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ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–' ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื: ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช

ืจื™ื ืช ืฆืžื— (M.A.), ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื
rinatzemach@gmail.com

ื“ืดืจ ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ืื•ืจ, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื
michal.bator10@gmail.com

ืื™ืคื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื
ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื
ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืง ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื.
ืื™ืคื” ืื™ืคื” ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื.
ืื™ืคื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ืœื™ื

ย (ืจื•ื ื” ืงื™ื ืŸ)

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™ ืžื’ืฉืฉ ืขืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ืฉืœ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื/ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ/ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืงื“ื-ืืžื ื•ืช (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ื—) ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช. ืžืฆืข ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžื•ื ื•ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ/ืช. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืืœื‘ื•ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ื”ืจืฉืื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•"ืœืฉื—ืง" ืขื ืจื’ืขื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืงืคืื• ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™ ืคื ื•ืžื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืจืžื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช (ื”ืื—ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื) ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื-ืขืฉืจ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืžื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื• ืžื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™: ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืกืง ื’ื ื‘ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืžื—ืงืจื™ ื”ืžืฉืš.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—: ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™, ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ, ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื

ืžื‘ื•ื
ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ

ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืืฃ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื•, ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืจืžืŸ, 1997; ืœื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืฆืณื™ืง, 2004). ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ย ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“. ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืฉื›ืœื• ืื“ื ืื”ื•ื‘, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื’ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ (Chernow-Maier, 2014).

ืžืชื•ืš ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื›ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ (Riches and Dawson, 1998). ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืฆืœื•ื (ืœื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืฆ'ื™ืง, 2004). ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœโ€“ืžื˜ืคืœ. ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื•ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจื• (ื‘ืจืžืŸ, 1997). ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื–ืžื ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ืื•ืจื‘ืš ื•ื’ืœืงื™ืŸ, 2005).

ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื’ืจ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ (ืœื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืฆืณื™ืง, 2004). ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ืœื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™. ืžืขืฆื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืœื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.

ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜

ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ืกื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคื ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื (Sommers, 1994). ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื›ืจื™ืขื” ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ืช. ื“ืจืš ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืคื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื (Sandler and Rosenblatt, 1962). ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืœื•ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืžืขื™ืŸ "ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™", ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื™ื“ืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื (Bowlby, 1969). ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืขืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื• (ืขืฆืžื™, ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืื—ืจ), ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื“ืงืœืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืคืจื•ืฆื“ื•ืจืœื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื (Bowlby, 1979; Crittenden, 1990). ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื•ืœื‘ื™ (Bowlby, 1979), ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ, ื”ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื’ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœื•. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืžืชื ืกื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืœื• ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ึผืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืชื ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” (Mitchell, 1988).

ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืฉื—ืœืงืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื (ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ื ืงื” ื•ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงื”), ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืคื•ื ื”ืžืฆืข ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื• (Klein, 1975). ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขื ื”ืื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืœื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช (ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, 1989).

ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช (Holmes, 1996). ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช (Knafo, 2012). ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช (Naumburg, 1966; Robbins, 1987) ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืคืชื— ืืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ืœืจื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ืœื ื•ืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™. ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื: ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืื—ืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“. ย ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ Winnicott, 1967)) ืžื–ืžื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื (ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, 1990).

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชื”ื•ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ืžืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช, ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช, ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืคืœ/ื™ื, ื™ืฉืžืฉื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ "ืฉืขืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื”" ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ (Stern, 1985).

ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœื”ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืœื˜ืคื— ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช (BAAT, 2017). ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืฉืคืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืžื”ื—ื•ืฉื™-ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™-ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ (2010 ,1991Lusebrink, ), ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืจื’ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ืจืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™, ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช-ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช, ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ืช-ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”โ€“ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช-ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (Lusebrink, 2010). ื ืžืฆื ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืฃ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” (Verfaille, 2016), ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžื ื˜ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืžืฉืืœื•ืช, ื•ืขืžื“ื•ืช (Fonagy et al., 1991). ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื (embodiment approach), ื•ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื• (Varela et al., 1991)

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชื• ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื• (Brown, 2008). ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื”ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื•ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ืžืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจื ื™ ื•ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ ืžืชื•ืš ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืดืื“ื ืงื•ื˜ืฃ ืชืคื•ื— ืžื”ืขืฅืด, ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื• (ืœืžืฉืœ Bat Or and Ishai, 2016). ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžืืฉืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืžืขื˜.

ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™

ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืคื™ืกื•ืœ, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื• ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื•. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืžื ืช ืืช ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช. ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื• ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืืžื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (Dreifuss Kattan, 2016) ื•ื“ืจืš ืœื—ืงืจ ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชื (ืฆื“ืจื‘ื•ื™ื, 2010). ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื“ื” ืงืืœื• ืขื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ืฉืœื ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื•, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ื•ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” (Knafo, 1993).

ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ (Alter-Muri, 2007) ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžื›ื•ืจื™ื (Hanes, 2007). ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ (Alter-Muri, 2007). ืžืชื•ืืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื: ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจ (Alter-Muri, 2007), ืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืžืจ (Bat Or, 2012), ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื (ืกื™ืื ื•, 2016), ืงื•ืœืื–ืณ (Strouse, 2014) ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืดืžืคืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืด (Carpendale, 2009).

ย ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช (ืฆื“ืจื‘ื•ื™ื, 2010). ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื™ื“ืข ืื• ืœื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืืžื ื•ืชื™, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืจื“ื” ืืฆืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื (Stein, 2008). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ, Strouse, 2014) ืื• ืืฃ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื (ืกื™ืื ื•, 2016). ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ (Martin, 1997, 2003) ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช.

ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ ืฉืœ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื•ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื• ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืฉืœืžื”, ื“ืจืš ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ. ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื (ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืงื“ื-ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช) ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.

ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ papier colle ื”ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืงืช ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืฃ ื ื™ื™ืจ (Strouse, 2014). ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–' ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื—ืชืจื ื™, ืฉืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื• ืื™ื ื”ืจื ื˜ื™. ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื–ื™ืจื™ ืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืืงื˜ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ืžืžืกื“ื™ ืœืืžื ื™ ื”ื–ืจื ื”ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื•ื”ื“ืื“ื (ืžื“ืจ, 2015). ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ, ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–' ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช.

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ืฉืœ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืงื“ื-ืืžื ื•ืช. ืชื™ื‘ื—ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ืžืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช) ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืขืกืงื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžืฉืš. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืืœื• ื ื‘ืขื” ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืžืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื. ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื ืชื ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™ ืžื’ืฉืฉ, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื—ืงืจ, ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชืžื˜ื™ ื•ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.

ืฉื™ื˜ื”

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ื”ื•ืงืžื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื“ืจืš ืคืจืกื•ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชื ืกื” ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืคืขืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืžืชื•ื“ื” ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืžื˜ื™ (Braun and Clarke, 2006). ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช (ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ) ื•ื”ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื. ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืžื˜ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื (ืชืžื•ืช) ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ (Boyatzis, 1998). ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื: ืงืจื™ืื” ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜, ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช, ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ืชื›ื ืกื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ (Braun and Clarke, 2006).

ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ: ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ืœื”ืœืŸ "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื"), ืืฉืจ ื ืขื ื• ืœืคืจืกื•ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ, ื•ื—ืชืžื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•. ืžืชื•ืš ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื™ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื–ื›ืจื• ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื: ื˜ืœื™, ื‘ืช 40, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช; ื”ืœืŸ, ื‘ืช 50, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืช; ืื‘ื ืจ, ื‘ืŸ 29, ืžืจืคื ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™. ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ืœื”ืœืŸ "ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื"), ืžื ืชื” ืขืฉืจื” ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืกื“ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ. ืžืชื•ื›ื ื—ืžืฉ ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ. ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื: ื‘ืœื”, ื‘ืช 86; ืžื™ืจื”, ื‘ืช 80; ื ืขืžื™, ื‘ืช 77; ืจื™ื ื” ื‘ืช 75; ื•ืื ื”, ื‘ืช 79. ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคื ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื•ืช, ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช, ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืœื ื›ื“ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืืœืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ืคืŸ. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคืขืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื-ืขืฉืจ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื—ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข.

