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ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช

ื“"ืจ ืื™ืœื ื” ืœื—, ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื–ื™ื ื™

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื•ืจื”, ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช, ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื’ืข ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื ืžื•. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื˜ืจื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืžื’ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ืืœื• ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื˜ืจื•ื-ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื.

ย 

ืžื‘ื•ื

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื•ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืžื’ืข ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ, ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื‘ืขื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” (ECT โ€“ Expressive Therapies Continuum) ืžืชืืจื•ืช ืœื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืง ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช (Lusebrink et al., 2013) ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช: ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”โ€“ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืงื™ื ืกืชื˜ื™ืช-ืกื ืกื•ืจื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื•ืช; ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” โ€“ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ืช-ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช โ€“ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”, ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช; ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช-ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืข ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืžืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืงื™ื ืกืชื˜ื™ืช-ืกื ืกื•ืจื™ืช. ื–ื• ืจืžื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”. ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื’ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ื-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจื•ื-ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื’ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืงืฃ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.

ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืชืื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื•, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคืฉื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื. ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชืืคืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื-ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื, ืกืžื™ื›ื™ื, ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื•ืช "ืกื—ืœืข". ืžื•ื ื— ื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ืจ ื‘ืกืœื ื’ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, ื”ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™. ืœืžืฉืœ: ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืœืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื‘ื• ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื”, ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช: ืกื•ืœืจ, ื—ื•ืœ, ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ืขื•ื‘ืฉ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืชืืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ืกืžื™ื›ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื ืœืขื™ืกื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”"ืกื—ืœืข" ื›ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช.

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ: ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ื™ืฆืจื™, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื•ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืœืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื”, ื›ืคื•ื™ื” ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ืช. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื—ื™, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืื•ืคื™ื• ืงืคื•ื ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ (Terr, 1989). ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื ื‘ืกืก ืืช ื“ื™ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื’ื™ืฉืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืชื”. ื”ืžืืžืจ ื™ื ืกื” ืœืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช.

ย 

ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช

ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ืชื•ืžืก ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ (2008) ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืขืžื“ื” ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืžื’ืขื™ืช" ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: "ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืžื’ืขื™ ืžื•ืžืฉื’ ื›ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™, ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื“ื-ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืขื ื™ืง ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ื—ื•ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื" (ืฉื, ืขืž' 79). ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื–ื” ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืชืœืš ื•ืชืชืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืžื’ืข ื›ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื–'ืืŸ ืคื™ืื–'ื” (1969) ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“. ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืคื™ืื–'ื”, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ (0โ€“18 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื) ืขืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื’ื•ืคื• ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื "ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื" ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™, ืชื•ืš ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ. ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืชืืจ ื›ืืŸ.

ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืคื– (2006) ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื•ืงื•ืจ, ืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื™ื•ืช, ื—ืกืคื•ืก ื•ื—ืœืงื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœื“ืขืชื”, ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชืœื•ื•ืช ื’ื ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืจื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืืช ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื•, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืžื—ื™ืงื” ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจ. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžื’ืข ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื. ืœื“ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื–, ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืคืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืจืคื– ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ ืืช ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™-ืžื’ืขื™, ื”ืžืฉื’ื” ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื˜ืจื•ื-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื–ื”. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื: ื”ื‘ื—ื ื”, ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ืช, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื’ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืฉืจ ื•ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืขื™ืžืŸ ืืช ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉื ืœื•ื•ื” ืืœื™ื”.

ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™. ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืœื“ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ ืžื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ืœื• ืžื“ื™, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื—ื–ืง ืžื“ื™ ื ืจืฉืžืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืžื’ืข ื›ื›ื•ืื‘ ืื• ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืื™ืžื• ืขื˜ืคื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืคื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ืžื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื ืขื™ื, ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืžื’ืข ื›ื ืขื™ื. ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื ืจืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืžืชืืจ ื”ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ ืืจื™ืš ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ (Neumann, 1954) ื›ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืืžื; ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืชื•ื›ื” ืžืชืคืชื— ื”ืื’ื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืช ืœื”ืŸ ืขืจืš ืจื’ืฉื™ (ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, 2011). ืœื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื ืจืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื’ื•. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ื•ื•ืช ื›ื›ืืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ื• ืฉื™ืชืคืชื—. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื–ื• ืฆื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื–ื• ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื—ื•ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•. ื”ืื’ื• ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœืชืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื•ืœืขืจืš ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืื’ื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ืžืžื ื”. ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืชื—ื–ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื”, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช.

