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ืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื; ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช; ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืข"ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื‘"ื, ืชืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืื“ืžื•ื ื“ ื•ืœื™ืœื™ ืกืคืจื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื

ืžื‘ื•ื
ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื—ื“ ื”ื. ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื• ืžืกืคืงืช ืžืฆืข ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœืจื™ืคื•ื™. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™, ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ืžืชื ื•ืขืข ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™, ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืชื ื•. ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื”ืกืชืžื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช (ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื) ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช ืžืคืฆื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืงืฉื”, ืœืขืชื™ื "ืœืœื ืขื•ืจ", ืœืขืชื™ื ื“ื™ืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช). ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืฉืคืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื”. ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ ืœื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชื— ืืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžืชื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช โ€“ ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืœ (peers). ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื (equals) ื•ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ืกืคืจื ืก ืฉืœื™ืœื™.

ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืžืชื•ืืจ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘ ืœื ื”ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืคืจื˜. ื”ื•ืœ (Hall, 1985) ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื ื• ื›ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืžื”, ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืขื•ืจืจ ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื™ ื”ืžืชื ื•ืขืข ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช. ืžื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื•ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขืจืš (ื“ื‘ืœื•ืืฆื™ื”), ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืืœื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืžื•ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืžืกืจื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ.

ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืขื•ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื™ืžืฆื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉื‘ื”. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ "ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื“" ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื: ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื›ื˜ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื ื™ื ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ืจ ื‘ืชืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขื ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ื”ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ (ืื•ืคื™ืจ, 1983). ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ืืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื–ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื ื•ืขืจ ื‘ืชืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืจ ื–ื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื”-15.

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”
ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื™ืกื•ื“

ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืขืจื•ืฅ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช - ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช (psychosomatic structure). ืœืœื ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื• ื•ืœื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช. ืชื ื•ืขื” โ€“ ืคืจึตื”-ื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื•ืคืจึตื”-ื•ืจื‘ืœื™ืช โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื” ืงื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืžืฆื‘ ื ืคืฉื™. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ื•ืฃ-ื ืคืฉ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืžื™ืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืจืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”: ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืกื ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื, ื“ื—ืคื™ื, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื, ื”ื’ื ื•ืช, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื™ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (Freud, 1923) ืงื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื™. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคืœื˜ืฉืจ (Fletcher, 1979), ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื“ื™ื ืžื™. ื›ืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื ื˜ืœื™ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื”, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื”-ืคืกื™ื›ื™ ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉ.

ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง. ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื ืจืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ. ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™, ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืื-ืชื™ื ื•ืง.

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
ืงืจื•ื’ืจ (Krueger, 1989) ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ:

  • ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ: ื ื™ืฆื ื™ ืื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ (body ego) ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™.
  • ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ: ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”-ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื”.
  • ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™: ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ (rapprochement) ื•ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืžืชืจื—ืง ื•ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ืื ืœื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืคื ื™ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื.

ืขืœ ืคื™ ืคื™ืฉืจ ื•ืงืœื™ื‘ืœื ื“ (Fisher and Cleveland, 1968), ืชืคื™ืกืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื: ืžืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืชืคื™ืกื” ื ืขื“ืจืช ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืื™ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœืชืคื™ืกืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืœืื“ื ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืœื—ืฅ. ืื“ื ืขื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืคืจื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืคืงื• ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื™ื ื›ื”ื’ื ื”.

ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื ืžื™, ืžืชืคืชื— ื•ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืžื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”: ืจืžื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืกื ืกื•ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืจืžื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ืžืื’ื“ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™, ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื, ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื ื•ืช, ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”"ืื ื™".

ืœืคื™ ืฉื—ืจ-ืœื•ื™ (1989), ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืื” ื•ื›ืื‘, ืžื’ืข ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื“ืจืš ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช, ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื•ืฆืคื ืช ื‘ืฆืคื ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ/ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืžื•ืชืจ/ืืกื•ืจ ืื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ/ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ. ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืืœื• ื ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœืขื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืงื™ืŸ.

