Ļ×××Ē ××Ļ××× ×× ×§×× ×¨×× ××Ē ×××Ē××׊×× ××× ×׊××××. ××× ××× ×¨××ĸ×× ×Š×ר×ר××× ×× × ×××ĸ×× ××× ×××× ×. ר××ĸ× ×׊×× ××× ×׊××ĸ×××¨× ×××× ××פ×׊×× ××Ē ×××ר ×××ר ×××× ×Š××Š× ×××× ××׊ק×× ×ĸ× ×××× ×רק×× ×ĸ× ×׊××××.
××××× ×× ×××××Š× ×××Ļ× ××§×××Ļ× ×××פ××××Ē ××פ׊ר×Ē ×ץ×ר×Ē ×××××§× ×××× ×ĸ×Ē ××Ēפ×ר××Ē ××ר×××, ××××Ē×ר×Ē ××Ē ×× ×××× ×××××ץ×××Ē ×××Ē×ĸ×× ××××ר. ×××× ×Š× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××× ××׊×× ××××× ×× ××××× ××××××, ×× ××Š× ×××× ×××§× ×× ××Ļר×Ē ××ĸ×ר×Ē ××Ļ×××Ē ××××׊×× ×Š×××Ē× ×××××§×× ××× ×××, ××× â ×××ĸ×קר, ××××× ×××××× â ××ĸ×ר×Ē ××××ר ××׊×׊ ×פ×× ×§×Ļ×× ××Ą×§×¨× ×Ē, ×××× ××××××Ē. ××××Ļ×ĸ××Ē ××××× ×× ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ××Ē ×××× ×Š× ××§×××Ļ× ×׊×× ×××× ××Ē ×××¨× ××§×××Ļ× ××Ē×× ×ר×× ×ץ××× ××× × ××׊××Ē×Ŗ ×× ××׊×Ē×Ēפ×× ××××××× ××××× ×Š××§×Ļ×. ××ק׊ר ×ר×× ×××Ēר ×Š× ××× ×פ׊ר ××§×¨× ×× ×¤ÖŧÖļ×Ē× ××׊××× ×Š×× × ×ĸ× ×¨×× ××Ē. ××× ××ר ×× ××××Ē× ××××× ×Š××× × ××Ē×××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē ×××, ××× ×××§ ××× ××ר×× ××§×××Ļ×Ē ×××.
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×ĸ× ×××× ××§×××Ļ× × ×ĸ׊××Ē ××××× ×ĸ× ××××ר, ×××× × ×§×¨××Ē ××¤× ×××××× "×§×××Ļ×Ē ××ר" ×× "×§×××Ļ×Ē ×××". ×××× ×× ×××¤× ××××Ļ×× ×Š× ××××××. ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ×Ē×פ×ĸ× ×× ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×××ר: ××Ē××××Ē ××Ē×××× ×××××× ××× × ××××ץ×× ×׊××××Ē ××××××Ē ××××ר ×××ר ××ר××× ×Š×ĸ××ר ××× ×××, ××× ××××Š× ××× ××××ר ×××§×× ××× ×××ĸ× ××××, ×× ×Š×× ××××× ×× ×׊ ×××§, ×××× ×××ר×× ×Ē׊×××Ē ×××. ××Ē×פ×ĸ× ××§×××Ē ×××¨× ×××§×× ×פ××Ē××Ē ×¤×Ē× ×××Ē×××ץ××Ē ××Ļ××¨× ×Š× ×××××× ×××××Ē ××× ××××××, ××××××× ××× ×××××Ē ××Öŧ×ר×× ××פ××× ×Š×××××, ×××ר ××Ļ× ××× "××××, ×× ×Š×× ×××Ļ× ××Ē×××" ××× ××Ļ× ×××ר ×× "×׊ ×× ×׊×× ×Š×׊××Ē×Ŗ ×××××".
