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ื“"ืจ ืืคืจืช ืœื•ื™ , ืžืจืฆื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืœืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”,ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื;
efrat.levi@gmail.com

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ
ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื›ืขื ืฃ ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™; ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”, ืžืžื•ืœืžืœื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื”, ืžืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืขืฅ ื•ืขืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื ื•ืฉื™, ื ืจืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ".

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ" ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—: ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืจื™ืคื•ื™, ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื, ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ, "ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœื•ื", ื ื•ืฃ, ืจืฉืชื•ืช, ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช

ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ 1

ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืžืจืคืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”. ื”ืŸ ืื•ืจื’ื•ืช ื–ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื. ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ืขื•ืœืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ืงืจื™ืื”, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขื•ืœืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœืื“ื, ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช. ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช. ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ืžืžืžืฉื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”ื, ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื”ื โ€“ ืืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™. ืื—ืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืชืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ืช, ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” โ€“ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื. ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืขืช ื ืคืชื— ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื ืชื™ื‘ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื— ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื— ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ืœืื”, ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื–ื• ืžืชื’ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ; ืื•ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืกื, ื”ื•ื“ื—ืง ื•ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื•ืžื•ืืจ ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขืฆืžื™.

ื‘ืจื™ ืืคื•ื ื›ื™ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืงืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ื—ืžืงืžืง ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื›ืขื ืฃ ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ืื•ืœื ื™ืจืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ืช ื•ื›ืœืคื™ ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื ื ื•ื˜ืขืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืกื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ื•ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™; ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ืฉืจืืฉื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”.

ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืชื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื™ืขื•ื“ ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžืงืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ืชื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช. ืืœื ืฉื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™: ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ื ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืงื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื’ืžืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืฃ ืœื ืžืชืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืื™ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืืžื ื•ืชื™, ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืžืจืคื.

ืžื”ื• ืืคื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื ืœื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ืžื”? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืกืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ืชื™ื‘ ืืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช? ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ืงื“ื•ื?

ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืš ื ื“ืžื”, ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื•ืช-ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ืช.

ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ
ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื›ื™ ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืจืืฉื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-55 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›-15 ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื™ื (ืฉืงื“, 2004). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื. ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ืช ืื• ืฉื ืชื™ืช, ืฆื“ื™ื ื•ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœื™ื (ื›ื‘ื•ืžืจื ื’ื™ื, ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉื™ืื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืœืžื™ื, ื•ืขื•ื“), ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืจืฉืช ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื; ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจื• ืœืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื, ืขื“ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ืงืœืื™. ื›ืš ื”ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื ื“ื™ื“ื”, ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื•ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื˜, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”, ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืื™ืžืฆื• ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ, ื”ื—ื•ื•ื”, ื”ื›ืคืจ ืื• ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช (ืขืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘), ื•ืœืื—ืจื™ื” ืืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช (ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื“ืคื•ืก).

ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืืชื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื. ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืฆื™ื“ ืื“ื ื•ื˜ื‘ื— ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™, ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช, ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื˜ื™ืคืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื•ืžืชืŸ ื—ืกื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ื“ืชื™, ื•ื“ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ื™ ืขื•ื ื™, ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืฉืžื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืจื™ื (ืฉืงื“, 2004).

ืžืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืชืฉืข ืขืฉืจื”, ืขื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”, ื•ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœื•ื•ื” ื”ืจืก ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื—ื™ืชื•ืชื”. ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืจื›ื•ืฉ, ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื ื ื’ื•ืข ื•ื ื™ืฆืœื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื™ื, ื”ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืžืชืžื™ื“, ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื”ื ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื” ืœืื“ื, ื›ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื• ืžืขืœ ื”ืจืžื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื™ ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื ื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืคืจื”-ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ืžื—ืกืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช (Blainey, 1997; Ingold, 2002). ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœ"ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™", ื›ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื˜ืจื ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžืกืขื” ืืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, "ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืื•ืžืœืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื" (Strelow, 1978).

