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ื“"ืจ ืชืžืจ ืื ื’'ืœ

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืื‘ืงืฉ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœ, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื›ืœื‘. ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื™ื ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ "ืคืœืืฉ" ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”. ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉืชืœื‘ ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”" ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื” ืืŸ ืืœื•ื•ืืจื–. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช โ€“ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” โ€“ ืืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— "ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื™" ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’. ืืชืืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื›ืœื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื“ืจื›ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—.

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ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—: ื›ืœื‘, ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื‘, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื™

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ย ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœืขื™ื ื™ื›ื. ืืš ืืชืžื•ืœ ืื™ืจืข

ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืจืขืคื™ ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•

ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื“ื—ืงื• ืžื˜ื” ื“ืžืขื” ืื—ืจ ื“ืžืขื”,

ืฉืื– ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ืช ื”ืกืคื•ื’ื” ื™ื’ื•ืŸ,

ืจืืฉ ืคึทืื•ึผื ื•ึผืก ืฉืขื™ืจ ืคื™ืœืก ื“ืจื›ื•,

ื ื“ื—ืง ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ืœืคืชืข ืคืชืื•ื; ืขื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื”

ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืืช ืฉืœื™, ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื˜ื”

ื˜ืคื—ื” ืขืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืจึธื˜ื•ึนื‘!

ื ื‘ืขืชืชื™ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื›ื ื™ืžืคื” ื‘ื’ืŸ

ื”ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืืœ-ืชื™ืฉ ืขื ืขืจื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฉื”;

ืืš ืื– ืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ

ื•ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ืคืœืืฉ; ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ืชืขืœืชื”

ืขืœ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืชื™ืžื”ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืชื™ ืœืืœ ืคืืŸ,

ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื ืงืœื™ื ืขื“ ืžืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”.

(ื•ื•ืœืฃ, 2010, ืขืž' 125โ€“126)

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ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื›ืœื‘ื• ื—ื™ื“ื“ื• ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืช ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื›ื ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื (ืจืื• "ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”: ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืขืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื"). ื›ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขืงืœืงืœื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช.

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ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ืช "ื—ื™ื”" ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช

ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืคืœืืฉ" (ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘-1927) ืžืชืืจืช ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช ื‘ืืจื˜ ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื ื’ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืงื•ืงืจ ืกืคื ื™ื™ืœ ืฉืœื”. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื•ืชืงืช ืœืžื™ื˜ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืžืคื•ืœ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ. ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืฉืœื—ื” ืœื” ื‘ืžืชื ื” ื’ื•ืจ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื, ืคืœืืฉ ืฉืžื•, ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื ื—ืžืชื”. ืœืžืขืŸ ืคืœืืฉ ื”ืกื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืืจื˜ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืขื ื• ืขื‘ืจื” ืžืฉื›ื™ื‘ื” ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœืžืขื ื• ื”ืชืืžืฆื” ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช ืœื›ืœื‘ื”ึผ ื”ื ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœื•. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ืœื‘ื™ืช-ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื• ื‘ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืœื™ืื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ื•ื ื•ืฉืžืช.

"ืื•ื™, ืคืœืืฉ!" ืืžืจื” ื”ืขืœืžื” ื‘ืืจื˜. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืคืœืืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื”.

ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืชืขื•. ืชืœืชืœื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื• ืžื–ื” ื•ืžื–ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืคื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืžื” ื‘ืืจื˜; ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืงื•; ืคื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ืš. ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื• ืžื–ื” ื•ืžื–ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคืœืืฉ; ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื’ื ื”ืŸ, ื”ื™ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช; ืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจื—ื‘. ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื: ื”ื ื” ืื ื™; ื•ืื– ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื; ืืš ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื”! ืคื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืคื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื’ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื˜ืœื• ืžืžื ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืื•ืจ, ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ. ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืคื ื™ื• ื”ืกืžื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจ; ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืจืฅ. ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืงื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช โ€“ ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ื–ื” ืžื–ื• โ€“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืฉืœื™ื ืžื” ืฉืจื“ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื—ืจ? ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ื–ื”; ื•ื”ื•ื โ€“ ืื‘ืœ ืœื. ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื ืคืขืจื” ื”ืชื”ื•ื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืœื. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื™ืฉื”; ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื‘. ื›ืš, ื‘ืงืจื‘ื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืš, ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื‘ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื•. ื•ืื–, ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื—ืช, ื ื™ืชืจ ืคืœืืฉ ืืœ ื”ืกืคื” ื•ื ืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื›ื‘ ื‘ื• ืžืื– ื•ืœืขื•ืœื โ€“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ืœืจื’ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืžื” ื‘ืืจื˜ (ื•ื•ืœืฃ, 2010, ืขืž' 34).

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ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื–ื” ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ โ€“ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื‘ืข ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ โ€“ ืžื‘ืข ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืขื ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื (ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ืข ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืจืื• ืจืžื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ืŸ, 1984, 2016). ืื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช: "ื”ื ื” ืื ื™ [...] ืืš ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื”!"; "ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืžื” ืฉืจื“ื•ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื—ืจ?" ื”ืื ืืœื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช? ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘? ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข? ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืชืžืกืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ. ืžืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœืืฉ ื‘ืืจื˜ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื: "ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืฆื•ืช" ื•"ืคื” ืจื—ื‘". ืœื”ืœืŸ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื”ืจืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื”ื.