ื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”

ื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ: ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฆื™ืœืžื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฆืœืžื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืงื™ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืขืœื™ื•. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืขื™ื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ืžืชืืจ ื•ื”ืฆืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ (ืจืื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืกืคืจ 1). ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืฉืœื— ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื™ืชื•. ืœืื—ืจ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื“ืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ืคื•ืก. ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื•ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื“ืคืก ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›-70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื’ื•ื“ืœื, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืื—ื“. ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ื ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื™ 70 ื’ืจื. ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกื™ืจืช ื”ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื“ื-ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื. ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื“ื-ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”: ื’ื™ืจื™ ืฉืžืŸ, ืืงืจื™ืœื™ืง, ื’ื•ืืฉ, ืžื™ื, ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื, ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื”, ื—ื™ืžืจ, ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื ื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื, ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ืชื•ืš, ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื‘ืง ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืงืžื—, ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื.

ืชืžื•ื ื” 1 ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค.170 หŸ 80 ย ืกืดืž.

ืชืžื•ื ื” 1 ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฆื™ืœื•ื ืœืื—ืจ ืขืจื™ื›ืช ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค

ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœื‘ ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื (ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื” ืœืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™) ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ (ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื›ืœืœ ื’ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช).

ืžืžืฆืื™ื

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชืžื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืคื ื•ืžื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช: ื’ื™ืœื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื ืชืืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜.

ย ื’ื™ืœื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ

ืชืžื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ:

ื. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ: ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืื’ื‘ ื”ืขืœืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉื ืงืฉืจื• ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื•. ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืื‘ื ืจ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ื—ื–ืง ื•ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื•. ื”ื•ื ื’ื–ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืžื’ื–ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื• (ืชืžื•ื ื” 2). ื›ืฉืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉืœื•. ืื‘ื ืจ, ืฉื™ื“ื™ื• ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•, ื™ืฆืจ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ื—ื–ืง ื•ืงื•ืžืคื˜ื ื˜ื™.

ืชืžื•ื ื” 2: ืคืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจ.

ืชืžื•ื ื” 2: ืคืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ืจ.

ื”ืœืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืงืžื— ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื” ืคื™ืกื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ (ืชืžื•ื ื” 3). ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืืจ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืจืจื” ื‘ื”ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช: "ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืงืจืื• ืœื™ ื™ืœื“ืช ื‘ืฆืง ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ืœื™ ืžื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื". ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ื” ื›ื™ืœื“ื”, ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœืช ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืžื— ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื ืื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืดื™ืœื“ืช ื‘ืฆืงืด. ื”ื™ื ื ื–ื›ืจื” ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœื–ืจื– ืื•ืชื” ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืชื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื–ื•, ื”ืœืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืชื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœื”. ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืœื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื” ื›ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™.

ืชืžื•ื ื” 3: ืคืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืŸ.

ืชืžื•ื ื” 3: ืคืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœืŸ

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืžืงื ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ. ื‘ืœื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื•ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืจ ืจืš ืชื›ื•ืœ ืฉืกื™ืžืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื” ืจื•ืš ื•ื”ื’ื ื”. ืžื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืชืจืžื™ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืฅ ืขื ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืฉืกื™ืžืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืขืจ ื›ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื“ืจืš ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.

ื‘. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ: ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืื• ืงืฆืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืขืœืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ืœืŸ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืกื™ืคืจื” ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืจืื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช, ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืฃ ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืชืคื” ื”ืœืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื” ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”, ืฉื ืจืืชื” ืœื” ื›ืขืช ืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืดืงืŸ ื”ืžืชืจื•ืงืŸืด ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื”. ื”ืœืŸ ืขืกืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืŸ ื”ืžืชืจื•ืงืŸ, ืืฉืจ ืกื•ืžืœ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืื”. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื” ื›ืœืœื” ื’ื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช. ืจืง ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืœืŸ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืจื™ ืฉืžืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจื™ื—ืชื ื‘ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืžืกืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืžืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช. ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฉื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืกืงื” ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื•, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื™ื“ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”.

ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ

ื’ื ืชืžื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื:

ื. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช:ย ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืื• ืœืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืขืงื‘ ื’ื™ืœื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ืœืงื ืขื‘ืจื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจืŸ ืื• ืžื™ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื™ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืขื ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืขื ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืœื—ืœืงื ืื™ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆื•ืœื. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ. ื ืขืžื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื™ืชืคื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื”, ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”. ื ืขืžื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืชืืจืช ื“ืจืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื“ืคืชื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื”.

ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื˜ืœื™ ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœืฆืจืฃ ืœื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจืช ื•ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ. ื˜ืœื™ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ื”: ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืง ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”, ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื” ืขื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื”: "ืœืงื— ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื. ื—ื™ืœืงืชื™ ืืช ื”ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™: ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™ ื›ื™ืœื“ื”, ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ื™ ืœื‘ื“, ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื•ื—ื–ืงืช. ื›ืœ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ ืขืœื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื—ืจืช".

ื‘. ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™:ย ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื— ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช, ืฉืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื”. ืจื™ื ื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉื™ืชืคื” ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื” ืžืื– ืžื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื”, ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉืง ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ืช (ืชืžื•ื ื” 4) ืฉื”ืชืงืฉืจื” ื’ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืœืื—ืจ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื”.

ืชืžื•ื ื” 4: ืคืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื ื”.

ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืชื™ืืจ ืื‘ื ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœื” ื‘ื• ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœืื™ืžื• ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืงื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืขื™ืžื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื• ืขื•ื’ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช. ืื‘ื ืจ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ืฃ: ืดื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื’ื’ืชื™ ืื™ืชื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช". ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ื— ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ื•ืกื™ื ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืชืžื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉื™ืงืคื” ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื•.

ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื

ืชืžื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ, ื•ืืฃ ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื•ืจื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉืขืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืดืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืšืด. ืœืฆื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขื ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคื’ืžื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช, ื–ื™ืžื ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื’ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื˜ืœื™ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื”, ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื˜ืœื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืžืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ื” ื•ืฉื™ืชืคื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื” ืฉืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืžืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื” ืœื ืฉื•ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื”. ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื•ืงื™ืฆืจื” ืื•ืชื• (ืชืžื•ื ื” 5). ืœืื—ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืœื™ ืืžืจื”: "ื–ื” ืฉืงื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”". ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืื• ืคืชื— ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืชืืžื” ืœึฐืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืžื•.

ืชืžื•ื ื” 5: ืคืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื™.

ื’ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช (ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช) ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืชืงืŸ. ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืคื”-ืืงื•ืจื“ื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืœื™ ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื•ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื’ื ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืคืจื“ื• ืžื”ืื“ื ืื• ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืžืžื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ.ย  ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื‘ื ืจ ืฆื™ืจืฃ ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ึธื™ื•, ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืืœื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืงืจื•ื‘, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื ืžืื– ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•.

ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืชื™ืืจื” ืžื™ืจื” (ื ื™ืฆื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืื”) ืืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืฉืจื” ืขืœื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ. ืžื™ืจื” ืžื™ืงืžื” ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืชื” ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืื” ืžื•ื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช (ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ) ื•ืžื•ื“ื‘ืงืช ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืœืชื” ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืžื™ืจื” ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”:

ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ืžื›ื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืžืชื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื‘ื™. ื–ื• ื‘ืช ื”ื—ืžืฉ, ื–ื• ืฉื ื ื˜ืฉื”, ื–ื• ืฉื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ื—ืจืฆื• ืืช ื ืคืฉื”, ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื–ื• ืฉืคื—ื“ื” ืžื›ืœ ืฆืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘, ื–ื• ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ืœืžื” ื”ืชื”ืคืš, ื–ื• ืฉื›ืขืก ื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”, ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื–ื›ืจื” ืืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืขื˜ืช. ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืงื˜. ืคืชืื•ื ืฉืงื˜. ืฉืงื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื—ืœืชื™ ืœื• ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™, ืฉืงื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืง ืื•ืชื”, ืœืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื”. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ืื“ื™ืจ, ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื.

ื“ื™ื•ืŸ

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ืžื–ืžื ืช ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืขื ืชืžื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ (ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ) ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ (ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื). ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืกื•ืง ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื• ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ึผืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•.

ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ

ืžืฆืข ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ/ืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”ื•, ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื• (ืžืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืœืคืขื•ื˜, ืœื™ืœื“, ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจ, ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืงืฉื™ืฉ) ื•ื‘ื‘ืฉืœื•ืชื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช. ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื•ืจืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืงื•ืฉื™. ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื“ืœื• ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื™ืชื•, ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืขื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืฉืœืžื” ืขื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื”ืฆืœืงื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื•, ื”ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ, ื”ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืžื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ืขืฆืžื™, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขืœื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื“ื—ื•ื™ื™ื. ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืžืช ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื ื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ืžื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช (ื™ืืœื•ื ื•ืœืฉืฅืณ, 2006). ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ืชืื™ืžื” ย ืœืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื™ืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ (Erikson, 1950). ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืจื™ืงืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื•ืืฃ ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” (wisdom) ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืืฃ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื (Ryff and Heincke, 1983). ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื–ืงื ื” ืื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื•ืžืงื“ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื’ื•ืœืžื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืชื•ืืจื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื: ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืง ื•ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืžื•ืžืฉื™ื (ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ืชืื•ืช) ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžื•ืžืฉื™ื (ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืœื ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ืžื), ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืœืื•ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช (ืฉื ื•ื‘ืขืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืŸ ื”ืงืŸ ื”ืžืชืจื•ืงืŸ), ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืื”ื•ื‘, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ืขื ืงื” ืžื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื“ื—ื•ื™, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื. ืขื•ืฉืจ ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื โ€“ ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื›ืดืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ืืด. ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš, ืœืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš, ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืœืžื” ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš (Markus and Nurius, 1986). ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืชืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.

ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžึดื–ึฐืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืขื™ืžื. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉื—ืฉื” ืขื ืžื™ืงื•ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืจื’ืฉ. ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืขื™ืžื• ื’ื ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจ: ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช, ืžื”ื™ื ืงื•ืช, ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ืจืŸ (Biran, 2015), ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืœื•, ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžืœื•ื›ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ืื“ืœ (Waddell, 2002) , ืื ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ (ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื™ื ืงื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืชื™ื™ื) ื”ื•ื ื™ื ืกื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื ืขืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ (Mitchell, 1991), ืื—ืช ืžืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืคืชื— ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืœื•ื›ื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (Waddell, 2002).

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ืžืช ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ, ื•ื’ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื. ืžื™ืงื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืื• ื”ืกื‘ืชื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืœืื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืง, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืฉืœ ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™. ื’ื ืžื™ืงื•ื ืชืžื•ื ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื ืžื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืกืจ, ื’ืขื’ื•ืขื™ื ื•ืจืขื‘ ืืœื™ื”. ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืœื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืœืืช ื’ื ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืงืฃ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ืคื ืžื”, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’. ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืจื•ืงื ื•ืช ื”ืงืŸ, ื”ืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืœืžืงื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžืชื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืžืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืื™ืžื”ื™ ืฉืชืคืก ืžืจื—ื‘ ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ืœืงึตื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื”ืžืชื™ื ื• ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ื”ืžืชื ื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ, ืžืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืจืงืข (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื) ืืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” (ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ, 1995). ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ื—ื“ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช.

ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ืœื ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืงืคื• ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ/ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื’ื ื“ื™ืืœืงื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืงืžื— ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืง ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื (ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ ืœื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช) ืฉื™ืžืฉื” "ืฉืขืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื”" (Stern, 1985) ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื ืจืฉืžื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื™. ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื ื–ื›ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืžื˜ืคื•ืจืช ืจื’ืœื™ ื”ื‘ืฆืง ื”ืžื’ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืชืŸ, ื ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.

ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืคื•ืขืœื• ืขืœื” ื’ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื. ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืชื•, ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (Jaques, 1965), ื ืขืฉืชื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืžื˜ื™ืช, ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉื“ื•ื•ืงื ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช (ื™ืืœื•ื, 2011). ืืคืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ (ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ืงื ื•ืช, ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื) ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉ. ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืžื“ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.

ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™

ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช ืขื ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื• ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื“ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืชื ื‘ืžืจืื” ืขื‘ืจ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื‘ืžืจืื”. ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ (Bion, 1962) ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืื“ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืžืจืื” ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืœืจื•ื•ืจื™. ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืื ืื™ื ื ืžืกืชื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืœื”, ืืœื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื’ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืคืขื™ืœ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื” (Waddell, 2002). ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจื•ื—: ื”ื ืดืขื‘ื“ื•ืด, ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื, ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื. ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ื’ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืžื•ืชืื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช. ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ, ืืœื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, Skaife, 2000). ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ) ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ื“. ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืชื™ืืจื• ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”. ืžื™ืงื•ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื”, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื–ืงื”: ืดืฉืžืชื™ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžืืœื™ืชืด, ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืจืชื” ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืงื˜ ืœืžื ื•ื—ื”, ืžื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื“, ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืืจ ื›ื”ืชืžืจื” (ื‘ื•ืœืก, 2000). ืืช ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื“ื—ื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื›ืื™ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื›ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ, ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื.

ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืื• ืœืขืžื“ื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืกื‘ืœ, ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžืชืงืŸ. ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงื ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžื™ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืขืœ ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื›ืดื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœืืด ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื™ืžื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ืžื, ืœืชืงื ื, ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื•ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ื”ืžื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื•, ืืจื’ื•ื ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื’ื ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืขื™ืžื.

ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ, ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื

ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืืงืกืคืœื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืฉื—ืงืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ืฆื•ื”ืจ ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื’ื ื ื™ืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื˜ื•ืช ืืช ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืืฃ ืืช ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช. ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื.

ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขืœื• ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื›ืœื™ ื™ื™ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืื• ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžื•ืชืื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืœื•ื›ื“ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื”ื ืคืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”.

ย ืžืกืงื ื•ืช

ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื™ืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื“ื•ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื›ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™- ื”ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ; ื”ืชื™ืžื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจ ืžืฉื—ืง ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ื ื›ื—ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ืฉืชื•ืžื›ืช ื’ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™. ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ (Bion, 1962), ืฉื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื—ืชื™ืจื” ืœืืžืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืื” ื›ืืŸ ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืžื’ืขื™ื•ืช, ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืชืคื™ืกืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ืจื•ื— ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื•ื ื” ืงื™ื ืŸ, ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืคื ื™ื, ื”ืืžืช ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื, ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืชืžืฉืš ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจืื•ืช, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืื•ื’ื“ืŸ, ืช', 1989. ื”ืงืฆื” ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

โ€“โ€“โ€“, 1990. ืžืฆืข ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืื•ืจื‘ืš, ื ' ื•ื’ืœืงื™ืŸ, ืœ', 2005. ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ: ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—.

ื‘ื•ืœืก, ื›', 2000. ืฆื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜: ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.

ื‘ืจืžืŸ, ืœ', 1997. ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš: ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—.

ื™ืืœื•ื, ื', 2011. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ, ืžืื’ื ืก.

ื™ืืœื•ื, ื' ื•ืœืฉืฅืณ, ืž', 2006. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™: ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ.

ืœื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืฆ'ื™ืง, ื ', 2004. "ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ ืืœื™ื ื•: ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ", ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, https://www.hebpsy.net/articles.asp?id=189.

ืžื“ืจ, ืœ', 2015. "ืคื•ื˜ื•ืžื•ื ื˜ืื–ืณ, ืคืžื™ื ื™ื–ื, ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”", ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืž"ื, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘.

ืกื™ืื ื•, ื™', 2016. Holy Junk: ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื—ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืกื™ืื ื•.

ืฆื“ืจื‘ื•ื™ื, ื ', 2010. "'ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช': ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื”'ืขืฆืžื™' ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืคืจืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืืžื ื•ืช", ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, https://www.hebpsy.net/articles.asp?id=2516.

ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ, ื’ืณ, 1995. "ื”ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื•ื”ื˜ืœื™ืกืžื: ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื˜' ื“ืืœื™, ืง' ืงื™ื™ืก, ื’ืณ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ, ืค' ื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื“' ื”ืืœื™ื“ื™ื™, ืค"ื  ื”ืืœ ื•ื“' ื•ื•ืืœืจ (ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช), ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช: ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช โ€“ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”, ืงืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—, ืขืžืณ 88โ€“127.

ย 

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