ืœืžืŸ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ืœืฆื“ ืžืื‘ืงื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ื›ืœื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื ื•ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื. ืื—ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืงืจื• ืฉืœ ืืœืงื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™, ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข, ืืช ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืคื ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ (Elkin, 1977). ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื“ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกื˜ืจืœืื• ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืชื— ืืช ื“ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื›ืžื‘ืกืกืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืขื™ืงืจื” ืฉื™ืชื•ืคื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืฉืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ื”ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื“ืข (Strelow, 1978). ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืžื“ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ (Blainey, 1997). "ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื" ื ืงืจื ืกืคืจื• ืคื•ืจืฅ ื”ื“ืจืš, ื•ื‘ื• ืžืชื•ืืจื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”: ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืชื™ ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื•ืคืงืขื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ืžืื•ืžืฆืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื ื”ืฉื’ืชื”, ื•ืžืฉืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื ืื™ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ื—ื”, ืœื˜ืงืกื™ื, ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืœืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื›ื™ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืœืชืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืœ ืืงืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ื”ืจื’ืœื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”.

ื•ืืžื ื, ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืงื“ืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื: ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœื•, ื”ื›ื ืช ื›ืœื™ ืฆื™ื“ ื•ืœื™ืงื•ื˜, ืจื™ืคื•ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.

ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืขืœ ืคื”. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืฃ, ืœื™ื“ ืžื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”. ืื•ืœื ืœื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ืื ื ื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื, "ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื", ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื‘ ืœื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”. ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื "ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ" ืื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ "ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœื•ื", ื•ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” ื’ืกื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืื•ืชื ื›ืš:

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืื“ืžื” ื—ืกืจืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื: ืœืœื ื”ืจื™ื, ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช, ื ื—ืœื™ื, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช, ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ื ืฆื—ื™ืช. ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืืœืคื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื• ืžืื– ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืืš ื”ื™ื• ืฉืงื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ื ืฆื—ื™ืช. ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ืžืฉื ืชื. ื”ื ื”ืชืคืจืฆื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืคืขืชื”, ืืชืจื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื•, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื™ื• ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” โ€“ ื—ืœืงื ื—ื™ื•ืช (ื›ืืœื• ื”ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื ืžืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ, ืงื ื’ื•ืจื• ืื“ื•ื, ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจ), ื•ื—ืœืงื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืข (ื›ืžื• ืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจืง, ืื“ื-ืขื›ื‘ืจ, ื ื—ืฉ ื”ืงืฉืช ื‘ืขื ืŸ).

ืžื™ื“ ืขื ื”ื’ื—ืชื ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืชื ื•ืขืชื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœื”. ื”ื ื ืขื•, ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืœืื•ืจื›ื” ื•ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื, ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ื ื ื“ื“ื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื, ืงื™ื™ืžื• ื˜ืงืกื™ื, ืคื’ืฉื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื ื›ืจื›ื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ืชืขืžืชื•, ื ื™ืฉืื•, ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื•, ื”ืชืคืฆืœื• ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ื›ืœื™ื, ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฃ (Smith, 1998). ื•ืืžื ื, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืชื• ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื™ื–ื•ื“ื” ืžื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื”ื. ืื’ืžื™ื, ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื, ื ื—ืœื™ื, ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื, ื“ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช, ืื’ืžื™ ืžืœื—, ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช, ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื, ืชืœื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืืœื• โ€“ ื•ืขืžื ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื, ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฆื™ื“ ื•ื”ืœื™ืงื•ื˜, ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง โ€“ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื. ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื•, ื”ื•ื ืคืจื™ ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืชื. ื”ื ืฉื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื”, ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™.

ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ; ืœืขืชื™ื, ื›ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ื›ืžื™ื, ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืื“ืžื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื™ืืชื ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ืจ ืื• ืคืกืœ. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘, ื›ืฉื”ื ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื. ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืจืชื ื”ื™ื• ืืคื•ื ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ "ืคื•ืื–ื™ืก" โ€“ ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.

ืžืฉื ืฉืœื ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืžื•ืชืฉื™ื ืžืžืœืื›ืชื, ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื "ืคื ื™ืžื”". ื”ื ืฉืงืขื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืชื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื›"ืืชืจื™ ื—ืœื™ืžื”", ื›ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ื•ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื (ืฉืงื“, 2004; Strelow, 1978). ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืชืžื” ื•ื ืฉืœืžื”, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื•ืฃ, ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ื— ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืชื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื "ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื—ื™ื”", "ืืจื›ื", ืœืงื™ื•ื ืžืชืžืฉืš, ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื. ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื”, ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืื“ืžื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ืคืขื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื "ื—ื•ืง" ืื• "ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœื•ื".

ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื, ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื "ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื”" ืื• "ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ". "ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจ", ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœื•ืœื™ื ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื• (ื”ืจื™ื, ืขืžืงื™ื, ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื, ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื›ื•'), ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื”ืžืชืคืชืœ ืœืื•ืจื›ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืžืื•ืช ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉืจ ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืื“ืžื” (ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื”) ื–ื”ื” ืœืื“ืžื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ื•. ื›ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื•ื”ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื, ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื, ื‘ืจืื” ืืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื›ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขืจื‘ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื›ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื•ืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืืจื•ื’ื” ืžืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืจ. ื•ืืžื ื, ืื™ืŸ ืกืœืข ืื• ืขืจื•ืฅ ื ื—ืœ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื•ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ, ืœื”ืœื›ื”, ืœืฉื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื” ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื• ืงืจื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื›ื‘ืจ ืงืจืื• ืื•ืชื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืœื™ืช.

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื ื•ืฃ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ "ืžื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”?" ืื• "ืžื™ ื–ื”?" ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื‘ ืงื“ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ืœืš ืฉื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ื™ืฆืจ ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื–ื”. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช. ื•ืืžื ื "ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจ" ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชืœ ื“ืจืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืฉืื“ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“, ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืงืฆื”ื• ืฉืœ "ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจ", ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ืคื™ ืื“ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืฉืคืชื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ืื“ืžื” ืžื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื›ืš ืืช ื“ืจื›ื•. ืื“ื ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ "ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืจ" ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืคื•ืกืข ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ื•.[1]

ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ื“ืžื™ื "ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ" ื›ื“ืจืš ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช, ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜, ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืžืคื•ืช ื•ื›ืชื‘. ืืœื ืฉ"ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ" ืื™ื ื ืžืชืžืฆื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ื”ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช: ืžื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ? ืžื” ื–ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ? ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจืคื?

ืžื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ?
ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื“ ื”ื

ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื• ืžื‘ื˜ืืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืจืื™ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ื”ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ, ืืกื•ืฃ ื•ืžืงื•ืคืœ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” (ื‘ื ื—ืœื™ื, ื‘ื”ืจื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช) ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื (ื‘ืžืขื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื–ื ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’, ื‘ืœื‘ืœื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืขืฅ). ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™, ื•ืœื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืงืจื™ืืชื ืขืœื™ื• (Ingold, 2002). ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืื”, ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื” ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ, ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื•, ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืœืชื•ื›ื• โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื•ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•. ืืœื ืฉืงืจื™ืื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืœืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืืœื ืขื™ืกื•ืง ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.[2]

ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืคื•ื ืœื ื›ื—ืœืœ, ืœื ื›ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” "ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช" ื•ืœื ื›ืฉื˜ื— ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื“ื. ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ โ€“ landscape, ื›ื™ ืื storyscape, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืžื•ืช ืฉ"ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜" ืœืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื›ื”ืชืžืฆืงื•ืช ื•ื›ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืื’ืžื™ื, ื”ืขืฆื™ื, ืžืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื ืืจื’ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื‘ืงืจื™ืืชื• ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ื›ืš ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื›ื”ื•ืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืขืฆื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. "ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงืžืื™ ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช" (Ingold, 2011, p. 203).

ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื "ืื™ืžืื’ื• ืžื•ื ื“ื™" ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™
ื”ืื“ืžื” ื›"ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ" ื•ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžื’ืœืžืช ืืคื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ืฉื ื“ื“ื• ืœืื•ืจื›ื” ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื. ื”ื ื•ืฃ, ื›ื”ื™ืจืื•ึผืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ื•ืชื™, ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ื•ื—ื“-ืขืœื™ืœืชื™, ืืœื ืฉืชื™ ื•ืขืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืง ืคืขืœื•, ืืœื ืคืขืœื• ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจื• ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืคืจื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื–ื™ืงื•ืช. ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื›ืจื•ื›ื” ืœืœื ื”ืคืจื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”. ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื›ืœ ืืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฃ, ื›ืœ ืฆืžื— ืื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื”ื•ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช, ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช, ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื”, ื›ื™ ืื ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืฆื•ืžืช, ืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื ืงืฉืจื• ื•ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื, ืžื‘ื ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื• ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ื›ื™ ืื ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ื—ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื—ืกื™ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจืง ืžืชื•ืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.

ืจืฉืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื™ื, ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ืžื‘ื ื”ื• ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขืœ ืื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•. ืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืืกื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื›ืืžืช ืขืžื•ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื™ื• ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ื•ืืžื ื, ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืืจื•, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”"ืžืืจื’", ื”"ืจืฉืช" ืื• ื”"ืจื™ื–ื•ื".[3] ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ ืฉื ืงืฉืจื• ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•, ื›ื™ ืื ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื–ื™ืงื•ืช, ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืชืœื•ืช, ืฉืžืชื•ืš ื›ืจื™ื›ื•ืชื ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื” ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง. ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ื›ืื•ืชื ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืื• ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืฆื™ื“ ื•ื“ื™ื’ ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช โ€“meshwork ย ื•ืœื network (Ingold, 2011).

ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื” ืืคื•ื ื”"ืกื™ืคื•ืจ" โ€“ ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื“ืžื”. ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืงืคืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงืจื™ืื” ื•ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื”ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“. ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ื™ื ืžื’ืœื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”"ืืžื™ืชื™", ื”"ืžื•ืกืจื™", ื•ื”"ืงื“ื•ืฉ" ื›ืžืืจื’ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืžืชืžืฉืš ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ืจึถื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื–ื” ืœื–ื”, ืœืื“ืžื” ื•ืœื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื", ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.[4]

ืžื” ื–ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ?
ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืžืกืข ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช

ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฃ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื“ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืžืคื ื” ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ืขืœืžื• ืžืชืคื™ืกืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื: ื‘ืœื™ื˜ืช ืกืœืข ื‘ื”ืจ, ืฆืžื— ืจืขื™ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื’ื™ื, ืžืขืจื” ื ืกืชืจืช, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงืจืงื•ืจ ื—ืœืฉื™ื. ื”ืœืœื• ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืื“ื ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืขืจื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืืœื ืฉื”ืขืžืงืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื ื•ืฃ, ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื—ื“ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืื ื’ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื "ื ืคืชื—ื™ื" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืžืชื’ืœื™ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืจืžื–ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื™ืžื”. ื•ืืžื ื, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื’ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืชืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืฆืœ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœืช ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืžืง ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. "ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช โ€“ ื›ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื”, ื•ืขื•ืžืง โ€“ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ" (Ingold, 2002, p. 56). ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืืคื•ื ืœื—ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืžืงื“ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื‘ืื“ืžื”, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืœืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.[5]

ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื•, ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื”, ืžืงื•ืคืœืช ื•ืืกื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืชื•ื•ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฃ, ื ืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืžืงืฉื™ื‘, ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื•ื ืจืื™ืช. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืง โ€“ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœ "ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ื" โ€“ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื•. ื‘ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—, ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืงื“ื ืจื‘ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืกืข ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™. ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื "ืคื•ืชื—" ื”ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืžื’ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืืช ืžื‘ื ื ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ืจื, ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื, ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืขื ื™ืง ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื”ื.

ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจื ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืกืœืข ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื, ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื” ืœื ืจืื”. ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื›ื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืชื™ื• ืชืžื•, ื’ื ืื ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื›ื–ืžืŸ ืคืจื”-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืงื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื–ืžื ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ "ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœื•ื" ื”ื™ื ื˜ืจื ืก-ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช. ื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืฆื— ื›ื”ื ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื.

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘"ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœื•ื" ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฉืš ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื“; ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ "ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœื•ื" ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื. ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื”ื ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”, ืืช ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื ื•ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืจืื•ื™ื™ื. ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ืจืชื• ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.