ื›ืš ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื—ืกื›ื™ื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” (ื‘ื›ืจ, 2001; Rice et al., 1989; Stark et al., 1989; Garner, 1991; Krantz, 1999; Kaye et al., 2004; Kleinman, 2009; Gothelf-Brand et al., 2016):

  • ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจืžื–ื™ื ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื (ืจืขื‘, ืฉื•ื‘ืข, ื—ื•ื, ืงื•ืจ)
  • ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™, ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื’ืฉื™
  • ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจ ื—ืจื“ื” ืžืคืœื™ืฉื” ื•ื”ืฆืคื”
  • ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™, ืชืคื™ืกืช ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืžืขื•ื•ืชื™ื
  • ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื–ื•ืจืžืช ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช
  • ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ, ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘, ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืืช ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื•ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืงื•ื
  • ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืจื“ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืงืช ื‘ื—ื–ื”
  • ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ืฉืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื•ืคืกื™ื‘ื™
  • ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื—ื•ืกืžืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช
  • ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช (ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—, ืื’ืจืกื™ื”) ืžืขื˜ื” ืื• ื ืขื“ืจืช
  • ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืจืืฉ ื•ืื™-ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
  • ืžื’ืข ืจื•ืคืฃ ืขื ื”ืงืจืงืข, ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืขื’ื™ื ื”
  • ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื›ื ื™ืช, ื—ืชื•ื›ื”, ืกื’ื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช, ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืžื”ืจื’ืฉ
  • ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืชื— ื•ื—ืจื“ื”

ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื”, ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช (purging disorder) ื•ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ื–ืœื™ืœื” (binge eating disorder). ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื™ื–ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ, ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ื ืžื•ืš, ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื”: ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื™ื™ื—ื•ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืœื”ื•ืคืขื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืชืช-ืกื•ื’ื™ื, ืœืคื™ ืงื™ื•ืžื ืื• ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื ื•/ืื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช/ืžืคืฆื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฆืžืฆืžื•ืช DSM-V, 2013)).

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ. ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช/ืžืคืฆื•ืช (ื”ืงืื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืœืฉืœื™ื ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ). ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช/ืžืคืฆื•ืช, ื•ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ืคืจืขืช ื–ืœื™ืœื” ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื (ืฉื).

ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžืื‘ืง ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช (ืžืงื“ื•ื’ืœ, 1998) ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืจื’ืฉื™, ื—ืกืจ ืจื’ืฉื™ ืื• ื ืชืง ืจื’ืฉื™. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื—ื™ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื•ืžืขื•ื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœื ืคืชื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ืคืš ืžื—ืกื•ื ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืจืžื•ืช: ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ (ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™) ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ื ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ืจื’ืฉื™.

ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืช
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ื™ (ego psychology; Mahler et al., 1975), ืœื ืขืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืขื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกืคืจืฆื™ื”-ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ื‘ืจื•ืš (Bruch, 1985) ื•ื’ืจื ืจ (Garner, 1991) ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉืชืงืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช (ineffectiveness) ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืžืช. ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื, ืฉืื•ืชื ืžืงืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื’ื•ืคืŸ (Selvini Palazzoli, 1974).

ืœืคื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ (self-psychology), ืืฆืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื™ืฉ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื”ืŸ ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœืช-ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื (Goodsitt, 1985). ื‘ื›ืจ (2001) ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื›ื–ื‘ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœืช-ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ืคื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื•ื›ืœ/ืœืื™-ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืฉื ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืืœื”. ืงืจื•ื’ืจ (Krueger, 1989) ื•ืฉื•ื’ืจืžืŸ ื•ืงื•ืจืฉ Sugarman and Kurash, 1982)) ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื›ื™ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืกืžืœื”, ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื—ืกืš ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™.

ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ืก (Davis, 1990) ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืื›ื™ืœื”, ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช, ืงื™ื•ื ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช ืกื“ื•-ืžื–ื•ื›ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ื’ื ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช (self-preservation). ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืขืจื” ืขื ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœื” ืฉืžื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื’ื•ืคื”, ืื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืก, ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ืช ืœื›ื ื™ืกืช ืงืฉืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื” (Williams, 1997).

ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื: ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ (1996), ืื™-ื‘ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื™ืจืคืื•. ืืจื™ืงืกื•ืŸ (1974) ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื, ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”. ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืžืชืขืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ื’ื•ืคื•, ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื. ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ื•ืคื•, ื•ืžืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉื™ื, ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืกื›ืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ืœืื•ืคืจ (Laufer, 1981) ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื ืžืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืขื ื”ืคื ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืคื ืžื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ (1996), ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืคื•ืก ืืช ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืื ื” ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (Freud, 1958) ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ืกืจื‘ื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขื ืงื•ืฉื™ ืจื‘ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจึตื“ื” ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื• ื™ืชืงืฉื” ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ.

ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช; ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืžืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ืกืชื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•. ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืคื—ื“ ืžืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ืคื—ื“ ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืœืงืจืืช ืขืฆืžืื•ืช, ืคืจึตื“ื” ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช, ืคื—ื“ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื .(Stein et al., 2003)

ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™
ื”ืขื“ืคืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืขื ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœืŸ ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืœืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื. ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื, ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืจืง ืœื”ื ืžืงื“ืžืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉื”. ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืจืžื” ืืœื ืื ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื“ื•ืžื”. ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืชืŸ ื›ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื™ื (ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉืจื™ ืชืœื•ืช) ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ื”ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืืžืคืชื™ืช, ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช. ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืžืงื“ืžืช ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ื•ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ืช (Bloch, 1986).

ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ (Bion, 1961) ืจืื” ื‘ืžึฐื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืจื—ืžื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื ืžื•ื•ืกืชืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืขื•ื˜ืคืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ืื ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช ืœืชื•ื›ื”, ื•ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืžื›ืœ ืœื—ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื—ืคื™ื, ืžืขื‘ื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื•ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืžื›ืœ ืื™ืžื”ื™ ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื.

ืื ื–ื™ื™ื” (2004) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื• ื•ืœืื. ืžื˜ืจื™ (2005) ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืคืฉ" ื›"ื‘ื™ืช" ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื™. ืขื“ ืฉื”ืขื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืš-ืจื—ืžื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืช. ืœื“ืขืช ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ (1996), ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื›ื•ื–ื‘ ืžืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช, ื•ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ืคื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžืชื™.

ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ืื ื™-ืขื•ืจ" (skin ego) ืฉืœ ืื–ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช. ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืฉืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช. ืื ื–ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœ"ืื ื™-ืขื•ืจ": (1) ืฉืง ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžืœืื•ืช ื”ื ืฆื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืื›ืœื”, ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื•"ืืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื" ืฉืœ ื”ืื; (2) ืฉื˜ื— ืคึธึผื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืคึผึฐื ื™ื ื•ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื”ืžืกืžืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ, ืฉื•ืžืจ ื•ืžื’ืŸ ื›ืžื—ืกื•ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื“ื™ืจืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื ื™; (3) ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื ืจืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.

ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ โ€“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ, ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ โ€“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืช ืชื›ื ื™ื•, ื•ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ.

ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”
ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืชืื™ื ื ื‘ืขื” ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืžืื•ืฉืคื–ื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฉืคื•ื– ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžืื•ืฉืคื–ื•ืช ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืืœื”. ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืœืฆื“ ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ื•ืฉืื™ืคื” ืœืžืฆื•ืชื• ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ื”ืชืขืกืงื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (body checking) ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื” ืžื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ( Steinhausen, 2002; Carter et al., 2012; Schlegl et al., 2016).

ืืฆืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืžื•ืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ืงื ืื”, ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื”. ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื” "ืื ื™ ื”ืคืกื“ืชื™", ื–ื• ืฉืžื•ืœื™ ืจื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืชืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœื”. ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช. ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืœื”, ื•ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืขื ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ. ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคืจื ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืžืชืคื–ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช, ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื’ ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ (mirroring) ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช.

ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ (setting).ย ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืžื ื—ื” ืื—ืช,[1] ืืจื‘ืข ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื•ืืจื‘ืข ื ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ืœื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ื— ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื™ (ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช, ืื—ื•ืช, ืžื•ืจื” ืœืกืคื•ืจื˜, ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื”). ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืžืชื ื”ืœื•ืช ืฉืชื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ.

ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.ย ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ืช, ื ืขืจื•ืช (ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 18) ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฉื‘ืจ, ื”ื–ืงื•ืงื•ืช ืœืืฉืคื•ื–, ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช. ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ืœื ืžื•ื•ืกืชื•ืช, ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”"ื™ืฉ": ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ื•ืช, ื™ืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžื•ืช, ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”"ืื™ืŸ": ืื’ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช, ื—ืจื“ื•ืช, ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืจื’ืฉื™.

ื–ืžืŸ.ย ืื—ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื‘ืžืฉืš 45 ื“ืงื•ืช. ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืจื›ื‘ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื”. ื›ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช ืžืืฉืคื•ื– ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื•ืœื˜ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืจืฆืฃ.