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"ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”"

ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”" live company)) ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื•ืืจื– ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื ื•ื›ื— ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื• ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื’ืœื™ืช ื’ืžืคืœ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื ื— "ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”": "ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื—ื™ ื•ื ื•ืฉื, ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช" (ื’ืžืคืœ, 2005). ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ืืจื˜ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”. ื‘ืืจื˜ ื•ืคืœืืฉ ืฉื•ืื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ื™ื โ€“ ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื–ื• ืœื–ื•. ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”", ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื ื‘, ื•ืืช ืชืจื•ืžืชื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.

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"ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื™"

ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืชื•ืš-ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, 2011; ืืจื•ืŸ, 2013; ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ, 2013; ื’ื ื˜, 2013; ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, 2003, 2009; ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ื•ืืจื•ืŸ, 2013; ืคืจื ืฆื™, 2003, 2013;Bromberg, 1998; Davies, 1994; Hoffman, 1994, 1998; Renik, 1996; Sullivan, 1953, 1954). ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื” (me-ness) ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืฉืชืงืคื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืืช ืชื™ื’ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื—ืฉืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”, ื•ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืื—ืจ. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืžื ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“. (ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ, 2013). ืืจื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ" ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืขืฆืžื ื• (ืืจื•ืŸ, 2013, ืขืž' 260โ€“293).

ืื ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’ (ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’, 2013; Bromberg, 1998, 2006), ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™, ื”ืกื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื "ืื—ืจ" ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืžืชื•ื•ืš ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกืืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื• Standing in the Spaces ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื›ื‘ืขืœืช "ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™". ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืœืคื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’, ื•ื’ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืจื•ืŸ, 2013; ื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜, 2003; ื”ืจืžืŸ, 2017; ืคืจื ืฆื™, 2003, 2013; Davies, & Frawley, 1994; Stern, 1997; Sullivan, 1953, 1954), ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ืžืชื•ืงืฃ. ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžื ื˜ืจืœื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื•ืงืคืช ื”ืื“ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช, "ื‘ื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ", ืœืงืจืืช ืืกื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืจื‘. ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชื™ืงื•ืฃ ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ื›ืš ืžื’ืœื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืžื’ืข ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”. ืœืคื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’, ืจืื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื”. ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•:

ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’ ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื• ืœื”ืื–ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืง ืœืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืื• ืœื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืžืžื•ืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™. "ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™: ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ", ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ (ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ ื•ืืจื•ืŸ, 2013, ืขืž' 448).

ื’ื ื”ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืืจื˜ ื‘ืคืœืืฉ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”, ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืคืœืืฉ ื”ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื”. ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืข ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™, ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ืข ืื—ื“. ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื–ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’, ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื—ื™ื™ืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ (enactment) ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื•ืฉืชืงื™ื. ื“ืจืš ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืœื ืกื— ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืกืชืจ ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื“ืจืš ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช.

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ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื•

ืขื•ืฆืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ืขื ืคื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื• (ืจืื• ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืืžืจ). ืฉืคืข ื”ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืจืฉื™ื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืงืฉืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืจืคื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ืคืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ (ื’ืจื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, 2010).

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื›ื• ื’ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ืœื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื›ื—ื™ื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ื•ืชื• ื•ืœืื™ืœื•ืคื•. ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืงืจื‘ืจื•ืก ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื, ืฉื•ืžืจื• ื”ื ืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืก ืืœ ื”ืฉืื•ืœ (ืขื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžืชื›ืชื‘ืช ืจื•ืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื“ืจืš ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืคืœืืคื™ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื). ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืœืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืชื’ืœื ื’ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ืื ื•ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืจื™ืช, ื”ื›ืœื‘-ื”ืชืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืืคื•ื ื”ืŸ ืžืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคืจื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ (ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, 2002; ืฉื•ืจืง 2004).

ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื‘ ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื• ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™. ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืœื›ืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1928 "ื›ื•ืฉื™ ื›ืœื‘ ืงื˜" ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื“ื” ืขืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจ. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื•ื‘ื”ืงืช ืœืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ ืคืจืคืจ ื ื—ืžื“" ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืคื ื™ื” ื‘ืจื’ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ (1945) ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืงืฆืจ "ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื”ื ืืžืŸ":

ืžึดื™ ื ื•ึนื‘ึตื—ึท ื›ึผึธืœ ื”ึทื–ึผึฐืžึทืŸ?

ื–ึถื” ื›ึผึทืœึฐื‘ึผึดื™ ื”ึทื ึผึถืึฑืžึธืŸ

ื–ึถื” ื›ึผึทืœึฐื‘ึผึตื ื•ึผ ื”ึทืฉึผืื•ึนืžึตืจ

ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื˜ื•ึนื‘ ืื•ึนืžึตืจ.

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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจ โ€“ ืฉื ืช 1945 โ€“ ืžื•ื‘ืœื˜ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘. ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ืจื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืกืชืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ื”ื ื‘ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ (ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 2004; ื ืฅ ื•ืืจื“, 2008). ื‘ืื™ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ ืคืจืคืจ ื ื—ืžื“" ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœื‘ ื–ืื‘ ืื• ืจื•ืขื” ื’ืจืžื ื™, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื›ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘. ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื” ื•ืชืงื™ืคื”.

ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื›ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืžืกื•ืจ. ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืง ื”ืžืงืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืงืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ื•ื’ื ืฆืขืจ ืขืžื•ืง ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข ืขื ืžื•ืชื•. ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืจื™ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœืชืืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื": "ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื™. ืกืื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชื™. ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ [...] ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ-ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื”ื ืืžืŸ, ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉื‘ ืœืฆื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ืชืžื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข-ืขืฉืจื”" (ื”ืจื™ื•ื˜, 1995, ืขืž' 7). ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš: "ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ ื—ื™, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื โ€“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื•" (ืฉื, ืขืž' 11).

ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื›ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื ืืžืŸ: ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ "ื”ืงื•ืกื ืžืืจืฅ ืขื•ืฅ" ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืง ื‘ืื•ื (1989), ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1900; ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ื ื ื”, ื”ืื•ืžื ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืคืŸ" ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžืชื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ (1989), ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-1904; ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืคื ื’ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ื’'ืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ (1958) "ืคื ื’ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ", ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘-1906; ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ืœืืกื™, ืฉืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืœื ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืœืืกื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”" ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืง ื ื™ื™ื˜ (2015), ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1940. ื•ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช: ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืคืœื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’ (1957) ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœื’ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘; ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ืงื”, ื›ืœื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืžืจ ื”ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืื—ื™ื”, ื‘ืกืคืจ "ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืืชื•" ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ (2000).

ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื ืคืœืื”, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื‘ืจืช ืฉืคืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” "ืœื ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื ื ื™" (1979); "ื•ื•ืœืคื™ื ืื” ืžื•ืžื™ ื‘ืœื•ื" (1986); "ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื™" (2004); "ืžื™ ื™ื—ื ืš ืืช ืจื•ื“ื™" (2005) ื•"ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื" (2017). ื‘ืกืคืจื” "ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื–ืจื—ื™ ืœื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื›ืœื‘ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ: "ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืคื•ื’ื’ ืืช ืชืขืœืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™" (ื–ืจื—ื™, 2017 ืขืž' 97). "ืฉื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื›ืœื‘ื” ืคืจื ืฆ'ืกืงื”", ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจื—ื™ ืœื›ืœื‘ืชื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจ ("ืืช ืฉืคื ื™ื™ืš ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื/ ื›ืคื ื™ ืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืกื‘ืจื™"), ืžืชื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืข ืขื ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ืœื•ืžืกื‘ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืœื‘ ืคืœืืฉ.

ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื•ืช, ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ืกื•ืŸ (2009) ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“". ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1938, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืชืจื’ืžื• ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืชื• ืื ื” ืกืคืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืžืืจื™ ื‘ื•ื ืคืจื˜ื” ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ืช. ื”ืกืคืจ ("ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ ื”ืฆ'ืื• ื‘ืขืœืช ืคืจื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘") ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืœื‘ื” ื˜ื•ืคืกื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืœืžืชื”. ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ืื ื”, ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ืกื•ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืกื“ืง ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื”ื—ืœืžืชื• ืฉืœื•. ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื”. ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืื“ืžื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื ืคืจื˜ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ืชื• ืืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื”ืฆ'ืื• ืฉืœื•. ื™ื•-ืคื™ ื›ืœื‘ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ืกืคืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืงืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•-ืคื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื? ืื™ืœื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืจืจื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื“? ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ื ืืจื’ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื›ืœื‘ื• ื”ื“ืขืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืฉื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•-ืคื™ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช โ€“ ืจื—ืจื•ื—, ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฃ, ืœื™ืงื•ืง โ€“ ื•ื’ื ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ืช. ืžื” ืคื’ืฉื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื“ืจื›ื”? ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื” ืžืชื—ื“ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช.

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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช: ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื•ื›ืชื

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™) ื•ืื ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื™ืœื“ ื—ื›ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืกืงืจืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช. ื›ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ. ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ื™ืœื“ ืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืงืกื™ื ืฉ"ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจื ืงืฉื”". ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื (ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ) ื•ืืฉืคื•ื–ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืžืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื—ืฉ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืจื‘ ื›ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ ืจื‘ ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื•, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ "ื ื•ื›ื— ื ืคืงื“" ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืกืชื‘ืš ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื— ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉืกืžื•ืš ืœืœื™ื“ืชื• ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ. ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžืชื—, ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ. ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืฉื ื›ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื•. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ืช ื•ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™.

ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืœื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื. ื›ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืชืฉื•ืงืชื• ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ืงื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช. ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืžืชืœื”ื‘ ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช, ืืš ื–ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ; ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื–ื–ื™ืชื™ ื•ืงื•ืคืฅ ืžืžืฉื—ืง ืœืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ื ื•ื—, ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืฉืืงืจื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘. ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืืœื™ื•, ืื• ืฉื–ื™ื”ื™ืชื™ ืืฆืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื“ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ "ื”ืงืคื™ืฆื™ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืืชืืจ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ืช.

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ืชืงื•ืคื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”: ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ืคื•ื ืฅ' โ€“ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™

ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื›ืœื‘ืชื™ ืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื• ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช. ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืฆืจืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื. ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื ื•ื—ืช ื”ืžื–ื’ ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืงื•ืจื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืฉื›ื•ืฉ ื–ื ื‘. ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืงื•ืฉื™.

ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉืืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ: "ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื ืฆื ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืขื ืคื•ื ืฅ'?" ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช (ืื‘ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืงืจื ื™, 2012; ืืจื•ืŸ, 2013; ื‘ืจืžืŸ, 2010; ื‘ืจืงืŸ, 2002; ื‘ืจ-ืฉื“ื”, 2009; ื˜ืจื™ืืกื˜, 2011; ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, 2009; ืžืŸ, 2014; ืคืจืœื•ื‘, 2011). ื‘ืžืืžืจื• "ื‘ื™ืŸ 'ื—ื•ืง' ืœ'ื—ื™ืง'" ืขื•ืกืง ื˜ืจื™ืืกื˜ ื‘ืฉืืœื” "ื”ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™? [...] ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืกืช ืืžืชื•ืช ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช" ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ืจื™ืืกื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขืจื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื ื’, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื” ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื‘ืงืฉืชื•. ื”ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืคืจื™ืฆืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžืชื— ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื•? ื”ืื ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืจืฆื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืชื•ืกืก ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื? ื”ืื ืฆืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ (ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื‘) ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืžืฉืืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื•ื—? ืื• ืฉืžื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืจื™ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื?

ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ Freud, 1912, 1915; Green, 1975; Winnicott, 1954) ื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืชื ืื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื•, ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• "ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช" ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ื•ืจื•ืื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืจื‘ ื‘ืžืชื— ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื™ื (Hoffman, 1998). ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ืงืฉื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืืš ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ? ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืฉืงื™ืœืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืขื ืคื•ื ืฅ'.

ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืืชื ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื•ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ื•ื”ื ืื”. ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจืžื• ืœื›ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืฅ' ืฉื”ื•ื“ืชื” ืœื ื• ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืฉื›ื•ืฉื™ ื–ื ื‘. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื›ืขืœ ืื—ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื ืจื’ืฉืช ืฉืื—ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฆื™ืจืคื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืฉื—ืงื. ื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘! ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื›ืœื•ืื™ื" ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื— ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืขื ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื• ื’ื ื‘ืื™-ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ ื•ืื•ืžืจ: "ืื™ื›ืก! ืื™ื–ื” ืงืงื™ ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”!" "ืขื•ื“ ืคืขื ืคื™ืคื™?!" ืœืคืขืžื™ื: "ื›ืœื‘ื” ืจืขื”". ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืœื” ื‘ื–ื ื‘. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื ืชืชื™ ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืคื•ื ืฅ' ืžืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื•ื’ื ืขื•ื“ื“ืชื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ื”ืื ื”ืื™-ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ืคืขืช ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ? ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืชื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื›ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืœื™ื—ืกื• ืืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ื™ืคื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื™ื (ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœืชื” ื›ืฉื ื•ืœื“ ื”ืื—). ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฉื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืคื•ื ืฅ'. "ื ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืงืงื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ืคื™". ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ืคื•ื ืฅ'. ื ื™ื›ืจ ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื•ื—ืœืฉ ืžืžื ื•, ืขื ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—.

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืืช ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืฅ' ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื. ื›ืฉื ื™ ืžืชืฆืคืชื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื›ืฉื›ื•ืฉ ื–ื ื‘ ื•ืจื—ืจื•ื— ื”ื“ื“ื™, ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื›ื ื™ืขื”, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืชื ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื ื‘ื™ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื›ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืฅ', ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ืคื•ื ืฅ' ืฉืžื—ื”", "ืคื•ื ืฅ' ืžืงื ืื”", "ืคื•ื ืฅ' ืžืคื—ื“ืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ื—ืช", ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืืช ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืžื”ืจื”ืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืœืœื ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื ื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื ื•; ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื, ืืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ื” ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืขืฆื ื”ืฆื‘ืชื• ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ื—ืฉ ืื™-ื ื—ืช.

ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื“ืจื›ื ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื”ื ืกืคืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืจื“ ืœื•ืจื ืฅ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” "ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืœื‘ื•" (ืœื•ืจื ืฅ, 1973), "ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื" ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืื™ืง-ื’ื•ื“ื•ืœ (1970). ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื, ื’ื ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื“ืจืš ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื”.

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ืžื•ืฉื ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืฆื•ืง ืื™ืชืŸ ืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืจื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ืจืžื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื˜ืœื˜ืœื” ื•ื‘ื”ืœื”. ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคื•ื ืฅ'. ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืฅ' ืžื”ื˜ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืจืขืฉ ื”ืื–ืขืงื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœืžืฆื•ืงืชื”, ื—ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื™ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ืœื” ื›ืžื’ืŸ. ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื’ื™ืœืžื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฉื‘ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืจื•ืื” ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื” ืขื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื”. ื“ืจืš ืคื•ื ืฅ' ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื•ืœืชืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืฃ.

ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื”, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืขืžื“ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื:

ื›ืœื‘ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื’ื™ืœื” ืคืœืืฉ ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”, ืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช; ืื—ื“ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ืคืจื. ืื—ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืœืฉื•ื— ื‘ื›ืจื›ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืœื™ื ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื; ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง ื‘ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื“ ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืงื•ืœืจ. ืื ื›ืš, ื”ื—ืœ ืคืœืืฉ ืœื—ืฉื•ื“, ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”; ืื—ื“ื™ื ื ื™ืฉืื™ื, ืื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืคืœื™ื; ื•ืืช ื—ืฉื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืื™ืฉืฉื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื”ืœ ื‘ื—ื˜ืฃ ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ ืจื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืžืคื•ืœ. "ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื”? ืกืชื ื‘ืŸ ื›ืœืื™ื™ื! [...] ืฉื›ื” ืื—ื™ื”, ื”ื ื” ืกืคื ื™ื™ืœ ื ืื”. ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”! [...] ื—ื‘ืœ ืฉื—ืกืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฅ ืกืœืกื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื• [...] ื”ืจื™ ืœืš ื›ืจื‘ื•ืœืช!" (ื•ื•ืœืฃ, 2010, ืขืž' 39)

ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื "ืžืกื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช" (Pludernik, 2009, p. 59). ืคื•ื ืฅ' ืžื™ืžืฉื” ืœื ื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืื ืฉืช ื—ื™ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื” โ€“ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืงื•-ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืžืกื•ืจื”.