ืœื“ืขืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืืคื•ื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื”ื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื”, ืืœื ื–ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื•, ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื•ืจ, ื•ืงืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืœื™ื™ ื•ืืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ื™ ืฉื–ื•ืจ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืกืคืง ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืขืจืš ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืจืง ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืœืชืช ืขืฆื”, ืœื”ื“ืจื™ืš, ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื“ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืจืš.[6]

ืœื”ื ื›ื™ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื—ื•ืงื™ ื˜ื‘ืข, ื›ืกื“ืจื™-ืขืœ ืฉืžืจื’ืข ืœื™ื“ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืขื™ื, ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ื›ื— ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืžื›ืคื™ืฃ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืžืชืืจืขืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ; ืžื›ื•ื— ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื–ื™ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ "ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœื•ื" ืืคื•ื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื• ืœืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื, ืืœื ื–ื”ื• ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื—ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช, ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื• ื›ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืช ืจืงื™ืžืชื” ื”ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ื•ืืžื ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื; ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื•ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ื”ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ "ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœื•ื" (ืจืคืจื–ื ื˜ืฆื™ื”), ื›ื™ ืื ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ (ืจื”-ืคืจื–ื ื˜ืฆื™ื”). ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืจื•ืงืžื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ, ืื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขืžื ืืช ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืชื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื›ื—ืชื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช.

ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืคื•ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื“ืื’ื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืจื”-ื’ื ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื ื›ื—ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงืžืื™ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘, ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื“ืจื›ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœืจืงื•ื ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืงื™ื•ื ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื. ืžื ื’ื“, ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” โ€“ ืืœื• ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืช ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ืงืœืงื•ืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ืฉืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื”ื“ื“ื™ื•ืชื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ืžืืจื’ ื”ืงื™ื•ื. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืžืกื•ืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื•ืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื”ืฉื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ืฉ.

ืœืกืคืจ = ืœื—ื™ื•ืช
ื›ืฉืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฃ. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืืช ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ืœืฃ, ืœืคืกืœ ืื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื, ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ืื• ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ืžืžืœืžืœื™ื ืฉื™ืจ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื˜ืงืกื™, ืฉื™ืจ, ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื—ืจื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ, ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจืช ืชื•ื•ืื™ ื ื•ืฃ, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉื™ื—ืช ืฆื‘ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ื’ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืฉื™ืจื” โ€“ ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจืื”ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ื“ื•ืžื, ืชื ื•ืขืชื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื”, ื˜ืงืกื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฃ. ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื” ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื›ื—ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ืžืขื•ืฃ ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ, ืชื ื•ืขืช ืกื ืคื™ืจื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ื‘ืžื™ื, ืงื• ืื•ืคืง ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื โ€“ ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืฆื’ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืื• ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ืฉืœื•, ืื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ ื•ืžืกื•ืคืจ. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื, ืขืฆื™ื ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืจื›ื ื”ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื™ื. ืฉื”ืจื™ ืžืžืฉ ื›ืฉื ืฉื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•, ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื ื›ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื, ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื.

ืžื›ืืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื–ื”ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื ื”, ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื” ื›ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉื•ืช, ื•ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ืคืจืคื•ืจืžื ืก, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงืžืื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.

ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ 2

ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ 3

ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ 4

ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจืคื?
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ืคืชื— ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ืช

ื›ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืžื•ืชืฉื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืชืื™ ืฉื™ืจ, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื ืคืกืขื• ื‘ื• ื•ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืกืขืช ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ืชืื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื” ื•ืœืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฉื™ืจ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื”ึผ ื”ื‘ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื™ืช. ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื”ื• ืชื• ื”ืงืจืงืข ื‘"ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจ" ืฉื”ื•ื "ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืจื›ื•ืฉื• ื•ื–ื”ื•ืชื• (Strelow, 1978).

ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื”ื ืงืจืืช "ื—ืœื•ื ื”ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช", ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืžื ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช (ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ืžื ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืฉืืจื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื, ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜) (ืฉืงื“, 2004) ืฉื‘ื” ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืžื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื”ืื“ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืš ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื, ื•ื–ื”ื•ืชื•, ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•, ืื•ืคื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื•ื“ืื’ืชื• (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœื•, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื, ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ื, ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื•), ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœื›ื‘ืจืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”, ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžื•ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืืœื™ื• ื•ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ย ื•ืืžื ื, ืชืขื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื›ืœ ื ืขืจ ืžืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื’ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื•, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืžืื™ ืฉื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”"ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื”", ืžืคืช ื—ืœื•ื, ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื, ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื•ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืจื˜ื˜ ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืกื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื ืื• ืžืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื. ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชื ื” ืœื ืขืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ื›ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืงื˜ืข ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื•ื›ื“ืื’ื” ืคืขื™ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช ืœื”ื ื›ื—ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ื•ื ื“ืงื“ืงื ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื™ื, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื, ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื“ื”, ืฆื™ื“, ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.[7] ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”"ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื’ื”" ืœืกื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืขื‘ืจื• ื—ื ื™ื›ื”. ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื™ืจืื•ื”.

ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื ื˜ื•ืขื” ืืคื•ื ื‘ืžื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”, ืืœื ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื›ืฆื•ืžืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื”ื•ืช ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช-ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืฃ ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช-ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื•ืกื™ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ื”ื ืื“ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื›ื‘ืจืช ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ "ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืจ" ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœืฆื•ืžืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืžื™ืช, ื•ืœื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื”-ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื—ืœื™ืคื™ืŸ.[8] ืื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื—ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ืœื™ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืชืจื™ ื—ืœื™ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื•ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช (Strelow, 1978).

ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื” ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืื™ื ื ื” ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื (ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื) ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืœื™ื“ื”, ืืœื ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” (Elkin, 1977). ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžืคืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœื•, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืคืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื•ืฆื‘ื™ืจืช ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™, ืื“ื ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžืคืชื— ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื•. ื–ื”ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืื’ื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืœืงืจืืช ืงื‘ืœืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืชื•ื•ืš ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื“ื’ื ืžื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ื
ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื‘ืขื™ื” ืื• ืงื•ืฉื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื โ€“ ืžื—ืœื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื”, ืžืจื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”, ื”ืชืงืคื™ ื›ืื‘, ืžื•ื•ืช ืžืคืชื™ืข ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” โ€“ ืžื—ืœืชื• ืื• ืงืฉื™ื™ื• ืื™ื ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื›"ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื" ื•ื›ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืฃ ืœื ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื• ื›ืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ืื• ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืœ ืืœื•, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•, ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืชื• ื›ืชื•ื•ืš, ื›ืฆื•ืžืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™, ื›ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ. ืืœื ืฉื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ืคืขื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืงื™ืžืชืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื”ืŸ ืืจื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžื—ืœื”, ืžื•ื•ืช ืื• ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื ื”ื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ. ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื—ื“ืจื” ืจื•ื— ืจืขื” ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ืื• ื›ื”ืขื ืฉื” ืžื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื˜ืขื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื™ืช (ืฉื). ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืฆื•ืžืช ืฉื”ื•ืคืจืข.

ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจื” โ€“ ื˜ืงืกื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื” ืกืžืœื™ืช ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉืœืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ืื• ืžื•ืคืจืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื•ึผืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื•ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื›ื–ื”ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื. ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื "ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืœื•ื" ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ืจ "ืฉืœื" ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืฉื™ืจืชื• ืืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื; ื”ืื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืฉืœ ืจื™ืคื•ื™, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื˜ืงืก ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกืชื“ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ.[9]

ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ืืคื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžื•ื ื”ื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™-ื”ืขืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื. ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืžืื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ื“ืคื•ืก ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงื“ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืื“ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื•ืชื• ื›ืฆื•ืžืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•. ืžืฉืขื” ืฉืืœื• ื—ื•ื“ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื• ืื• ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื” ืฉืœ ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื–ืจื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืžืจืคื ืžื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื•.

ย ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื”, ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืืคื•ื ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืคื• ื•ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืœื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื›ืžืชืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืœืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื”, ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืœื™ ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืœ"ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ" ื•"ืœืฉืœื“" ืฉืœื•. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉืช ืœื›ืš ืคืขื•ืœื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘ โ€“ ื”ืœืงืื”, ื—ื™ืชื•ืš, ื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื”, ืงืขืงื•ืข โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืชื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฆืœืงืช ื ืจืื™ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืคื’ื™ืžื”. ืืœื ืฉื”ืฆืœืงืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื›ืคื•ืœ: ื”ืคื ืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื ื—ื“ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ; ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื™ ื ืขืฉื”. ืœืชืจืคื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืืคื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืจ, ื—ื–ื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืจืื”. ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืจืง ืงื•ืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืืœื ื’ื ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืฆ'ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื‘', 2003. "ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจ": ืกื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“.