××Ē×××× ×××פ××× ×××Š× ××׊ ×ĸ× ×׊×× ×× ×Š× ××Ļר ××ĸ×§×××Ē ××פ×׊ ××× ×××××× ××××ר, ××× ×ĸ× ××Ē××Ļר ××××§× (××××× × ×××××××Ē ××× ×××× ××××ר, ×××Ļ× ×׊×Ē× × ××××ר, ×××Ļ× ××× × ×××× ×ĸ× ××× ××××). ××ר, ××׊×, ×××× ××ר×Ē××ĸ ××××× × ×Ē××׊×Ē××Ē ××××Ļ×ר ××××× ×§×Š× ×Š× ××Ē× ××××Ē, ׊××× ×××× ××××× ××××Ļ×ĸ××Ē ×× ×× ×× ×× ××××ץ×××× ×Š× ××Ē× ×Ē×§××Ē. ××××××××Ē ×××××Ē ××××׊××Ē ×ĸ× ××× ×××§××Ē ×××Ē× ××××××Ē ×××××ץ××××Ē. ××§×××Ļ× ×ץ××××Ē ×׊×Ē×Ē×Ŗ ××× ×Š××× × ×¨×× ×ר××ĸ ׊×××ר ×ĸ×ר ××× ××××××. ×× ××× ××××× ××Ē××××Ē ××Ē× ×Ē×§××Ē ×ץ××××Ē ×××××× ×Š××××× ××ר×× ×× × ××ר ׊××× ×ĸ×××Ŗ ××׊×ĸ× ×× ××××Ē× ×Š×ĸ×Ē ×Ļ×ר×××. ××Ļ×××× ××× ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ××××× ×××Ē×ĸר×××Ē ××פ××××Ē ×× ××× ××Ē× ××××Ē ×Š× ××× ××׊×Ē×Ē×Ŗ ××§×××Ļ×. ××Ļ×ĸ× × ×××׊×× ××× ××Ē ×××§××× ×××× ×Š××× ×§×Š×ר ×××× ××× ×Š×Ē××××Ŗ ×××Ē× ××Ē×××Ļ×× ×׊×ר××׊ ×§××Š× ×׊××Ē ×ĸ× ××××.
×××§ ×××× ××§×××Ļ× ×××§×׊ ××ĸ×××× ××׊××Ē ×Š× ×× ××× ×ĸ× ××××ר ׊ק×××. ××××§ ×× ××× ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ×¨×××Ē ×Š×× ××Ē ×Š× ××Ē×××ץ××Ē ××××ר. ×××§×¨× ×Š× ×××ר ××× ××××× ×Š××× ××Ą× ××¤× ××Ē×× ××׊×ĸ× ××Ē ×ĸ× ××××× ×Ē××׊×Ē××Ē ×¨×׊×× ××Ē. ×××Ē×× ×Š×׊ ××× × ×ץ××× "×××××" ××Ē ××××ר ××ר××× ×§×× ×§×¨××××Ē ×××׊×××Ē ××××, ××פ׊ר ××ĸ××ר ×××× ××××× ×Š×׊ ×ר××× ××ר××Ē ××××ר ××Ē ×××××××§×. ×¤×¨×Š× ××××Ē ×××: "×× ××¤× ××ר××׊ ×××ץפץ", "×× ××ĸ××", "××××", "×××ץ" ×××' ×× ××××× ××Ē ×× ××ĸ ×××Ē×××ץ××Ē ××××× ×Ē ×Ē××׊×Ē×××Ē ××Ē×××× ×Š× ×¤×¨×Š× ××Ē ×ק׊××¨× ×××× × ×Š× ×׊××ĸ××Ē ××××ר. ××××× ×¨×× ×Š×פ׊ר ×××Ē×××ץ ××××ר ××¨× ××× ××׊×× ×××ĸ×Ļ× ×××Ē× ××ר××× ×¨×××Ē. ×ĸ× ×××× ××××× ×××× ××ץ×Ē×§×¨× ××××§××Ē ×¤×ĸ××××Ē ×Š× ××ר××, ××ק׊ ××ĸ×Ļ×× ×× ×Š×××ר ×ĸ׊×, ××××× ×× ×פ×××Ļ×××Ē ×ĸ× ××××ר ××××××Ē ×Š×× ××§×××Ļ× ×Ēר×× ××Ē×ĸ×Š× ××, ×××××Ē ×Š××׊ ××Ļ×××Ē ×××××× ××Ēפ×ĸ×, ××׊×× ××× ×ĸ× ××××ר ××ר××× ×××Ą×¨× ×××ĸ××ר×.
××××× ××××××Ē× ×Š× ××§×××Ļ× ××× ××ĸ ×Ē×××× ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē× ×××Š× ××× ×××× ××××× ××Ļ× ××× ×Š×× ×ץ××× ×××ĸ×Ē ×××ר. ××× ×Š××ĸ× ××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē× ×××ר ××ר, ×× ×××¨× ×××Ē× ××××Ē ×Š××. ×××ר ××× ××, ×׊××Ē×רר ×Š× ××Ļ× ××Ē×××× ××××× ××××Ē×××× ×××Š× ××Ē× ××× ××§×× ××§×××Ļ×, ××Ē×××Š× ×××× ×ĸ× ×××ר ×××× × ×××Ē× "×§×§×". ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē ×× ×× ××××ר ×פ×ĸ××× ××§×× ×§×¨×××Ē ×ĸ×Ļ××, ×ĸ׊×××Ē ××Ļר×××, ××× ×××××× ×Š×× ××××Ļ×ĸ××Ē ×Š×××׊ ×××ר, ׊×Ē××× ××Ē×× ×פ×××××Ē (×Ļ××ĸ, ×××ĸ) ×××××¨× ×× ××Ē ×××ר ×ĸ×Ļ××, ××Ē ××Ļ×××.