ย 

ืชืงื•ืคืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื”: ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื›ืชื โ€“ "ืžืฆื‘ ืขืฆืžื™" ื—ื“ืฉ

ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื‘ื™ืชื ื• ื›ืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื›ืชื. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืคื•ื ืฅ', ื›ืชื ืื™ื ื• ื›ืœื‘ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืจื’ื•ืข. ื›ืชื ืื™ื ื• ื ืžื ื” ืขื ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืงืคืฆืŸ, ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื›ืชื, ืงืจื ืœื• "ื’ื‘ืจ ื’ื‘ืจ" ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื•ืžื›ื•ื—ื•. ื›ืชื ื ื”ื’ ืœื›ืฉื›ืฉ ื‘ื–ื ื‘ ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืชื™ื— ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืจื’ืข ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื ื‘ ืžืชื ื•ืขืข ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืœื‘ื•ืื•. ื“ืจืš ื›ืฉื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื ื‘ โ€“ ื“ื—ืฃ ืžื•ืœื“, ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ ื›ืœื‘ื™ โ€“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ืจื‘-ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช (ืจื™ื—, ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืฉืžื™ืขื”). ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื ื—ื•ืฅ, ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฉืžื—ื”, ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ "ืฉืœื•ื". ืืฆืœ ื›ืœื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืœื ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืžื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•.

ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืชื ื”ืžื›ืฉื›ืฉ ื‘ื–ื ื‘ื• ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืคื–ืžืช ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื: "ื›ืชื ื›ืชื ืžืชืจื’ืฉ!" (ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ "ื’ืฉื ื’ืฉื ืžื˜ืคื˜ืฃ").

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขื ื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื ื’ื™ื ื”: "ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื, ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ!"

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืื•ื•ื™ืจืช ื›ืฉื›ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื ื‘, ื•ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.

"ื‘ื•ืื™ ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื›ืชื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™", ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืื•ืชื• ืžืคื’ืฉ. ืžื” ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื? ื›ืชื ืžืงื ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ื’ืื•ื•ื”. ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืจืฆื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืชื ื”ืงื•ืคืฆื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืคื’ืฉื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืจ. ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื—ืฉืฉ ืžื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืงืจื•ืช. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ื’ืื” ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ ืื™ืžืชื ื™. ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื”, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืงืจื ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•. ื“ืจืš ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืžืฉืชืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื›ืš ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ืชื™, ืขืฉื•ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—.

ืขื“ื ื” ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ (2009) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช, ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช, ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืกืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงืงื•ืช. ื•ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ื•ืœืคื’ื•ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื›ื ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืคืข ื”ื—ื–ืงืช ืจืฆื•ืขืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืคืก ื›ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื”. ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื–ื•, ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื•ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™.

ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืงืจืชื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืชื ืžืจื—ืจื— ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื”ื. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืžืจ: "ืื ื›ืœื‘ ืื•ื›ืœ ืกืจืคื“ ื•ื’ื ืื ื›ืœื‘ ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ืžื•ืช". ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื›ืชื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืขืงื™ืคื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืžื•ื•ืช. ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืžื•ืชืจ ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื•ืžืžื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื™ืžื ืขื•. ื“ืจืš ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืืคื•ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ืžื ืข ืžืœื‘ื•ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื’ืข. ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžื—ืœื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืื”ื“ื”. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจื– ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื. ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื ื–ื™ืžื ื” ืœื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”.

ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืคื•ืกืขื™ื ืฆืขื“ื” ืžื•ืœื ื• ืฉื›ื ื”, ืคื ืชื” ืืœื™ื™ ื•ืืžืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื›ืขื•ืก: "ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœืš ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ! ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ!" ื”ืชื ืฆืœืชื™ ืžื™ื“. ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืจื’ื•ื– ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ื— ื‘ื™ ื”ืืฉืžื”. ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื ื” ืฆื“ืงื”. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืขื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ื ืฉื›ื ื™ื. ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื™ื™ืš ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ืœืื•ื–ืŸ, "ืžื‘ืกื•ื˜ ืขื“ ื”ื’ื’". ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืฆืคื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ื•ืืฉืžืชื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช "ืจืขื”". ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืขื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื™ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื”. ื ื—ืฉืคืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืขืก ื•ืขืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืชื™ ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” (ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื›ื›ืœื‘ื” [bitch] ื•ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืื ื“ืจื“ื•ื’).ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขืœื™ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ืœืง ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœื™, ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืฆื—ื•ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื›ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืขืกืช. ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื• ื™ื—ื“ ืฆืžื“ "ืžืงืก ื•ืžื•ืจื™ืฅ", ืœืฆื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช; ื—ืœืง ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืชืจื ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœ "ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื". ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืจืื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื” โ€“ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ ืœืื™ืฉื™? ื”ืื ื ื˜ื™ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื™? ื•ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื› "ื—ื•ืžืจ" ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช?

ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, "ื—ื’ื’". ืœื ื ื‘ื”ืœ. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืชื ื•ืขืœื™ื™ ื”ืžื•ืืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ื–ื•ืคื™ื, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช "ืื™ืŸ-ื•ื™ื•ื•" ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืขื™ืœื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื™ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฆื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžืฆื‘.

ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’ ื ื™ืกื— ืœื™, ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื, ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ: "ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื™ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœื• ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช-ื”ื‘ื—ื ื”, ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ" (ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’, 2013, ืขืž' 461โ€“462). ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืชืกืจื™ื˜ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืขืฉืจื”, ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืื—ืจ, ืขื ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ืœื‘ื“. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช alive ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’, ืžืชืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ืœืคื™ ืขืžื“ื” ื–ื•, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืžืžืฉื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื›ื” ื•ื’ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ืื ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช? ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื•ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืืฉืžืช ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืชืคืจืงื” ื•ืืฃ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”. ืžืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืขืฆื ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.

ืœืคื ื™ ืกื™ื•ื, ืจื’ืข ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืงืจื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•, ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืฉืžืขื ื• ื ื‘ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื›ืชื ื ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ื—ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ื—. ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื” ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื—ื“, ื”ื‘ื”ืœื” ื•ื”ืื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื ื•ืืžืจ: "ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉื ืคืœ ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืคื—ื“ื ื• ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฆืขื•ืง". ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื—ื›ื ื‘ืŸ ืชืฉืข ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืชืงื™ืคื” ื›ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข. ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, "ื›ืชื ื ื•ื‘ื— ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื—ื“" (ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืขืœ "ืคื•ื ืฅ' ื ื•ื‘ื—ืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ืช"), ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงืœื”. ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื” ื”ืชืžืจื” ืžืžืฆื‘ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.

ย 

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช-ื›ืœื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื ืคืฉ ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืชื™ืืจื” ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืจื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžื“ืœื’ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืœื›ืœื‘. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื’ื” ื•ื™ืฆืงื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™.

ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื™ื ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื. ืื•ืชื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช "ื—ื™ื”" ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช "ืื™ืŸ-ื•ื™ื•ื•", ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ืฉืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื (stand in the spaces) โ€“ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื•ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื“ืจืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช, ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืขืฆืžื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฆืžื™ ืื—ื“, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืขืฆืžื™.

ย 

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืื‘ืจื•ื ื™, ื™' ื•ืงืจื ื™, ื ' (2012). ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ: ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืงืจื”. ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื•, 295โ€“299.

ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ืกื•ืŸ, ืž' (2009). ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื’ืžื•ื ื“ ืคืจื•ื™ื“: ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ โ€“ ืžื•ืจืฉืชื• ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช (ื—' ืขืžื™ืช ืžืชืจื’ืžืช). ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื›ืชืจ.

ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, ืช"ื” (2011). ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™: ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืข' ื‘ืจืžืŸ ื•ืฉ' ื•ื™ื’ื•ื“ืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืขืœ ืื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื ย (ืขืž' 216โ€“234). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืืจื•ืŸ, ืœ' (2013). ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจ: ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ: ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” (ืขืž' 260โ€“293). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.ย 

ื‘ืื•ื, ืœ"ืค (1989). ื”ืงื•ืกื ืžืืจืฅ ืขื•ืฅ (ื‘' ืื‘ืŸ-ื–ื”ืจ ืžืชืจื’ืžืช). ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช.

ื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜, ืž' (2003). ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“/ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”.

ื‘ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“' (2004). ื’ื“ืจ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื”. ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ (ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜).

ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ, ื’' (2013). ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื”ืจืก: ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืก"ื ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ืž"ืœ ืืจื•ืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ืช: ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช (ืขืž' 228โ€“261). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื‘ืจื•ืžื‘ืจื’, ืค"ืœ (2013). ืฆืœ ื•ืžื”ื•ืช: ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืก"ื ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ืž"ืœ ืืจื•ืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ืช: ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ย (ืขืž' 447โ€“477). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื‘ืจ-ืฉื“ื”, ื ' (2009). ืืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื”: ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ืคื’ืขื™ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ืืชืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.

ื‘ืจื’ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืค' (1945). ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ ืคืจืคืจ ื ื—ืžื“. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“.

ื‘ืจื™, ื’"ืž (1989). ืคื™ื˜ืจ ืคืŸ (ื' ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžืชืจื’ืžืช). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืกืคืจื•ืช.

ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืข' (2010). ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื—ื“ื”: ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืžื•ืช? ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ื›ื” (1), ืขืž' 211โ€“212.

ื‘ืจืงืŸ, ื' (2002). ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”-Setting ืื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ. ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ื™ื–(1), ืขืž' 39โ€“46.

ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ืœ' (1957). ืื™ื” ืคืœื•ื˜ื•. ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื”: ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.

ื’ืžืคืœ, ื’' (2005). ืžื‘ื•ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื' ืืœื•ื•ืจื–, ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”: ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืžื—ืกื›ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช (ื' ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืจื’ืžืช). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื’ื ื˜, ืข' (2013). ืžื–ื•ื›ื™ื–ื, ื›ื ื™ืขื”, ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช: ืžื–ื•ื›ื™ื–ื ื›ืกื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืก"ื ืกื˜ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ืž"ืœ ืืจื•ืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ืช: ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช (ืขืž' 262โ€“297). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื’ืจื•ืกืžืŸ, ื“' (2000). ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืจื•ืฅ ืืชื•. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“.

ื’ืจื ื“ื™ืŸ, ื˜' ื•ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืง' (2010). ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื (ืž' ืฉืคืก ืžืชืจื’ืžืช). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืืจื™ื” ื ื™ืจ.