ืฉืงื“, ื', 2004. ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื: ืžืกืข ืืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื•ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžืคื”.

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Van Gennep, A., 1960. The Rites of Passage, London: Routledge & Keagan Paul.

[1] ืฆ'ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ืกืคืจื• ื‘ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืžืฆืื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื ื’ื•ืกืกื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืœืžื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ "ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืจ" ืฉืœื• โ€“ ื—ืœื™ืžืช "ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืจ" โ€“ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉืœ ืงืฆื‘ ื ืกื™ืขืชื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืžืื˜ื” ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืชื” ืœืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื›ื”, ื‘ื ืขื™ืžื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืืชืจ ื”ื—ืœื™ืžื” ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง, ืœืงืจื—ืช ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื™ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืกืกื™ื (ืฆ'ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 2003, ืขืž' 233โ€“236).

[2] ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืชืจื ืื™ื ื’ื•ืœื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื— ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืœื›ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื•ืช: ื˜ื‘ืขโ€“ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืโ€“ืคืจืกื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ื ื“โ€“ืขื•ืœื, ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜โ€“ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื”ืœื-ื“ื•ืืœื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื” "ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช", ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื›ื”ื™ื˜ืžืขื•ืช ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” โ€“ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ืช โ€“ ืขื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” (Ingold, 2002; 2007; 2011; 2013).

[3] ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ื›ืืœื• ื”ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”"ืจื™ื–ื•ื" ืฉืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืœื– ื•ื’ื•ื•ืื˜ืจื™ ื›ืกื‘ืš ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืœื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช (Deleuze, 1993); ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืžืืจื’ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ืฉืคื™ืชื— ืงืืคืจื” ื›ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืคื•ืจืฆื™ ื“ืจืš ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื›ืื•ืก ื•ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืืงื•-ืกื™ืกื˜ืžื•ืช (Capra, 1996); ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ "ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืกืžื•ื™" ืฉืคื™ืชื— ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื•ื”ื ื›ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื (Bohm, 2002). ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื โ€“ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื, ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื โ€“ ื•ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ื‘ื”ืขืžืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.

[4] ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื›ืžืืจื’ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื“ืื’ื” ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืœื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื‘ืจืช ืื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ "ื‘ืขืœื™ื" ื•ืฉืœ "ืžื ื”ืœ", ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื—ืœื™ืžื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืชื•ื ื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”"ื‘ืขืœื™ื", ืืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” (ืฆ'ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 2003, ืขืž' 114โ€“115).

[5] ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื“ืจืš ืงืจื™ืื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื™ืช, ืืฉืจ ืœืคื™ื” ืืฃ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื•ืžื ืœื™ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืขื•ืœืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื–ื›ืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ.

[6] ื—ื•ืงืจ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื™ืงื•ืœืก ื”ืื•ื•ื™ ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืื˜ื™ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ "ืœืงืจื•ื" ืžื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืื ื’ืœื•-ืกืงืกื•ื ื™ืช road, ื•ื”ืจืื” ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืœืชืช ืขืฆื” ื•ื”ื“ืจื›ื”, ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืžื•ื. ready ื”ื•ื ืžื™ ืฉืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื›ื™ ืงืจื ื›ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฆื” (Howe, 1992, pp. 61โ€“62). ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืื” ืœื”ื“ืจื›ื” ืจืื• ื’ื Leroi-Gourhan, 1993, p. 291.

[7] ืฆ'ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ: "ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ื˜ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืืœื™ืก: 'ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฆ'ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื” ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื™ื”ื•'" (ืฆ'ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 2003, ืขืž' 330).

[8] ืขืœ ื”ืื™-ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™, ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงืชื™, ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืจืื• Trudgen, 2000.

[9] ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืข ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ืจื›ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื˜ืงืกื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืžืื ื™ื™ื (ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื”ืงื–ืช ื“ื, ืžืœืžื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ื•') ื•ื˜ืงืกื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื˜ืงืกื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืจื”. ื‘ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฆืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื–ื• ืžื•ืฆื’ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืขืœ ื˜ืงืกื™ ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉืžืื ื™ื™ื ืจืื• Elkin, 1977. ืขืœ ื˜ืงืกื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืจืื•Eliade, 1995 ย Van-Gennep, 1960;.