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(ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื™ื ื”, ื•ื™ื ื”, ืืคืจื™ืœ 2017)
ืจื•ืช ื ืฆืจ;ย netzerr@bezeqint.net

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ
ื”ืžืืžืจ ืคื•ืชื— ื•ืžืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื”, ืฉื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืคืฆืข (ืคื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื) ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช (ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื) ื‘ืžืืคื™ื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื™ืจ-ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืœืžื‘ืงืจ. ืืคื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• โ€“ื—ืจื“ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื”, ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืก, ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืžื•ื‘ึธื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืคื—ื“ ื•ืฉื ืืช ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•. ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฆื ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื•ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช. ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื“ื™ืื“ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื, ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื™ืœื“, ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืก ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง. ืชื’ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืจื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“-ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืื™ืฉื™.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—: ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ืโ€“ืคื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื, ื—ืจื“ื”, ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืกื™ืจื•ืก, ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช, ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช, ืืโ€“ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื‘ืจโ€“ืื™ืฉื”, ื“ื™ืื“ืช ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืชืžืจื”

ื›ืฆืจื›ื ื™ืช ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ืื ื™ ืžื–ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ื”. ืื ื™ ืžื–ื”ื” ืฉื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืœืขืฆืžื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื ื”, ื›ืฉืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื™ืคืชื— ืืœื™ื”. ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืืœื ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืคืจื ืกื™ืืœื™ืช ื•ืงืื•ื ื˜ืจ-ื˜ืจื ืกืคืจื ืกื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•. ืจื•ืœืืŸ ื‘ืืจืช (1988), ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ "ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื", ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืืœื™ื™ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ืชื™: ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ื” ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ "ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืžื“ื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืื• ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ื”"ืคื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื" ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืฆืข ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ื›ื” ื•ื“ื•ืงืจ ืื•ืชื™.

ื‘ื—ื’ ื”ืคืกื— 2017 ื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ืชื™ ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืจื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื™ื ื”. ื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื”ืžืžื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืงืจื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื”. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืืœื™ื”. ืœื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื‘ ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืขื. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืœืคืจื•ืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืš ืœืชื•ื›ื™ (ื•ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืฉืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘), ืœืคืจืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœืคื•ื’ื’ ืืช ื”ืงืจื ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืงื” ื”ืžื“ื›ืืช.

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงึดืจื‘ื” ืœืžืจื—ืง, ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืคืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงื˜ื•ื ืืœ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”, ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืืœืคื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืœืชืžืœื•ืœ, ืœืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื•ืœื”ื˜ืžืขื” (ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ [Bion, 1976]).

ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™

ืื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื” (1890โ€“1918) ื”ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื. ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช. ืขื™ืงืจื ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื ืฉื™, ื•ืžืขื˜ ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช, ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ืขืจื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื. ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื‘ืขืชื ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช, ืืœื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื—ืงื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื” ืืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื• ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”. ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื ื•ืงื‘ืช: ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ืืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ืžื”. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืจื–ื”, ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช, ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื‘ื‘ืขืชื”, ื”ืฉื™ืขืจ ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืžืจ ื‘ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืจืงืข, ื›ืžืฉื™ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื›ืจืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืจื™ืง, ืœืœื ืขื•ืœื. ื’ื ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื’ื ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื“ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื•ื™ืช ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ืช, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ืฉื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ืฉืจืง ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืื—ื•ืช ื•ืœืื–ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืื•ืฉืคื–ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื ืคืฉ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ืœืชืืจ ืขื•ืœื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืคื’ื•ืข ื•ื—ืฉื•ืฃ.

ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 1 ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 2

ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื• ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืžื•ืช, ืคืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืงื ืื•ืช ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื ืœืžื—ืฆื”, ืื• ืขื™ืจื•ืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื›ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืชืขืจื˜ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”; ื›ืื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™. ื”ื›ืชืžื™ื ื”ืื“ืžื“ืžื™ื-ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจื ื”ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืขืœื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืจื” ื•ื—ื•ืœื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™-ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื—ืจื“ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช. ื”ื“ื’ืฉืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืจื™ืง ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื (ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืจื•ืคืคื™ื-ืจื•ืขื“ื™ื) ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงื”-ื”ื›ืœื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืื™ื™ื.

ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื–ื” ื”ืคืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ (ืฉืื™ื ื” ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื) ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืกื™ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืจืขื‘. ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื“ื ืžืขื•ื ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืื” ื•ื”ืจืกื ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ "ืืžืŸ ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช" ืฉืœ ืงืคืงื ืฉืžืชืขื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ื ืžืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ, ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื•. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืคืงื ื•ืฉื™ืœื” ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื“ืงื“ื ื˜ื™ืช:[1] ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืขื•ืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื•ืช. ืืฆืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื• ืžื•ืงื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืžื—ืœื”, ืขื ืžืฆื•ืงื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืฉื”. ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืงืคืงื, ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืฉื”, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืขื ืืฉืชื• ืื“ื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ืง ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.

ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช
ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืจื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ ืื• ืžืœื. ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ืช ืื•ื ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื”. ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืœื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื. ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื”-ื”ืžื ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœื• ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืงืœื™ืžื˜, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ. ื‘ื›ืžื” ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืขืฆืžื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืกืชื™ืจ-ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ื•ื” ืื• ืžืื•ื ืŸ. ื’ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขืจื•ื•ื”, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื ืื“ื•ื ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ืขืจื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื”ื”. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืคืฆืข ืงื™ื•ืžื™ (ืœืขื•ืžืช ืงื•ืจื‘ึผึถื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื”, ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื•ื•ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ืช ื›"ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื"), ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกื‘ ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ื• ืืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืคื” ืฉืœื•, ืฉื ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช.

ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 3

ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 4

ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 5

ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 6

ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 7

ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 8

ื‘-1905 ืคืจืกื ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ "ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช", ื•ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืคื•ืช ื›"ื•ื’ื™ื ื” ื“ื ื˜ื˜ื”" (ืคื” ืžืœื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื ืฉื•ืš ื•ืœืกืจืก ืืช ื”ืคืืœื•ืก), ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืคื•ืจืฉืช ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืŸ:

ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 9

ืฉื™ืœื” ื•ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื—ืงืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจืงืข ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื”ืžื” ื•ื ืชื ื• ืฆื™ื“ื•ืง ืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช. ืื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืœื”. ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืขื ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื•ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื ื ื•ืช, ืฉืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื—ืจื“ื” ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ื—ืจื“ืช ืกื™ืจื•ืก ื•ื—ืจื“ืช ืื™ื•ึผืŸ. ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืชืงืฃ ื—ืจื“ื” (ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื•ื ืง ืืช ืฆื™ื•ืจ "ื”ืฆืขืงื”" ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ืชืงืฃ ื—ืจื“ื”):

ืžื‘ื˜ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ 10

ื’ื ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืกื™ืจื•ืก. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ื”ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืฉืœ ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืื ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœืขื•ืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื”ื ื›ื—ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื•ืžื•, ื›ื ื’ื“ ื—ืจื“ืช ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจืงืข ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื[2]. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืคืขืช.

ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”
ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•: ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืขื’ื‘ืช ื›ืฉืฉื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื”. ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืžืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื“. ืื™ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืจื™ื—ืคื” ืžืขืชื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืืžื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ืคืชื” ืฉืขื ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืคืจื ืกืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืืช ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืžืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืก ืฉืœื•. ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืืชื” ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืงืœืœืช ืื•ืชื•. ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืืโ€“ื™ืœื“ ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื.

ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” "ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”". ื”ืื ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืชื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ืจืช ืื ืื•ื—ื–ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื’ื ื”ื™ืœื“-ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ืจืื” ืžืช ืื• ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืขืชื”. ื”ืื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื—ื–ืช ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื. ื”ื ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื” ืื• ืœืฆื“ื”. ื”ืึดื ื–ื• ืื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ื”? ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืชื’ื•ื ื ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืชืง ืฉืœื”.[3] ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืžื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื•ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ืคื’ื•ื, ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืขื ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ื”ืื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืœื”ืคืš, ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื ื”ืจืขื”, ื”ืื ื”ื ื•ืจืื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืขื“ืจืช (ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, 2011).

ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื” ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืืโ€“ื™ืœื“, ืฉื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื™ืŸ-ืกืคื•ืจ ืคืกืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื™ืก ืขื ื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ืจื•ืก, ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืžืจื™ื” ืขื ื‘ื ื” ื™ืฉื• ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืคืกืœื™ ืืโ€“ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ืžื•ืจ. ื“ื™ืื“ื” ื–ื• ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœืื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ืจื™ืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื“ื™ืื“ื” ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ื–ื•, ืฉื™ืœื”, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ืฆืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ืืโ€“ื™ืœื“: ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื” ืื ืจืขื”-ื ืขื“ืจืช-ืžืชื” ื•ื™ืœื“ ื ื˜ื•ืฉ-ืžื‘ื•ืขืช-ืžืช. ืขืœ ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื ื“ืจื” ื’ืจื™ืŸ (2007) ืฉื”ื™ื ืื ืฉื ืคืฉื” ืžืชื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื›ืื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื ื•ืืฉ, ื•ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื›ื ื•ืžื ื•ืชืง ื›ืžื•ืชื”.

ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”

"ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”"

ย 

ืื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช

"ืื ื•ืžื•ื•ืช"

ย 

ืžื‘ื˜ 1

ืžื‘ื˜ 2

ืžื‘ื˜ 3

ืžื‘ื˜ 4

ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื“ื

"ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื“ื"

ื’ืจื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื’ื ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™ ื•ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืขื ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื” (ืฉื, 21). ื•ืืžื ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”, ื›ื’ื•ืฉ ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ืชื™ ืื—ื™ื“ ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื•ื™ืœื“, ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืจื•ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืžืื™ืจ ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืืžืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืื ื”ืžืชื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ื›ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื›ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ืื ื”ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

ื›ืฉื”ืื-ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืืชื” ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ื ืคืฉื• (ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ืื ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™) ื’ื•ืคื• ืžืกื•ื’ืฃ, ืคื’ื•ืข, ื—ื•ืœื ื™, ืžื™ื•ืกืจ. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”-ื”ืžืžื™ืชื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืง ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ื›ืš ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ "ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช". ื”ื•ื ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืžืช ื•ื”ืžืžื™ืช ืืช ืืžื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื ื”ืžืžื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขืœืžื”. ื”ืžืช ื•ื”ืžืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸโ€“ืชื•ืงืคืŸ.

ื‘ืื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื™ืžื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืช ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื•; ืื™ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืžืžืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืืฉืชื• ืžืชื” ืขื ืขื•ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื” ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื” ืžืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ืชื” ืžื—ืœื”.

ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช 1

ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช 2

ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช 3

"ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช"

ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ืฉื”, ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืžื”ื•ื“ืง, ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™, ืžื‘ื˜ื ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืืฉืช, ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืขื–ื” ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“. ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืืจื•ืก ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ืื”ื‘ื”. ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืก ื•ื˜ื ื˜ื•ืก, ื˜ื ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜.

ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” 1

ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื” 2

3

"ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉื”"

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืขืฆื™ื ื“ืงื™ื, ื—ืฆื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื›ืช, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืชื™ื:

ืขืฆื™ื ื“ืงื™ื

ื•"ืขื™ืจ ืžืชื”", ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื ื™ ืื ื•ื™ืœื“ ืžืชื™ื:

ืขื™ืจ ืžืชื”

"ืขื™ืจ ืžืชื”"

ื›ืืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืืงืกื”ื™ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื•. ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื›ื”ืคื’ื ืช ื—ื™ื•ึผืช ืžื•ืขืฆืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื” ืžืžื•ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™. ื ืจืื” ืฉืœืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื•: ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืื™ ืฉื™ืืฉืจ ืืช ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ; ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”-ื”ื ืขื“ืจืช; ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื—ื™ื”; ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ืื ื”ืžืขืจื™ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉืงืคืช ืœื™ืœื“ ืืช ืื”ื‘ืชื” ืืœื™ื• ื•ืžืื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื•. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ืฉืื™ืžื ืชืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืงื“ ืœืคื ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื”, ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื”ืœ, ืฉื™ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืงืจื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืช, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ึผืช, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืืจื•ืงื™ื•ืช-ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืคืงื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืงืจื•ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ืžื”ืงื”ืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžื•ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™.