ย ื—ื ื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™), ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื”, ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ื™ื•ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื’ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”. ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืงืฆืฃ. ื—ื ื” ืžืชืžืกืจืช, ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืงืฆืฃ ื•ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืื™ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืงืฆืฃ ื ืขืœื. "ื ืขื™ื ืœื™", ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช, ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ืžืฉืงืคื™ื” ื•ืฉืžื” ืงืฆืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ืจืืฉื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช. ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื. ื—ื ื” ืฉืžื” ืงืฆืฃ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ื’ืขืช. ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืงืฆืฃ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื—ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื—ืžืžืช ืžื™ื ื•ืžื ื’ื‘ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆืฃ. ื‘ื›ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื ื” ืžืชื’ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื ื” ืžืชืืจืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช. ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื” ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืขื ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื•ืงืฆืฃ. ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงืช ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฆื‘ืข ืœืงืฆืฃ ื•"ืžืฉื›ืคืœืช" ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช. ืžื’ืข ื”ืงืฆืฃ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื˜ื•ืคื”, ืžืœื•ื˜ืคืช ื•ืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื”. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื›ืš ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื”. ืจื™ื— ื”ืงืฆืฃ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื”, ืฉืื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืงืฉืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ. ื”ืื‘ ื ืคื˜ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ื ื” ื—ืฉื” ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืขื– ืืœื™ื•. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงืฆืฃ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื, ืฉื“ืจื›ื” ืขืœื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื‘ ื•ืœื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขื ื”ืงืฆืฃ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื™, ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”, ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื—ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื’ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื‘ืขืœื”.

ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื’ื ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื”.

ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื•ืžื’ืœื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืจืง ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ "ืžื’ืขื™ืœ" ืื• "ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš". ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ (2011) ื“ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื•ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื•ืจืืœื™ ื•ื”ืื ืืœื™ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื”, ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ื•ืคืœื™ื˜ื”. ืขื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื”ืื’ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื”, ื•ืื– ื’ื ื ื›ื ืก ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข. ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืข โ€“ ื”ืจืืฉ, ื”ืื’ื• ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื โ€“ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข โ€“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื, ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื•ื”ืื“ืžื”. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืžื•ืงื ืœืžื˜ื” ื•ืžืื—ื•ืจ ื ืชืคืก ื›ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืขืœ, ื‘ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืข ื•ื‘ื—ื˜ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ืŸ. ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืงื™ื•ืŸ ืœืœื›ืœื•ืš, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืœื˜ื”ืจื”.

ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืจื™ ื“ื’ืœืก ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš "ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ื”ืจืื•ื™" (ื“ื’ืœืก, 2004, ืขืž' 11). ื›ืžื• ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, ื’ื ื“ื’ืœืก ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื—ืœื˜. ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜, ื•ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ. ื“ื’ืœืก ืกื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืงืคื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ืื™-ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ืœื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืกื“ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืžื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจ, ืžื” ื˜ืžื ื•ืžื” ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื ืฉืงืคืช ืœื˜ืžื ื•ืžื”ื˜ืžื. ื”ืžืฉื’ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื›ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื•ืคืจ-ืื’ื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช: ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ื”ืžื•ืคืง ืžื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื ืืœื™ ืžื•ื“ื—ืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื—ืฃ (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 2008ื‘) ื•ืžืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืขืœ (ืคืจื•ื™ื“, 2008ื). ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืกื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉื’ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื ื’, ืฉืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืขื ื’ ืœื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ืืฉืžื”, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืืจื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืขืœ, ื‘ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ, ื‘ืจื•ืข ื•ื‘ื—ื˜ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื, ื‘ืจื•ืš ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื’ ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ.