ืžืงื•ื. ื—ื“ืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ืข (16 ืž"ืจ) ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช. ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืจืฆืคืช ืคืจืงื˜, ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื“ื•-ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืžื•ื’ืฃ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžืจืื”. ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืžืื•ื‘ื–ืจ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืข.

ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.ย ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื™ื ื” ืืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืืœื ื ืงื‘ืขืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช. ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื“: ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ. ื—ืœ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžืŸ, ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืžื•ึผืฆืืช ื ืขืจื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ืจื’ื™ืขื” ืœืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.

ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื™ื™ืก (Chaiklin, 1975; Chaiklin and Schmais, 1979) ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ: 1. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื›ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ืฉืžืžื ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžื‘ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื; 2. ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืœื ื‘ืื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™; 3. ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื”, ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ. ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ. ืฆ'ื™ื™ืก ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื•ืขื ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.

ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื”. ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ืจื™ืชืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™, ืงื•ืœื˜ ื•ืžืชืื™ื ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”. ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•-ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชืงืจืงืข ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (Lowen, 1975), ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ืœื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื•ืœืคืจื™ืงื”. ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ืžืฉืžืขื• ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื ื•ืขืชื™/ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืชื ืกื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืขื–ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื•ืžืœื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉื™ื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืกื’ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืฉืขืœื”. ื˜ืงืก ืคืจึตื“ื” ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื•ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืžืจื’ื™ืขื™ื ื—ืจื“ื”. ื‘ื“ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ, ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื, ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ืื—ืจ ืื• ืœื ืชืง ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื˜ื•ื ืื• ืฉืงื•ืฃ. ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ื‘ื“ ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื˜ื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื”. ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืขื ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ืžื•ืœื” ืงื™ืคืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืคืก ื“ืงื™ืง. ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคื•ืช ืขื•ืจ ืฆืจื” ืžืœื”ื›ื™ืœ, ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ืžืœื”ื›ื™ืœ; ืžืขื˜ืคื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.

ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื”, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ืืŸ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช. ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื•ืืžืจื”, "ืื ื™ ืฉืžื ื”". ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืกื•ื• ื‘ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืื• ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื–ื• ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืžื•. ื”ื™ื ืžืกื“ืจืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืื•ืจื– ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื”. ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื“. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื: ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”: ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื ืื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื‘ืœ, ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช (ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ื›ืื‘, ืžืชื—, ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ืจืขื‘), ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืงื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ื›ื•ื—, ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ ืžืฉืงืœ, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื”), ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ (ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฅ) ื•ืœื—ื–ืงื, ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช, ืืช ื”ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื–ืจื™ืžื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™, ืœืคืชื— ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื’ืขื” ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืงืคืช ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืงื“ืžืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืชืจืชื.

ืžื•ื“ืœ ื“ื™ืื“ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ื™ืื“ื™ ื ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื-ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ื•ืœืฉืงื ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ (ืงืคืœืŸ ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช 2010; (Stern, 1974. ื™ืฉื ื• ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ืจื”-ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืคืื–ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ, ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื•ืจื”. ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืงืฉืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™, ืœื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื’ืฉืจ, ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ืงืฉืจ, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืคืื–ื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ืช. ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช. ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”: ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžืขื’ืœ, ื‘ืขืช ืงื•ืฉื™, ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขืžื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช; ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชืช-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช, ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช, ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช; ื‘ืกื’ื™ืจื” ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื™ืื“ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื— (ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ), ื›ืขื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคื” ื—ื™ื”, ื›ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ (ืื ื–ื™ื™ื”), ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช.

ืชืžื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืคืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ืช (ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช) ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช (ื”ืžื‘ื™ืขื” ืจื’ืฉ); ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืื™ื™ื, ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื•ืงื ืื”; ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช (ื”ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™? ื”ืื ื™ื™ืขื ื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื™?); ืจืฆืฃ ืฉื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื•ืžืจื“ื ื•ืช; ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืก ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืง; ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช; ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช: ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื/ืจื•ืคืคื™ื/ื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื; ืจืฆืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื”, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.

ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”
"ืžื” ืžื™ื™ื—ื“ ืื•ืชื™"

ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืžืืชื’ืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื ืจืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืงื•ื, ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข. ืœื ืขืจื•ืช ื ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช, ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื›ื™ ืœืื•ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ืื—ืช. ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื ืขืจื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”, ืฉืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื—ืœืงื ื ืจืงื™ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื. ืื•ืชื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืชื™ืงื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื”, ืขื ืžืงื•ื ื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชื ื•ืขื”, ืœืื™ื›ื•ืชื” ื•ืœืจื’ืฉ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ื” ืืœื™ื” (ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื” 1 ื•-2).

ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ, ื ืขื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืงื˜ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉ' ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช. ืฉ' ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืช 17 ื”ื ืจืื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืœื’ื™ืœื”, ืจื–ื”, ืฉื—ื•ืžืช ืขื•ืจ ื•ื™ืคื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืขื” ืงื•ืœ ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™, ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืžืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ื—ื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ืช ืฉื™ื™ื’ื ื‘ ืžืžื ื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ. ื›ืฉื ืขืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืžื‘ื™ืขื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉ' ืžืฉืงืคืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืจื’ืœ, ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฉืชืคืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ืื”, ืืš ื›ืืŸ ืฉ' ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื™ื, ื‘ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืžื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื›ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื’ืจืกื™ื” โ€“ "ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื" โ€“ ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืกืช.

ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื ืขืฉื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉ', ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืฉ"ื™ื™ื’ื ื‘", ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”, ืฉื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื•ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœืช, ืจื™ืงื”. ืืš ืขืฆื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ืžืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ื™ื” ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœืช-ืขืฆืžื™. ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœืช-ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื (ื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ) ืฉ' ืžื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ืงืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื”, ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ื”ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื™.

ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืชืงืช 1

ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืชืงืช 2

ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžืฉืชืงืช

ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœืžืช ื•ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื’ืข ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืžืžืฉื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืง ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืžื’ืข ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื‘ื˜ืจื ืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืกืžืœื” (Penfield, 1992). ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื” ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืื“ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื•ืงื“.

ืืช ื™', ืชืื•ืžื” ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช, ืชื™ืืจื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืžื—ื•ืกืจืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื ืงื•ืช, ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื—ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืฉื ื™, ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื™' ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื”. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ื“ืงื” ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื”: ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื˜ื ื™ืก (ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืชื•ื•ืš), ื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืชื’ื™ื‘. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืืžืจื” ื™', ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆืžืช ื•ืฉืงื˜ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื›ื™ืฃ ื”ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ.

ื‘ื“ืจื›ื” ืืžืจื” ื™' ืฉืœื ื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืงืฉืจ, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข ืžืžืฉื™, ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืื“ื” ืžื™ืœืื” ื™' ื—ืกืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžื’ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ืช.

ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืงื ื• ืœื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืกื™ืจื‘ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื’ ืขื ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ื–ื• ืืœ ื–ื•. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื ื™ื”ืœื” ืขืžืŸ ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ, ื•ื‘ื• ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืชื™ืฉืืจื ื” ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ืœืŸ. ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ ืœืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืชื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื ื™ืก ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืŸ. ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื ืขื• ื‘ืื™-ื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื’ื‘. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื”, ื•ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ ืœื ืขืจื•ืช. ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื ื™ืก ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืขื ื”ื ื—ื™ื”: ืฉืคืฉื•ืฃ, ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ, ืœื—ื™ืฆื”... ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™, ืœืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ืœืคื• ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื: ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื ื’ืขื• ืขื ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช-ื ืขืจื” ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื’ื‘ ืืœ ื’ื‘, ื›ืฉื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืฉืื™ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื• ืœืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืงืฉืจ, ืืš ื’ื ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืžืžื ื•. ื”ืŸ ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื”ืŸ, ืฉืœ ื ืชื™ื ื” (ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœืช-ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื), ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ื ืœืงื‘ืœ (ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื–ื•ืœืช-ืขืฆืžื™). ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืช-ืขืฆืžื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื–ื‘ ืžืื—ื™ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื ืช ื”ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืžืœื.

ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช: ืžื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช, ืžื ืชื™ื ื” ืœืงื‘ืœื”, ืžื“ื‘ื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืขืจื”-ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ืข ื”ืžืžืฉื™ ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืขื•ืจื™ืช ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื“ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื ื’ ื•ื›ืื‘ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช.