× ××× ×× ×׊××§ ר×׊×× × ×× × ×ĸ ××× ×Š×Ē× ×¨×××Ē ×׊××§×××Ē: ×ר×׊×× × ××× × ×ץ××× ×××××׊ × ×¤×¨×××Ē ×× ×××××××§×, ר×× ×׊××§××Ē ×ק׊××¨× ××××Š× "××׊×××× ×ץ×××××××Ē" ×Š× ×× × ×Ą×× ×Š×× ××ץ×× ××׊××× ××ץ××× (×××××ר×, 2017; Segal, 1957); ×××Š× ××× ××ר ×× ××Ļ× × ×××¨× ×¨×׊×× ××× ×× ×¤×¨×××Ē ×××ĸ×רר×× ×¨×Ļ×× ×׊××× ×××××××§× ××× ××פ׊ר פר××× × ×Ą×××Ē ××× × (××× ××§××, 1996×; ×××××ר×, 2017). ×××§×¨× ×× ×ץ×××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ×× ××ĸ× ×Ē×××× ×¨×׊×× × ×× ×Š× ×ĸ×××× ××Ļ× ×××Ē× ××× ×Š××× ×Ē×§××ĸ ××× ×¨× ×××. ××פר×××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ××ץ××Ļ×××Ļ×××Ē ×××׊×××Ē ×Š× ××× ×× ×× ××× ×××ר ׊××¨×¨× ×ץ××Ļ×××Ļ×××Ē ××ק׊ר×× ×Š××× ×׊××Ēפ×× ××§×××Ļ× ××××.
×× ×××× ×Ē××××× × ×¤×¨×××Ē ×××××××× ××Ē×××× ×××××× ×Ą××ר×× ××Ē ××××× ×××××. ×××× ×Ē×××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē×, ×ץ××× ××× ×Ē××××× ×××׊×, ××ĸץ ××ĸ×Ļ×. ××××ר ××ר××× ××¤× ×××××××§× ×Š×ר×× ×פ׊ר ×ץפ×ר ××Ē ×פ××׊××Ē ×Š× ××Ēר×, ×××Š× ×ĸ×××Ē ××ר ×ĸ× × ×¨××Ē ××××××§×Ē ×פר×ץ××Ē ××ץפר ×פ××׊××Ē ×Š× ××Ēר×. ×××× ×¤×¨×××, ×ר×׊××Ē ××× ××ĸ×ר×××, ××ĸ× ×ר×׊××Ē ×ק׊×× ××× ×× ×¨×׊××Ē ×Š× ×Ą×פ××§, ××§×× ××××××××Ē.
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×ץ××××, ××Ŗ ׊××××ר ××§×××Ļ××Ē ×××××× ×ĸ× ×ץפק×ר×× ×××××ץ××, ׊××× ×××××Ē ××§×××Ļ×Ē××Ē ×Š×ר×ר××Ē, ×× ×Š×××Š× ×§×××Ļ×Ē ××ĸ×××× ××××× ××× × ××× × ×××, פ×ĸ××× ×¨×××Ē ×פ׊ר ×ר×××Ē, ×ĸ× ×× ××§×׊×, ××Ē××××Ē ×Š× ×Ē×××××× ×§×××Ļ×Ē××× ×¨×׊×× ×××. ××ĸ×Ļ× ××׊××× ×ĸ× ××Ļ××× ××× ××Ē×פ׊ר ×××§× ××Ē ×׊××ĸ××Ē ×× ××Ļ× × ×§×Š×¨ ×××ĸ׊××Ē ××Ē××¨× ×××Ē× ××××Ē ×Š× ×ר××× ×ĸ×Ļ×××Ē ×××Ē× ××××Ē ×ĸ× ×××××× ×Ą××××××××. ××××× ××§×××Ļ×Ē× ××××× ××Ļ× ××× ××Ē ××× ××× ××× ××Ļ× ×××ר ×××××§ ×ר×× ×Š×× ×, ×ר×× ××× ×××, ׊×× ××פ×׊ ×ר×׊×× × ×ĸ× ×××ר ××Ļר ××××× ××Ē ×××××× × ×ץפ×Ē ×ĸ× ×ק׊ר ××× ×Ē×××Š× ×¤××××Ē, ר×׊, ××׊××, ×Ē×××××× ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē××× ×ק׊ר ×ĸ× ×××ר. ×××Ēר ×××× ××× ×§×××Ļ××Ē ××× ××§×ר ××Ē××׊××Ē ××××Ē ××ĸ× ×××, ׊×× ××××× ×Š× ×××××× ××× ×׊××Ē, ×××Ē××׊×Ē ×ץ×××××§××××××Ē ×Š×× × ×¤××ĸ×Ē ×××××××. ××Ŗ ׊××××ר ××××× ××ר××, ר×-׊×××Ē× ×××ĸ××Ē×× ×Ą××ĸר, ×××Ŗ ׊×× ××ĸ× ×¤×ĸ××× ××Ļ×× × ××Ē×××Š× ×Š××ר ×× ××ר×ĸ ××, ××××פ××, ׊××ר×ĸ ×××Ēר ××× ×××× ×Š×× ×פ׊ר××Ē ××Ē×Ē ×׊××ĸ××Ē ×××Ēר×׊, ××× ××× ××§×××Ē ×Š×××××××Ē ×××¤× ×× ××××ר×× ××§×××§×××× ×Š× ×§×××Ļ×Ē ×××××× ×××Ļ×××Ē. ×× ×××××× ××§××§××Ē ××××ר×× ×Š×× ×, ××Ļ×××Ē, ×××Ē× ×Ą××Ē × ×××ĸ×Ē ××× ××××××××Ē.