ื”ืจื™ื•ื˜, ื’' (1995). ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื (ืข' ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจื’ ืžืชืจื’ืžืช). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ื”ืจืžืŸ, ื’"ืœ (2017). ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืžื”. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ื•ื•ืœืฃ, ื•' (2010). ืคืœืืฉ (ืœ' ื ื™ืจื’ื“ ืžืชืจื’ืžืช). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื—ืžื“.

ื–ืจื—ื™, ื ' (1979). ืœื ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื ื ื™. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.

ื–ืจื—ื™, ื ' (1986). ื•ื•ืœืคื™ื ืื” ืžื•ืžื™ ื‘ืœื•ื. ื’ื‘ืขืชื™ื™ื: ืžืกื“ื”.

ื–ืจื—ื™, ื ' (2004). ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื™. ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช: ืงื•ืจืื™ื.

ื–ืจื—ื™, ื ' (2005). ืžื™ ื™ื—ื ืš ืืช ืจื•ื“ื™. ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื’ืช: ืงื•ืจืื™ื.

ื–ืจื—ื™, ื ' (2017). ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื™ื. ืจืžืช ื’ืŸ, ืืคื™ืง ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช.

ื˜ืจื™ืืกื˜, ื™' (2011). ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื—ื•ืง" ืœ"ื—ื™ืง". ืืชืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.

ื›ืฆื ืœืกื•ืŸ, ืข' (2009). ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื. ื›ื•ื•ืจืช, 17, ืขืž' 57โ€“60.

ืœื•ืื™ืง-ื’ื•ื“ื•ืœ, ื’' (1970). ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื (ืž' ืืœื™ืื‘ ืžืชืจื’ืžืช). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“/ืืคื™ืงื™ื.

ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื’' (1958). ืคื ื’ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ (ืž' ืื‘ื™-ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืชืจื’ื). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื’ื“ื™ืฉ.

ืœื•ืจื ืฅ, ืง' (1973). ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืœื‘ื• (ื™' ื›ืจื•ืกื˜ ืžืชืจื’ื). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื“ืจ.

ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, ืก"ื (2003). ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ืคื—ื“ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” (ื' ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืจื’ืžืช). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, ืก"ื (2009). ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ื•ืช: ืžื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื˜ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช (ืข' ืคื›ืœืจ ืžืชืจื’ื). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ, ืก"ื ื•ืืจื•ืŸ, ืœ' (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื) (2013). ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ืช: ืฆืžื™ื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืžืŸ, ื’' (2014). "ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื": ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ื™. ืžืืจื’, ื”, 153โ€“169.

ื ื™ื™ื˜, ื' (2015). ืœืืกื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” (ื™' ื›"ืฅ ืžืชืจื’ื). ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ: ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ื ืฅ, ืจ' ื•ืืจื“, ืž' (2008). ืžืงื•ื ื”ื˜ืขื: ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆืœื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืื—ื•ื–ืช ื‘ื™ืช.

ืคืจืœื•ื‘, ืž' (2011). ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื”: ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ? ืืชืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.

ืคืจื ืฆื™, ืฉ' (2003). ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“/ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”.

ืคืจื ืฆื™, ืฉ' (2013). ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ (ืข' ื‘ืจืžืŸ ืขื•ืจืš; ื' ื•ืกืจืžืŸ ืžืชืจื’ืžืช) , ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืจืžื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ืŸ, ืฉ' (1984). ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•. ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื, ืขืž' 107โ€“111.

ืจืžื•ืŸ-ืงื™ื ืŸ, ืฉ' (2016). ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช. ืจืขื ื ื”: ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ื›ืจืš ื', ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” 7, ืขืž' 321โ€“347.

ืฉื•ื•ืจืฅ, ื™' (2002). ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“. ืขืœ ืืชืจ: ื‘ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช, ื™ื‘, 47โ€“82.

ืฉื•ืจืง, ื™' (2004). ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื—ื–"ืœ. ื”ื™ื“ืขืŸ โ€“ ืืชืจ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

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ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื

ื™ื•ืกื™ ืื‘ื•ืœืคื™ื”, ื›ืœื‘ ื—ืชื•ืœ ื•ืื™ืฉ

ย 

ืจืŸ ืื”ืจื•ื ื•ื‘-ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืจื™ ืจื•ื–ื•ื‘ืกืงื™, ืžื™ืฆื™

ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื” ืื•ื‘ืจื›ื˜, ื—ื•ื˜"ื ื›ืœื‘ (ื›ืžืขื˜) ืžื•ืฉืœื

ื™ื•ื’'ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืœ, ืฆื•ื•ืืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ืก

ืื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืกืฆ'ื•ื‘, ืกื•ื ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื”

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ื•ืœื’ืงื•ื‘, ืœื‘ ื›ืœื‘

ืคืกืงืœ ื‘ื™ื˜, ื›ืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ื™ืจื•ืง

ืื ื™ื“ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ืช

ื™ืขืœ ื‘ืŸ-ื‘ืจื•ืš, ืจื™ื–ื™ืง

ืชืžืจ ื‘ืจื’ืžืŸ, ืžื•ืง

ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื•ื•ืœ, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื“ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื

ืœื™ืื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืฉ-ืžื•ืจื’ื ืฉื˜ืจืŸ, ืžื–ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘

ืืŸ ื’ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฉื ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘

ื™ืขืœ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ, ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืืฃ ื•ื–ื ื‘