ื—ืจื“ื” ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช 1

ื—ืจื“ื” ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืช 2

ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื’ืจื™ืŸ (ืฉื, 23) ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื”:

  • ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜: ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ โ€“ ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ย - ื”ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืžื‘ื˜ื™ื• ื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืกื•ื‘ื™ืงื˜.
  • ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ืืจื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื’ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœืœื ืจื•ืš ื•ืœืœื ื—ืžืœื”ย - ืฉืืฆืœื• ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ื ื•ืช.
  • ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืžึทื‘ื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืงื“ื—ืชื ื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื•ืœื™ื›ื” ืืช ืื—ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช โ€“ ื“ืจืš ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื.

ืฉื™ืœื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืื—ื“ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืขื•ืจืขืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ื›ืคื™ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (Husslein-Arco, 2016), ื›ืžื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื-ืืกื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆึดืœื™ื™ื.

ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ

"ื“ื™ื•ืงืŸ ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ"

ืฉื™ืœื” ืžื•ืฆื ื’ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื•ืก ืžืืกื™ืกื™. ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืคืŸ ืื• ืจืืฉืŸ ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื”ื™ืœื”, ื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืชืื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื•.

ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช

ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื• ื’ื ืฆื“ ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ (ื’ืจื ื“ื™ื•ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืื• ื ืจื“ืคื•ืช): ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืื™ืžืฅ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™: "ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ื™ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื™, ืžืงืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื™ืฉืื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืืœื™" (ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืจ, 1999, 13). ืื•ืœื™ ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ื™ืฉื•.

ื”ื ื‘ื™ื

"ื”ื ื‘ื™ื"

ื’ื ืงืœื™ืžื˜, ืžื•ืจื”ื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื”, ืจืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืชืจืคื ืืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช. ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื’ืื•ืœื” ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื—ื” ืืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื• (ื ืฆืจ, 2004, 294). ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืืžื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื ื”ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื›ื™ ืื™ื—ื•ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืจ ืงื™ื•ืžื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื™ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช (ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜, 2007, 123โ€“149). ืœืคื™ ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜, ืงืœื™ื’ืจืžืŸ ื•ืจื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ืœืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืืžืŸ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื–ืžื ื•, ื•ื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืื—ื” ื•ื”ืžื’ื‘ืฉืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื’ื ืœืงื”ืœื• (ื’ื•ืœืŸ, 2010, 104).

ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื—ื–ืง ื›ื“ื—ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื• ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืฆืขืงื” ืœืขื–ืจื”, ื•ื”ื ื’ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื™ ื•ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™. ืœื ืจืง ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•. ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ืช-ืฉื˜ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืžื˜ ื•ื”ืืจ ื ื•ื‘ื• ืœืืžื ื•ืช ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžื™ื•ืกืจ, ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžื’ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืขื ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื’ืข ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืœ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืœ. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืžืŸ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืฉื ืžื ืข ืžืคืจืกื•ื ื” ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืœื ื™ื’ืจื“ื• ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ.

ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื–ื“ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ (ื ืฆืจ, 2013), ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื•ืœื ืขื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœื•. ืื–ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืžื“ื•ืžื”.

ื”ืื™ืฉื”-ื”ืื
ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืงืœื™ืžื˜ ืžื‘ื˜ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืคืื ืคืื˜ืืœ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช (Netzer, 2006). ืืฆืœ ืงืœื™ืžื˜ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื ืขืจืฆืช, ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื›ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.

ืฉืœื ื›ืงืœื™ืžื˜, ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื”, ืžื•ืื“ืจืช ื•ื ืขืจืฆืช ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ื™ืคื”, ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืคืœืก ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืžื ื” ื›ืš ืฉืžื‘ื˜ื• ืืœื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”. ื–ื• ืขืžื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ืง, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ื”. ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช (ื•ื’ื ืฉืœื•) ื”ืŸ ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ืœืฆื•ืช, ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื•. ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ โ€“ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื ื ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืจื•ื›ื ืช ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืข ื•ืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื™ื) โ€“ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืœืช ื•ืžื ื•ืฆืœืช.

ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืื

ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืขืžื“ื” ื–ื• ื›ืœืคื™ื”ืŸ? ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฆื™ื™ืจโ€“ืžื•ื“ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉื•ืœื˜โ€“ื ืฉืœื˜, ืชื•ืงืคืŸโ€“ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืžืชื—ื–ืงืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•. ื‘-1903 ื”ืชืคืจืกื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจื•ื•ื™ ืฉื ืืช ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื˜ื• ื•ื™ื ื™ื’ืจ (1964) "ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืื•ืคื™". ื•ื™ื ื™ื’ืจ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื ื™ ื•ื ืคืฉ ื›ืžื• ืœื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืงืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื–ื’ ื•ืœื”ื™ื˜ืžืข. ื”ืื ืฉื™ืœื” ื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžืžื ื•?

ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ืœื” ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื›ืš ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื“ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื”. ืืฆืœ ืงืœื™ืžื˜ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ืขืœื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื–ื•ื ื•ืช. ืืฆืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’. ืืฆืœ ืงืœื™ืžื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืžื™, ื•ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.

ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื ืขื ืืžื• ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื›ืš ืื• ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื ืฉื™ื. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืื™ืฉื”, ื”ื ื™ื›ืจืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื–ื•ื’ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื˜ืืœื™, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชื’ื•ื ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ืงืžืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืื™ืฉื”-ืื (Neumann, 1994, 20โ€“21).

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืกื‘ื™ืš ื”ืื ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืื™ืฉื” ืืช ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ื‘ื ืคืฉื•, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืื ื™ืžื”, ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข. ื”ืื™ืฉื”, ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื™ืœื” ื›ืจื’ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืช, ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืจ ืคื—ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™-ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœื•. ืžื” ื’ื ืฉืœืืžืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœื ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื•.

ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช. ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคืœื™ืช ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ืื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื›ืฉื”ืื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื—ืก ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืœื’ื•ืฃ. ืžืฆื•ืงืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืืœ ื”ืจื•ื— (ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจื™, ื”ืื‘ ื•ื”ืืœ), ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉื™ืœื” ื—ื™ืคืฉ ืืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื• ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืขื’ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืžืคื ื™ื•. ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ื›ืฉื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•.

ื”ืื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืคืฆืœื” ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืจืขื”. ื›ืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื โ€“ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”, ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืžื•ืชื. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืืœืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืื—ืช. ืืฆืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ืจืง ืืœืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”, ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื”ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื›ืชื‘ืชื™:

ืื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื”ย - ื”ืขืœืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช
ืขื™ื ื™ ื™ื’ื•ืŸ.
ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืชื”
ื”ืขืจื•ื•ื” ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ื‘ื”ืชืจืกื”:
ืคืฆืข.

ืื’ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ื‘ืฆืข ืชืฉืœื™ืš
ืื‘ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืืœ ย ืœื‘ื™?

ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื™ืš ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืžื•ืช ืคืฉื•ืงื•ืช,
ย ื ืขื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคืš ื›ืžื• ื˜ืคืจื™ ื—ื™ื”.
ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื•ืœืขื ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ื•ืื™ืฉื”.
ืžื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ? ืžื™ ื”ืชื•ืงืคืŸ?

ืื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื ื”ย - ื’ื•ืคื™ ื ืฉืจืฃ, ื›ืชื ื•ื—ื‘ึผื•ืจื”.
ืขื•ืจื™ ืจื•ื˜ื˜, ืงื•ืจื ืœืขื–ืจื”.
ืื ื™ ื”ืขืœืžื”, ืื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.

ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื•ื”ื ืฆืคื”
ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืขืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืฆื•ืคื”โ€“ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.

ืืฆื™ืข ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื›ืš ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืœื ืฆืคื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขื™ืงืจื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืืœ ื”ื ืฆืคื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช: ื”ืฆื•ืคื”-ืžื˜ืคืœ (ืฉืื‘ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื” ืืœ ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื”) ื ืชื‘ืข (ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื” ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืชื™ืช) ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉืžืชืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœืคื (ืœืคื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ). ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ-ืื ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื”ืชืžืจื”. ื”ื”ืชืžืจื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื”ืŸ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื ืฆืคื”, ื”ืŸ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.