ืคื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช: "ื”ืื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื™"
ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช (ื”ืจืžืŸ, 2005). ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™. ืฉืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืชืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืืœื• ื™ื‘ืœื˜ื• ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“, ืื™-ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื•ื“ื™ืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”, ืžื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืฃ ืื•ืชื”, ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจ ืื• ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื” ืื—ืจืช (ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื” 3).

ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—

ื”ืงืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœ: ืœืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช, ืœืชื™ืื•ื ืขื ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ืขื”.

ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช, ื ', ืคื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช, ื ืžื ืขืช ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืจึตื“ื” ื•ืžื•ืฆืคืช ืคืœืฉื‘ืงื™ื. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื ื™ื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื”, ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœืงืฉื™ื™ื” ืœืฆื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื™ื•ื–ื ืชื ื•ืขืช ื˜ืคื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืจื•ืงืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”. ื›ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื’ืฉืจ (ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ื”) ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื—ื™ืœื” ืชื—ืช ื”ื’ืฉืจื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื ' ื•ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ื”ื ืขืจื” ื ', ืฉื ืคื’ืขื” ืžื™ื ื™ืช, ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ื™ืื“ื” ืžื•ืœ ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื ืขื ื™ืช ืœืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื–ืžื ื” ืœืžืฉื—ืง. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื™ืฆืจื” ืขืžื” ื“ื™ืื“ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช, ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœืžืฆื‘ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข, ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื ื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™.

ื ' ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืช 15, ืขื ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื”, ืื—ืจื™ ืืฉืคื•ื– ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ืื•ื ืก ืงืฉื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืœื ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“. ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ื”ื’ื ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืฉืคื•ื– ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืคืœืฉื‘ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืชืขืœืœ ื‘ื” (Davies and Frawley, 1994), ื•ื‘ืจื—ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื•. ืจื”-ื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื”: ื™ืœื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช. ื™ื“ื™ื” ืคื•ืฆืขื•ืช ื•ืคืฆื•ืขื•ืช, ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืชื” ืžืชื—, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื•ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื™ืื—ื– ื‘ืขื•ืจ.

ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ื ' ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื•ืื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืคืขื ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ืชืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืคืขื ืชื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื”. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื˜ื™: ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืžืชื— ื•ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ืื’ืŸ, ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืกื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉึถืืงึธืจื” (ืจืื• ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช 4โ€“7).

ื  ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช 1

ื  ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช 2

ื  ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช 3

ื  ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช 4

ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื ' ืœืื•ืชืช ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื”. ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื” ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื” ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื”, ืœืฉื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื“ื™ื™ื” ืชื ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ืช, ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช, ื ื•ื’ืขืช ืœืœื‘ ื•ืžืจื’ืฉืช.

"ืžืขื˜ืคืช ืขื•ืจื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช"
ืงืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืจืฆืฃ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงืฉืจ ืžืžืฉื™ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืœืงืฉืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™; ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื’ืข ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ ืœืงืฉืจ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™. ืงืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืคื, ืืš ื’ื ืœืคืฆื•ืข ื•ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ. ืงืฉืจ ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช.

ืฉ' ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™, ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืชืœื•ื ื ืช ืฉืงืจ ืœื”. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ื•ื“ืจ ืฉืœื”, ืฉื”ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืชืงืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื•ืคื”. ืฉ' ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื•ื“ืจ ื•ืœื•ื‘ืฉืช ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื”, ืœืจื™ื— ื’ื•ืคื”. ืœืฉ' ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืคื”, ืฉืืœื™ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื ื—ื”, ืืš ืฉ' ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืขื˜ื™ืคื” ืืจื•ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืฉ' ืžืขื ื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ื“ืจืš role responsiveness. ืฉ' ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื” ื’ื ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืฉ' ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืจืฉืช ื•ืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืฆื“. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช ืืœ ืฉ' ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืกื’ื™ืจื”. ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ืฉ' ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื“, ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœ"ืขื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™" ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ื ืืžืจ ืœื” ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฆืžื™ ืื ื• ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื”. ืฉ' ืขื•ื ื”, "ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ".

ืœืฉ', ืฉื”ื•ืชืงืคื” ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ืงืฉืจ ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ. ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืฉ' ื‘ืขื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ืฉื ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืชืงื ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื”. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›"ืขื•ืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™" ื”ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ.

"ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื—"
ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื•ืฃ. ืจื™ื— ื–ื™ืขื” ืžื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฉื—ื™, ืžื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื, ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืงื™ื, ืจื™ื— ื”ื•ื•ืกืช, ืจื™ื— ืฆื•ืื” โ€“ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืœื•ื•ืกืช ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื ืขืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขืช ืื›ื™ืœื”, ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืกืช. ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ืกืช ืชืคืจื•ืฉ ืœืฆื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืฉื™ื“ื—ื” ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืชืกืžืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื‘ื“ ืื“ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื•ืชื ื™ื”. ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื’ื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืžืขื˜ืคืช ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ.

ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื ืขืจื” ื”ืชืœื•ื ื ื” ืฉืžืกืจื™ื— ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ื ืขืจื” ืื—ืจืช ื ื™ื’ืฉื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืงื” ืืช ื', ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ, ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืฉื›ื•ื•ื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื—ื™ื‘ืงื” ื•ืืžืจื”, "ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘". ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืืžืจื”, "ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืจื™ื— ื‘ื ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช". ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืžืจื” ื', "ืื ื™ ื”ืžืกืจื™ื—ื”, ืชืกื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื™".

ื ืขืจื” ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื' ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”, ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื ืžืฉืืœื” ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื. ื”ื ืขืจื” ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืฉืžืจื” ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื (ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘), ื•ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฆืจื” ืขืžื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง. ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืžืžื ื” ืืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื’ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืš.

"ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ"
ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืขื ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืžืฉืงืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื“ื“ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช.

ืœ', ื ืขืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืขื ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ืžืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื”. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ืœ' ืžืฉืชืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ื—ืงื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ, ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืื—ืช ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ, ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืœ' ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื‘ืขื™ื˜ื”. ื ืขืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืชื•ืงืขืช ืื’ืจื•ืฃ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœ' ื’ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื: "ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”".

ืœ' ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืจืึธื” ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืฉืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื”: ืžื’ืœืžืช ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืืคืง ื•ื—ืžื“ื ื•ืช (greediness). ื”ืจืขื‘ ื–ื•ืขืง ืžืžื ื”. ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื”ืคืš ืœืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืขืœ ื›ืฉื ื‘ืขื˜ ืœืชื•ืš ื—ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืœ'. ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื‘ื˜ื ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื’ื ื” ื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช (ื›ืฉื”ืžื ื—ื” ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื”ืงืจื‘ืช ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื›ื–ืจื™ืช).

"ื ื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื: ื”ืื ื”ืžื›ืœ ืฉื•ืจื“"
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœืกืช ื‘ืžืื•ืฉืคื–ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”. ืข' ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื”. ื”ื™ื ืื•ืฉืคื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืžืื•ื–ื ืช. ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืข' ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืžืจืฅ ืขื ื”ื™ืคืจ-ื’ืœื™ืงืžื™ื”. ื”ืคืจืขืช ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืืฉืคื•ื– ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื”. ื”ื™ื ืื›ืœื” ืื›ื™ืœืช ื‘ื•ืœืžื•ืก, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืงื™ื, ืœื ืœืงื—ื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืฉืชื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื›ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื›ื™ื–ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื”, ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืกื“ื™ื–ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช pairing ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืขื ืก' โ€“ ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื•.

ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ืช, ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ. ืข' ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืจืš ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืื ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื”!" ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ืœื–ื•ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื“ืจื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื’ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื–ื ื•ืื™-ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ื›ืฉื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืŸ ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช ื’ื ืื™. ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืงื“ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ืžื ื—ื” ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘-ืข' ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ, ืข' ืžื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉื–ื” "ืื•ื ืก", ื“ื•ืจื›ืช ืขืœ ืก' ื•ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื” ืœืงื•ื ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ. ืก' ืžืฆื™ื™ืชืช ืœืข' ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืข' ืœื ืชื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืžื ื”, ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจืช ื›ื‘ื•ืœื”. ืก' ื”ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืžื•ืฉืงืขืช ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขืชื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืคืชื” ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื” ืœื ืœื”ืชื‘ืœื‘ืœ, ืฉืœื ื‘ืื ื• ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ, ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืขืงืช, "ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืืžืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืžื ื”". ื›ืฉื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคืจื™, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืข' ื™ึฐืฉืึตื ึธื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืคืจื“ืช ื•ืœื ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืœืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื” ืžืจื•ื›ื›ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืจืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืฆื• ืœื™", ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ืช. ื›ืฉืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืข' ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื—ื”, ืืš ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืžื’ืข ืžื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื’ืข.