ืœืื” ื’ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจื’, ืื™ื” ืคืœื•ื˜ื•

ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ืžื•ื˜ื”) ื’ื•ืจ, ืขื–ื™ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ื”ืฆื ื—ื ื™ืช

ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ืžื•ื˜ื”) ื’ื•ืจ, ืขื–ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืจ

ืžืจื“ื›ื™ (ืžื•ื˜ื”) ื’ื•ืจ, ืขื–ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

ืจื•ืชื™ ื’ื ื•ืจ, ืชื•ืชื™ ื›ืœื‘ ืคืจืกื•ืžืช

ืืจื ืช ื’ืจื•ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื ืžืฉ

ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื’ืŸ, ืžืืจืœื™ ื•ืื ื™

ืืœื›ืก ื’ืจืœื ื“, ื›ืœื‘ ืฉื—ื•ืจ

ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ื“ื’ืŸ, ืฆ'ื™ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื˜ื•

ื™ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื”, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืื”ื‘ื”

ื—ื ื” ื”ื•ืจืŸ, ืฉื—ื•ืจื™

ื™ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืคื™ื™ื˜ืจ

ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืจื™ื•ื˜, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื

ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืจื™ื•ื˜, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื

ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื”ืจื™ื•ื˜, ืจืง ื”ื‘-ื”ื‘ ืื—ื“

ืžืืจืง ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืœื™ืœื”

ื“ืœื™ืง ื•ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฅ, ืœื ืจืง ื˜ื•ืœื™ืค ื™ื›ื•ืœ

ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื•ืœืฃ, ืคืœืืฉ

ืจื•ื–ืžืจื™ ื•ืœืก ื•ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื’'ืคืจืก, ื“ืคื™ ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช

ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ืจื—ื™, ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ืœื™ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ืจื—ื™, ื•ื•ืœืคื™ื ืื” ืžื•ืžื™ ื‘ืœื•ืย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ืจื—ื™, ืœื ืœื’ืจืฉ ืืช ื ื ื™ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ื ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ืจื—ื™, ืžื™ ื™ื—ื ืš ืืช ืจื•ื“ื™

ื—ื•ื” ื˜ืœ, ืœื ืžืคื—ื“ ืžื›ืœื‘ื™ื

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืคื•ืœืกืงื™, ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืื•ื–ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”

ื‘ืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืกืคืกื‘ืจื’, ืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™ ืจืฆื™ืคื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื

ืœื™ืื•ืจื” ื›ืจืžืœื™, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจ

ืืœื™ื” ืœื•ื™, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ื”

ื’'ืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืคื ื’ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ

ื’'ืง ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืกืžื•ืง ื‘ืœื™ื•

ืงื•ื ืจื“ ืœื•ืจื ืฅ, ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืœื‘ื•

ืืกืฃ ืœื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ืฅ, ื™ื•ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ื”

ืคืื•ื•ืœื•ืก ืžืื˜ืกื™ืก, ื”ืืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘

ืื›ืกืœ ืžื•ื ืชื”, ืžื’ื™ืœืช ืกืŸ ืžื™ืงืœื”

ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืžื•ืจืคื•ื’ื•, ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืจื•ืฅ

ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžืขื•ื–-ืœื•ื™, ื’ืœื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืœื— ื•ืคืœืคืœ

ื™ืงื™ ืžื ืฉื ืคืจื•ื™ื ื“, ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ื”ื›ืœื‘

ืืœื™ื–ื‘ื˜ ืžืจืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื

ืกืžื•ืื™ืœ ืžืจืฉืง, ื’ื‘ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื›ืœื‘ืœื‘

ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื“ ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื“ื•ื•ืœ, ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ

ืืจื™ืง ื ื™ื™ื˜, ืœืืกื™ ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”

ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืง, ืžืกืขื•ืชื™ ืขื ืฆ'ืจืœื™

ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืกืžื™ืช, 101 ื“ืœืžื˜ื™ื

ืžื•ืจื™ืก ืกื ื“ืง, ื”ื™ื’ืœื˜ื™ ืคื’ืœื˜ื™ ืคื•ืค

ืฉ"ื™ ืขื’ื ื•ืŸ, ื›ืœื‘ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช

ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืžืจ, ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื ื•-ื ื•-ื ื•

ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืžืจ, ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื ื•-ื ื•-ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”

ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจื™ื’ืช, ืฉื ื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“

ืื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื›ื•ื‘, ืขืจืžื•ื ื™ืช

ืฉื ื™ืจ ืœืื” (ืขื•ืจื›ืช), ื”ืคื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื

ืืจืชื•ืจ ืงื•ื ืืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืœ, ื›ืœื‘ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืกืงืจื•ื•ื™ืœ

ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ืคื ื™ืก, ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ื’ื•ืจื™ื”

ืืคืจื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ืจืจืช

ืื ื” ืงืžืค, ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืืœื˜

ื™ื•ืจื ืงื ื™ื•ืง, ืคื™ื™ืจ

ื™ื•ืจื ืงื ื™ื•ืง, ืื“ื ื‘ืŸ ื›ืœื‘

ืืฉืจ ืงืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™

ื™ืขืœ ืจื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื‘ื•

ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืจื™ื™, ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœื”

ืื•ืจื™ ืจืžื•ืŸ, ื”ืคื•ื™ื ื˜ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืœื“

ืžืื™ืจ ืฉืœื•, ืคื ื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœืžืจืขื”

ื—ื™ื” ืฉื ื”ื‘, ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืขื ื’'ื™ื ื’'ืจ

ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืชืžื•ื–, ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืจื™ื–ื™ย