ื‘ืžืืžืจื” โ€œChocolate or Shitโ€ (1998Aldridge, ) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืœื™ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืืœื“ืจื™ื“ื’' ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืขื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ โ€“ ื›ืืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื: ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฆืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืœืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืงื™ ืœืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“. ืืœื“ืจื™ื“ื’' ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœื” ื‘ื”ื ื ื–ืงืงื• ืœื”ื–ื ื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืจืง ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื—ืกืš ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื ืคื’ืขืช ืื• ืœื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ (ืจื‘ื™ื’ืจ, 1993). ื›ืš, ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”"ืงื•ื‘ื‘ื”" ืžื‘ื•ืฅ ืื• ืžื—ื™ืžืจ ื™ื™ืชืคืกื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™. ืืœื“ืจื™ื“ื’' ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืจืžื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืงื™ ืœืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื”: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืจืš ื•ื”ื–ื ื” ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืจืš. ื›ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื–ื‘ืœ ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืžื–ื™ืŸ: "ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช" (Aldridge, 1998, p. 9).

ืœืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื "ื”ืžืœื›ืœื›ื™ื" ื”ืืœื• โ€“ ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ืืœื“ืจื™ื“ื’', ืฉืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืžืกื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืœืจื’ืฉ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืขืœ ืœื™ื•ืคื™, ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ (ืฉื). ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื˜ืื‘ื•ืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ, ืžื•ื•ืช, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ืกื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”. ื›ืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ื ื•ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข. ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืืžืจ.

ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™: ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื โ€“ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื›ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื›ื•ื•ื ื”. ื›ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื›ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ, ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื˜ืจื•ื-ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื”ืžื™ืœื”. ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื˜ืจื•ื-ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื˜ื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจืชื, ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ื›ืžื• ืื•ื›ืœ (ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค, ื—ืจื“ืœ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”), ืงืฆืฃ ื’ื™ืœื•ื—, ื‘ื•ืฅ, ืฉืžืคื•, ืžืจื›ืš, ื—ื™ืชื•ืœ ืฉื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื, ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื•ืขื•ื“. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—, ืžื’ืข ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื”. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื˜ืจื•ื-ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืจื™ื—, ืฉืžื™ืขื” ื•ื˜ืขื. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืืช ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืคึผึฐื ื™ื.

ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื•, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ืœื• ื”ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™. ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืขืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืžืคืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช (responsive action) ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ (Moon, 2002, p. 119). ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” (acting out) ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขื ื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉื‘ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” (acting in) โ€“ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืจื›ื”, ืขื™ืกืชื™ืช, ื—ืกืจืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช.

ย ืขืคืจื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™), ื‘ืช 25, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ ื™ื•ื, ืขื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคืœื”. ืขืคืจื” ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืฉ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื•ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ืืช ืื™ืžื” ื›ืื™ืฉื” ืžื ื•ืชืงืช. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ื”ื’ื” ืขืคืจื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืฆืขื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืœื—ืจื•ื˜ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ, ืื• ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืกืžืจื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉืฉื™ืงืคื• ืืช ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคื ื ืฉืœื”. ืฉื‘ื™ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื—ืžื™ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ื—ื•ื ื•ืจื•ืš ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ืช ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชื•ืคื ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื” ืœื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืฆืขื™ื ืจื›ื™ื ืื• ื“ืงื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืคืจื” ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื˜ื— ืงืฉื™ื— ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื• ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื˜ืจื•ื-ื—ื•ืžืจ: ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื•ื‘ื•ืฅ. ืœืื—ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืงืฉื” ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœืช. ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืจื™ืชืงื” ืืช ืขืคืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ื” ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”: ื”ื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื›ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื” (ื’ื•ืืฉ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืฉืขืจื‘ื‘ื” ืขื ืžืจื›ืš ืฉื™ืขืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืง) ื•ืื™ืชื• ืขื‘ื“ื”. ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืืžืจื” ื‘ืฆื—ื•ืง ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืขืจื™ืกื”. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ืงืฉื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืขืœืชื” ืชื›ื ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืื ื”ืงืฉื”" ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช "ื”ืื ื”ืจื›ื”" ืฉื—ืกืจื” ืœื”. ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื˜ืจื•ื-ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืืžื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืขืคืจื” ืœืขื‘ื“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขื ืื™ืžื”, ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืจืžื” ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช/ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”-ETC (Lusebrink et al., 2013). ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืจืžื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืขืคืจื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื• ื›ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืื•ื›ืœ (ื‘ื™ืฆื”) ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืกืš ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•. ื‘ืจืžื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืฉืžืžื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืงื•ืข ืืคืจื•ื— ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” "ื”ืืคืจื•ื—ื™ืช" ืฉืขืคืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.

ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื˜ืจื•ื-ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื ืฉืœื˜ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ: ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืชืขื”. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช, ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขื ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืžื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื“ื”ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื•ืžื•ืฉืš, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื’ื•ืืฉ, ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ืžื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืจืงืžื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื–ืžืŸ ืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืคืชื— ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.

ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืืกืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉืžืงื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื”" (Rubin, 1978, pp. 37โ€“38). ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ืง ืื™ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื•. ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื—ืงื™ืจืชื•. ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืชื ืกื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืžื’ืœื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉืช ื ืคืฉื•. ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืฉื‘ื“ืงื• ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“.

ื”ื›ื™ืžืื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื• ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืกื‘ื™ื‘ื. ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืฆืžื—ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืกื” ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื "ื ื—ื•ืชื™ื" ื•"ื ืขืœื™ื", ื•ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื (Klossowski de Rola, 1973). ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื˜ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื›ืš ืœื•ืžื“ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื, ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช; ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ืช ื ืฆืจ: "ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืืช ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืช ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ืžืกืชืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืœืžื•ื•ืช" (ื ืฆืจ, 2004, ืขืž' 14). ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืžืคืชื™ืขื™ื. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ืืœื ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง ื’ื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืชื ืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™: ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžื’ืข, ืจื™ื—, ื˜ืขื, ืฆื‘ืข, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื•. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืจืžื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžืื™, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช.

ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื–ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืกื”. ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ื–ื”ื• ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘, ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืžึฐื’ึทื“ืœืช. ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืžืฉื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื: ืืฆืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ืืจื•ื˜ื™ื–ื (Freud, 1938), ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืงื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื‘ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ื–ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื•. ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืžืชื ื’ื“ ืœื”ืžืฉื’ืชื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืœื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืก ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืžืฉื”ื•, ื’ื ืœื ื›ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืฆืžื• (ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, 2011). ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืจื•ื‘ื•ืจื™ (Neumann, 1954) ื”ืžืกื•ืžืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ืœืข ืืช ื–ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืžืื”ืœืจ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (Mahler et al., 1975), ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืื™ืžื• ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื—ืช, ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืœื-ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”. ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืง" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2009ื, ืขืž' 183), ื•ืื™ืœื• ืืกืชืจ ื‘ื™ืง (Bick, 1988) ืžืชืืจืช ืžืฆื‘ ืื™-ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื— ืžืื—ื“ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื—ื“, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื›ื–ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื›ื›ื–ื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ืชืคืงื•ื“ื• ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื. ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืจื•ืื” ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืกืจ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื ื”, ืื•ืชื’ืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื–ืจื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ืคืจื ืกืก ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ืืŸ ืืœื•ื•ืืจื–, ื•ื’ื ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืจื“ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™. ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืชืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช (ื‘ืจืื–ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, 1970; ื‘ืื•ืืจ 1978; ื˜ืจื‘ืจืชืŸ, 1979; ืกื˜ืจืŸ, 1986; ืคืจื–-ืกื ืฆ'ืก 1990, ืืฆืœ ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, 1994) ืฉืžืฆืื• ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืจืื™ื ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ืงื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื’ืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“ื•ืชื• ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืžื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” (ืฉื, ืขืž' 47), ื•ื›ื™ "ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื™ืชื™" (ืฉื, ืขืž' 49), ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืœื™ืœื“ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžื ื• ืืœ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ืืœื•ื•ืืจื– (2017) ืžืชืืจืช ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืื’ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (Stern, 1985; Miller et al., 1989; Reid, 1997; Traverthen, 2001; Maganga et al., 2005; Sterenberg, 2005, ืืฆืœ ืืœื•ื•ืืจื–, 2017) ื•ื“ื ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื™-ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืชืืจืช ื‘ื™ืง. ืขืžื“ืชื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื›ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ืืœื•ื•ืืจื– ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืช-ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื”, ื•ืœื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืื™-ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื”. ื”ืžืฉื’ืชื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™-ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื”. ื’ื ืคื•ืจื“ื”ื ืึดืชื’ืจ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ ื”ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ, ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžืžื•ื–ื’, ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจื™, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ืช ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” (Astor, 1995). ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ, ื•ื’ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ (ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื’ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ ืจืื• ืœื—, 2017, ืคืจืง 3). ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ื“ื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื•.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื ืฅ" (ืกื˜ืจืŸ, 2005, ืขืž' 83) ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื•ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื”ื–ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืžืžื ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—, ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืœืฆืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื. ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2009ื), ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืคื ื™ื. ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืข ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื•, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืขื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ "ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืกื”" ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืœื ืžื ื›ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคื’ื™ืขื” (impingement) ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2009ื‘, ืขืž' 80).

ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ืขื ื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืžืจ ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื‘ื’ื•ืืฉ, ื‘ื“ื™ื•, ื‘ืฉืคืจื™ืฆืจื™ื ืขื ืฆื‘ืข ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื ืคืจื“. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื•"ืžื›ืจื‘ืœื™ื", ืจื›ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื; ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื, ืขื™ืกืช ื’ื‘ืก ืฉืื˜-ืื˜ ืžืชื—ืžืžืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืฆืžืจ ื’ืคืŸ. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ืช ื•ืจื›ื”, ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื‘ืจื—ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืโ€“ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘, ืฆื‘ืข ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฆื‘ืข, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ื›ืš, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืกื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ืช ืžืžื ื•: ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื˜ื— ืื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืžื ื™ืขื” ืืช ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื’ื•ืืฉ, ื“ื‘ืง ื•ื—ื•ืœ. ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืืฉ ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืง ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื ื ืฉืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื—ืช ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื—ืžื”. ื”ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืจืš ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ย 

ย 

ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื, ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžืจืงืžื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืขื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืคืจื” Trauma Healing at the Clay Field (2013) ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื ืœื™ื” ืืœื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงืฉืจื•ืช, ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ืืœื‘ืจื›ื˜ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉืื”ื‘ื”, ื›ืžื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืชื•ืงืฉืจืช ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ืžื’ืข (Elbrecht, 2013, p. 15). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™. ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื ืจืง ืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืชืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.

ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™-ืžื’ืขื™ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืœื ื“ืจื•ืฉื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื”. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื’ืจ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ื—ืกืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื•ืขื™ื›ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื (ืจื‘ื™ื’ืจ, 1993). ื”ื™ื ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืœื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœื“ืขืชื”, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืžืกืžืœื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™. ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.

ื›ืš ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืคืชื— ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™, ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืžืฉื’ื” ืื• ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื™ืฉ ืขืจืš ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืฆื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข. ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืืคืฉืจ ื•ื—ืงืจื ื™ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื ื” ืชืžื™ื“. ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืคื™ื”.

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ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืฉืžื ื• ืœื‘ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช-ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืฉื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ. ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ื ืขื™ืžื”, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฉืื•ืช ืขื™ืžืŸ ืืช ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื ืฆืจื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ. "ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืขื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื ืฉื ื™ืช ืืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืคื’ืขื™ื" (ื”ืจืžืŸ, 1994, ืขืž' 54), ื•ื›ืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืงืคื•ื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืชืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจื“ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.

ย "ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืืกื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื", ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื’'ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื•ืื™ืก ื”ืจืžืŸ (1994, ืขืž' 50), ืžื—ืœื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”. ืœื•ืื™ืก ื”ืจืžืŸ ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืžื•ื˜ื˜ืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ืคื’ืข, ืฉืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืงืฉืจ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืชื•.

ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉืช ื•ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืžื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื. ื”ื›ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืกื˜ื™ืŸ (1994) ืžืชืืจืช ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืขื ื”ืื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื” ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื”, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ืžื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื–ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืฉื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืคื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื™ืžื” ืขื–ื”. ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื”ื’ื ื” ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื”. ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืชืืจืช ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื• ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื’ื ืืœื•ื•ืืจื– (2017) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื•ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื”ื›ืœื” ื•ืœืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื•ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืžืชืคืจืงืช ืชื—ืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ื›ืืœื• ืฉืžืชืืจืช ื”ืจืžืŸ, ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืคืจืงื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืฉื’ื”. ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืขืฆืžื.

ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืžืคื’ืฉ ืงืฉื” ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉื™ืœื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื• ืžืฆื•ืงื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื• ื’ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื•, ื ืฆืจื‘ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืื• ืžืฆื™ืงื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืคืฉืจ, ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื–ื”. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื (Bion, 1977). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื• ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืžื”ื ื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืœื™ืš ื’ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื›ืœืœื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ืคื— ื•ืžืจืงื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.

ย ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ. ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ื™ืœื“ ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืคืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื‘ืคืฆื™ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ืžืจ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืงื•ืจื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ืขืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื ืงืฉืจ ืื– ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื›ืื‘, ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื•ื“ื•ื—ื”, ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžื’ืข ืžืขื•ืจืจ.

ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื›ื ื™ืกืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™. ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืงื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ื ืื”, ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ืงื•ื ื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™. ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืœื“ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืฆื‘ืขืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืื‘ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืกื” ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ื”ื ืื” ืžืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื™ื—ืช ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื›ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืชื ืกื” ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื™ืกื•ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืœื ืื™ืžื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืงื•ื“ื, ื”ืื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.

ื›ืฉื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฆืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”, ืœืžืฉืœ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช, ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ืก ืœื”ืŸ (ื”ืจืžืŸ, 1994). ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”, ืขื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื ืขืฉื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืขืœ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื•ื›ืื•ืก ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช: ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืœื• ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื•, ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ืื—ืช, ื›ืžื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช.

ื‘ืžื—ืงืจื” ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืชืืจืช ื’'ื ื™ ืžืจืคื™ (Murphy, 1998) ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื: ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืœื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ืฉื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืจืคื ืื• ืœื”ืจื•ื’, ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื โ€“ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื’ื•ืขืœ ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืœื ื”ื ืื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื›ื™ื. ืžืจืคื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืฆื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืœื”ื—ืฆื™ืŸ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื. ื’ื ืคืจื ืกืก ืื•ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื (O'Brien, 2004). ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื—ื•ื•ื”: ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ื”ื ืื” ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืขื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืฆื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœื• ื•ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื•, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื.

ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืจื ืกืก ืื•ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (ืฉื) ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืš (mess), ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืืจื•ืช ื›ืืŸ, ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืชื ืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื’ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ืื•ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื”, ื”ืžื ืชืงืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ, ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืงื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื˜ื˜ืช ืžืžืฆืื™ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฆื‘. ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช (Schore, 2001 Van der Kolk, 1996;, ืืฆืœ Obrian, 2004, p. 6). ืื•ื‘ืจื™ืืŸ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ื•ื–ื• ื ืฉืืจืช ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ื-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื˜ืจื•ื-ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืš ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ื•ื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ืฆืคื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืคื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืขื™ืžื”.

ื’ื ืงืจื•ืœ ืกืื’ืจ (1993), ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืœื“ืขืชื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืœื ื‘ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ืจืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ื›ื•. ืกืื’ืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื, ื”ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”: ื”ืื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืจืข. ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื•ืจื“ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืคื•ื’ืข, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืกืคืงื˜ื™ื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื”, ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื ืคื’ืข.


ืื•ืจื™ืช (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™), ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืช 14 ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœืฆื‘ืข ื—ื•ื ื”ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืื” (ืชืžื•ื ื” 3). ืื•ืจื™ืช ื’ื ื”ื–ื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”, ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื” ื•ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื ื“ืฃ ืžืžื ื” ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืื”. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืื•ืจื™ืช ืœืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœื” ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืื‘ืง ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืฉืืกืคื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ืฉืืจื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ืชื”, ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœืชื•ืš ืฆื ืฆื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื (ืชืžื•ื ื” 4), ื•ื‘ื“ืงื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืกืจื™ื—ื™ื. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื”. ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื•ืจื™ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื•ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืฉืžืžืœืืช ืื•ืชื”, ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื”. ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™, ื•ื’ื ืœื ื”ืกื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื“ืฃ ืžืžื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืกื’ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืกื™ืคืจื• ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื” ื•ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืœื•. ื”ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ (Schaverien, 1992) ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืื•ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืืœื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉื ืื•ืชืŸ. ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืขืœื” ืžื”ืฆื ืฆื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœ. ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ืช, ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ืื™ืœื ื” ืื ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื™ื—, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืืชื’ืจืช: "ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื ืฆื ืช?" ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืืœืช ืื ืื™ืœื ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืฉืœื”. ืื ืื™ืœื ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ื ื”. ืื•ืจื™ืช ื ืคื’ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืคืงื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืœื ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื’ืขื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ืžืœื‘ื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื’ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื”.

ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืงืคื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช (Terr, 1989). ื‘ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืชืืจืช ืืœื•ื•ืืจื– ืืช ื”ื—ื–ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืื• ื‘ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื”, ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช (ืืœื•ื•ืืจื–, 2017) ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช (ืืœื•ื•ืืจื–, 2005). ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชืงื•ืข. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื”, ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื’ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื (ืฉื). ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืง ืงืคื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื ืฆื ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื’ื ืœืœื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ. ื”ืฆื ืฆื ืช ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืื•ืชื ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื, ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืžืงืคื™ืื•ืช ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื”, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืขื•ืœ. ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฆื ืฆื ืช ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืคืฉ ื™ืคืขืœื• ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ื’ื™ืฉื”. ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ื. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ื–ื•, ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืชืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืื‘ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืจืคื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ืช ืœื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœื•ืช. ื›ืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืž"ืงืงื™" ื•"ื’ื•ืขืœ" ืœื”ื ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืกื” ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื ืขื™ืžื”.

ืืœื“ืจื™ื“ื’' ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื” ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืชื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช, ื•ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช: ืจืš, ื—ื•ืฉื ื™, ืกื•ื’ืจ, ืงืจ, ื—ืœืงืœืง, ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ (Aldridge, 1998). ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”"ืžื’ืขื™ืœื™ื" ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื’ื ื”ืชืœื›ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืขืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื“ืงื• ืื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื™ืื™ืจ. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ืฉืคื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืช ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื ืคืจืฆื•. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ, ืœื ืœืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช "ืฆืจื›ื™ื•", ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื•ืžื•ื›ืœ.

ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืกื” ืื—ืช, ื”ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืขืœ ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืš ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื™ืžื” ื•ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ื•ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื•ื’ืข ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืžื” ืœื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืชืืจืช ื—ื ื” ืกื’ืœ (Segal, 1957), ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืžื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืขืœ ื•ืกื™ืจื—ื•ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื”ืื’ื•. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืœื›ืœื•ืš ื•ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื’ื•ืœื (Schaverien, 1992) ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•: ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ืžืžื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื’ื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ (Schaverien, 2000) ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืฉืืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ, ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืชื—ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืชื•. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื”, ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ืœืงืช, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ืช. ื›ืš, ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืฆื ืฆื ื•ืช (ืชืžื•ื ื” 4), ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื‘ืื” ืื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืืžืจื”, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ, ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ".

ย 

ืกื™ื›ื•ื

ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื–ืžืŸ ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชืŸ, ื•ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื•. ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืื™ืžื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื•ืืœ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจื”. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘, ืฆื‘ืข ื ื›ื ืก ืœืฆื‘ืข, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืคื ืžืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ืขื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข ืžืชืžื–ื’, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื”.

ย ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื—ื•ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ืื•ืชื ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ, ืžืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืฅ, ื‘ืขื™ืกืช ื’ื•ืืฉ, ื‘ื“ื‘ืง ื’ื•ืฉื™, ื‘ืงื˜ืฉื•ืค ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื” ืจื›ื”, ื‘ืงืฆืฃ ื’ื™ืœื•ื— ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ืžืชื ืกื” ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจืชื ื•ืžื’ืœื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืžืชื ืกื” ื’ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ื“ืขืชื• ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ืข. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืงืžื•ืช ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคื ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืคื ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.

ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืชืืจื’ืŸ, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช. ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ืชืงืขื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—. ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื“ื™ืคืœื™ืช (ื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜, 2006) ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช, ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืกื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื•, ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ .

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืจื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืจื™ืจื™ื™ื ื›ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื•ืจื”, ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช, ื”ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืžื’ืข ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื ืžื•.

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช. ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจื ื ืคืจื“ื”, ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฆื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืชื”, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื•ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™, ื•ื”ื ืื” ืžืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืจื™, ื’ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ืขื™ืœ. ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื”ื ืื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื’ื•ืขืœ, ื›ืžื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืžื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื ืืœื™. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื’ื ื—ื•ืžืจ-ื˜ืจื•ื-ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš, ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืจืžื–ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ (Moon, 2002).