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×××××ר×, ×' (2005). × ×××××Ē ×××. (×' ××××ר׊×××× ××Ēר×××Ē). ×Ē× ××××: ×Ē×××ĸ×Ē ×Ą×¤×¨××.
×××××ר×, ×' (2017). ××× ×××׊×. (×' ׊×ר ××Ēר××). ×Ē× ××××: ×Ē×××ĸ×Ē ×Ą×¤×¨××, ×ĸ×' 217â233.
××××, ×"ר (1992). ××Ē× ×Ą××××Ē ××§×××Ļ××Ē ××××ר×× × ×ץפ××. (×' ××¤×¨× ××Ēר××). ×Ē× ××××: ×××ר.
××ר×, ×' (1997). × ××Ē×× ×××Ą× ×× ××â×§×××Ļ× ××××× ××Ēפ×Ē×××Ē ××§×××Ļ× ××¤× ×××××× ×Ē××ר×××× ×Š× ×××Ą× ××××××§×. ××Ē×× × ' ר××× ×ץר ××' × ×Ē× (×ĸ×ר×××), ×× ××××Ē ×§×××Ļ××Ē: ×קר×× (×ĸ×' 201â218). (× ' ××ר×× ××Ēר××). ×ר×׊×××: ××ר×× ×××× ×× ×§××××Ē× ×Ļ×פ×ר×.
××× ××§××, ×"× (1996×). ××××××§××× ×Š× ××ĸ×ר ××Ē×פ×ĸ××Ē ××ĸ×ר. ××Ē×× ×׊××§ ×××Ļ××××Ē (×ĸ×' 35â56). (×' ××××× ××Ēר××). ×Ē× ××××: ×ĸ× ×ĸ×××.
××× ××§××, ×"× (1996×). ×׊××§ ×××Ļ××××Ē. (×' ××××× ××Ēר××). ×Ē× ××××: ×ĸ× ×ĸ×××, ×ĸ×' 122â127.
×ץ×××, פ' (1994). ××Ļ××× ××××ץ××× ××Ļ× ×××××. (×' ×ר×× ×Š×××× ××' ××ר×× × ××Ēר××××). ×Ē× ××××: ×××Ē×××.
×ץ×××, פ' (2008). ××ץ×××× ××××ץ××× ××××פ××× × ××ר×××××. (×' ×§××× ×¨ ××Ēר××). ×Ē× ××××: ×Ē×××ĸ×Ē ×Ą×¤×¨××.
××××-פ×××§, פ' (2014). ××× × ×××ĸ× × ×××פ××× ××¨× ××§×Ļ××ĸ× ×××××× ××××ץ××× ×××× ×ר×. ××Ē×× ×Ē' פ×××§ (×ĸ×ר××Ē), "×× × ×× ×× ×× ×Ē××××!": ××פ×× ×¨× ××§×Ļ××ĸ× ×××××× ××ק׊×Ē ×××××ץ×××Ē (×ĸ×' 43â66). ר××Ē ×׊ר××: ×ץ××.
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[2] ××××-פ×××§ ××Ļ××× ×Ē ×Š××××× ××ץ××Ą× ×¤××Ē× ××× ×× ×××××× ××××ץ××× ×Š×× ×××Ē ××ĸ×××Ē× ×××××× ×ץ×××× ××Ļ××× ×××××§× ×××× ××¨× ××רפ×× ××ר××××Ē ×× ×¤×Š ×ר××Ē ×× (××××-פ×××§, 2014, 43).