ื‘ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื”-ืžื˜ืคืœ-ืื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืชืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืœื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื”ืคืจื™ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื”, ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืื‘ืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžื™, ืื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื”, ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš.

ืžื”ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ืช? ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืขืงื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื” ืœืชื•ื›ื™, ื•ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืืžื•ืจ ื“ื•-ืงื˜ื‘ื™: ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืŸ, ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™. ื•ืืžื ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื–ื• ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืœื‘ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘; ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืงืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื ืขื“ืจืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื” ื ื˜ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™, ืฉืฉึดื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื ืขื“ืจืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื” ื ื˜ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืืžื™; ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื” ื™ืœื“ ื ื˜ื•ืฉ ื•ืื‘ ื ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืื‘ื™; ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืš ืืœ ืœื‘ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืขื•ืจื™ื™.

ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ื’ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื” ืืœ ืœื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืงื˜ ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื™, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื” ื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื™ื. ืื•ืœื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืžื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืฉืœืš ืขืœื™ื™ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช. ื›ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืฉืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื™. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื™ ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื” ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ื™.

ื”ื–ื ื—ืช ื™ืœื“ ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืขื ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื” ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื›ืืงื˜ ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ื•, ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืชื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืืžื•ืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื ื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ; ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฉืฉื™ืœื” ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืืžื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ืžื ืฆืœ ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืžื•ืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืชื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื’ื—ืžื” ืฉืœื•.

ื”ืฆื•ืคื” ืฉื’ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื“ื™ืื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืืžืŸ/ื ืฆืคื”โ€“ืฆื•ืคื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืžืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืŸ ืœืฆื•ืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ืœื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืžืŸโ€“ืฆื•ืคื”โ€“ืžื‘ืงืจ. ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ ืœื‘ืŸ, ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ื”ืจืžืก ืฉืžืชื•ื•ืš-ืžื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื™ื ืœืื“ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ื ื’, ืฉืžืชื•ื•ื›ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข.

ื”ืื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื”ืื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืกืจื‘ ืœื” ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ืžืžื ื™? ื”ืื ืื ื™ ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ื›ืš ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื˜ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ? ืœื.

ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืคืจืฉ ื•ืœืชื•ื•ืš ืืช ืฉื™ืœื” ืื ื™ ืžืชืžื™ืจื” ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืžืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ืช ืœืื‘ืŸ ื™ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื•ื—ืžืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ื•, ื›ืœืคื™ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื™. ืื ื™ ื’ื ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœืื•ืžืฅ ืฉืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืขื–ื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•: ืขืžื“ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืคื’ื•ืขื” ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืœืœื ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืคืจืกื•ื ื”; ื•ื’ื ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื›ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช, ื•ืœืืžื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืจืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช
ื‘ืืจืช, ืจ', 1988. ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื“' ื ื™ื‘, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื›ืชืจ.

ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ื ', 2010. "ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื–ื•ืœืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ื• ื’'ืงื•ืžื˜ื™", ืžืืจื’ ื, ืขืž' 104.

ื’ืจื™ืŸ, ื', 2007. ื”ืื ื”ืžืชื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื' ืจื•ื–ืŸ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื•ื™ื ื™ื’ืจ, ื', 1964 [1903]. ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืื•ืคื™, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืฆ' ืจื•ื“ื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ, ื', 2011. ื”ื™ืœื“: ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™' ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข: ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืช.

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[1] ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื“ืงื“ื ืก ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข-ืขืฉืจื” ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืจื™ืงื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืกืชื•ื•ื™ ื•ืขื ื”ื“ืขื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื“ืื–. ื”ื“ืงื“ื ืก ืคืกื™ืžื™, ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืข ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ืจื•ื— ืขืœ ื™ืฆืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืงืžืื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื”, ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืืฃ ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.

[2] ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื™ืช ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืคื•ืคื™ ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžื•ื›ื—ืฉืช-ืžื•ื“ื—ืงืช ืฉืขื‘ืจ. ืื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•.

[3] ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื• ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื. ื’ื•ืกื˜ื‘ ืžืื”ืœืจ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื ื” ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• "ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื" ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ื’ื ื‘ืชื• ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ืืœืจ ืžืชื”.