ย ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ึผืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช, ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช ืืœ ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืคืจืงืช ืืช ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื™ืžืชื ื™ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืคืฉืจ. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืคื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื•ื›ืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจื”. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืื• ื›ื™ืคื™, ืืœื ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช (Segal, 1957), ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืกื” ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ.

ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข. ื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื›ึธืœ (ืกื™ืžื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ืžื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, 2000) ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื•ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื’ื•ืขืœ. ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื•ืื” ืœืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ืื– ื”ืขื™ืกื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฉืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื›ืืŸ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืคืชื— ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืžืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื‘ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืžื“ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ื•ืžืžื“ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™, ืฉื”ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™. ื”ืขื™ืกื” ืฉื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ื•ื’ื ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™ ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื•. ื”ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืžื’ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื’ื ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืขืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ื›ืš ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืขื™ืกื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืฉืœื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืงื“ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื”.

ย 

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, ืช' (2008). ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื' ื‘ืจื’ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—' ืื”ืจื•ื ื™). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืืœื•ื•ืืจื–, ื' (2005). ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื™ื”: ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืคื’ืขื• ืžื—ืกื›ื™ื, ื•ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื' ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ) (ืขืž' 196โ€“206). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืืœื•ื•ืืจื–, ื' (2017). ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘: ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืจืคื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื' ืฉื•ืจ) (ืขืž' 190โ€“233). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื‘ืืœื™ื ื˜, ืž' (2006). ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™: ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื—' ื’ืœืขื“) (ืขืž' 46โ€“52). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ื“ื’ืœืก, ืž' (2004). ื˜ื•ื”ืจ ื•ืกื›ื ื”: ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ื ื•ื˜ืื‘ื• (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™' ืกืœืข). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืจืกืœื™ื ื’.

ื”ืจืคื–, ืจ' (2006). ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™. ืืชืจ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“"ื• (2009ื) ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื•ืจื”-ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื•ื–ื‘ (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืž' ื ื•ื”) (ืขืž' 180โ€“198). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“"ื• (2009ื‘) ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืคืกื™ื›ื”-ืกื•ืžื”. ืขืฆืžื™ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ื•ื–ื‘ (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืž' ื ื•ื”) (ืขืž' 78โ€“91). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ื˜ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ืค' (1994). ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื' ื‘ืจื’ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—' ืื”ืจื•ื ื™) (ืขืž' 46 โ€“63).

ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ: ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ืœื•ืื™ืก ื”ืจืžืŸ, ื’' (1994). ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืžื” (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืข' ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืœื—, ื' (2017). ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืข ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื: ืงืจื™ืื” ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื›ืจืžืœ.

ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, ื' (2011). ื”ื™ืœื“: ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™' ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืจ). ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข: ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช.

ื ืฆืจ, ืจ' (2004). ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™: ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ โ€“ ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื. ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ: ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ืกืื’ืจ, ืง' (1993). ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืง' ืงื™ื™ืก ื•ื˜' ื“ืืœื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช), ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช: ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืจ' ืจื–) (ืขืž' 131โ€“164). ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—.

ืกื˜ืจืŸ, ื“"ื  (2005). ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช: ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™' ื–ื™ืกืงื™ื ื“-ืงืœืจ). ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ: ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ืกื™ืžื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ', ื•ื’' ืกื™ืžื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ (2000). ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืœืคืจื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื' ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืคื™ืื–'ื”, ื–' (1969). ืฉืฉ ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื' ืคื•ืจืช). ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื”: ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.

ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื–' (2008ื). ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืื ืœื™ืช. ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื”ื‘ื” (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื“' ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ) (ืขืž' 98โ€“102). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื–' (2008ื‘) ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื”ื‘ื” (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื“' ื–ื™ื ื’ืจ) (ืขืž' 48โ€“71). ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืจื‘ื™ื’ืจ, ืก' (1993). ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื›ืœื”. ื‘ืชื•ืš: ืง' ืงื™ื™ืก ื•ื˜' ื•ื“ืืœื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช), ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช: ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืจ' ืจื–) (ืขืž' 40โ€“62). ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—.

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