ื”ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืข' ("ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืืžืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืžื ื”") ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืจื•ื“ืคื ื™. ื”ื ืขืจื•ืช ืžืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืœื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ึทึผืงืฉืจ, ื•ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืฉืžืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ืคืขื ืื™ืžืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ ื•ืžืฉื•ืชืง ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืชืŸ. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ืช ืข' ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ืžื ืงืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืงื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™. ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืจืข, ืขื•ื™ืŸ, ื—ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื›ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืชื•ื›ื”
ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ. ื›ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืกื•ืง ื‘-reaching out ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืžืชืงืฉื”, ืœื ืคืขื ื–ื” ืžืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื”ืชืงืคื”. ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืชืชื’ื™ื™ืก ืœื”ื’ื ืชื”, ืชืฆื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช, ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื•ืช, ื”ืฆืงื” ื•ื—ืคื™ืจื”. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืžืชืื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื›ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคืš ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžืคืœืฆื•ืช ืจื•ื“ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืœืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชืชื’ื™ื™ืก ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ื”', ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืื ื•ืจืงื˜ื™ืช ืฉืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื“, ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”' ื ืคืจื“ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืงื‘ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื” ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื”. ืœื”', ืฉื”ืงืคื™ืื” ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื”ื™ื• ื›ืคื•ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืงืคื•ืื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ื–ืืช. ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขื•ืจืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื–ืขื ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื”. ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“. ืื—ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืชื ื™ื— ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืงื™ืช ืื•ืจื–. ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืื—ืจืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื‘ืŸ ืขืœ ืงื‘ืจ, ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืงื™ืช ืื•ืจื– ื•ืื•ืžืจืช "ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื›ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ืš". ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื”'.

ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืจืขืœ ืœื—ืœื‘ ืžืชื•ืง, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืงืฅ, ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืฆื. ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืคืจื“ื”, ืœืงื ืื” ื•ืœื–ืขื ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”', ืฉืœื ื ื›ื ืขื”, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.

ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืกืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื' ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš ืžื”ืžืฆื•ืคื” ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืกื˜ื™ื ื’: ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื•ื•ืจื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื ืžื ืžืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช, ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืื‘ืง ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช.

ื' ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื” ื’ืžืœื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื›ืฉืื—ื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืงืฉื”. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ "ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”", ื•ื ืคืœ ืœื” ื”ืืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื”, ืฉืžื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉื›ื•ืœืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ื' ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชื ื•ื—ืช ื™ื•ื’ื”. ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื”, ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœืชื ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื', ืœืฉืงื˜ ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื' ืžืฉืชืคืช ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ืฉื—ืœืžื”: "ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืจื‘ืชื™ ืขื ืื—ื™. ืื—ื™ ื“ื—ืฃ ืื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื•ื ืคืœืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉื. ื•ืื– ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืž'ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืจืงื•ื“' ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืจืงื•ื“. ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืขืคื” ืžื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช".

ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืžืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ "ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืจืงื•ื“", ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ื”, ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ืื•ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœืช ืœืžืงื•ื ืจืš, ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื' ืœืžื“ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื˜ืคื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืงืฉื•ืช (ื”ืžื—ืœืงื”, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ืช) ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ืš.

ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ื•ืฆื’ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืžืžืฉ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื”. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™, ื”ืžืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช (negativism, ืžื•ื“ืขืช), ื‘ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช (resistance, ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช) ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช (avoidance, ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช), ืฉืืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืืžื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘: ื“ื™ืื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™.

ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช, ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืกืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ "ืžืจื“" ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืืžืช ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ (peers). ื”ืžืจื“ ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ ืœืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ืžื•ื, ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”), ืึดืคืฉืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ืคื™ื–ืจ ื˜ืจื ืกืคืจื ืก ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื›ืœ ืื™ืžื”ื™ ืžื•ืจื—ื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉืชืง ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจ-ืคืจืกื•ื ืœื™ื™ื, ืึดืคืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช. ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ืขืฉื• ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื”, ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืžื ื—ื”, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ื™ืคื’ืขื•ืช.

ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืื• ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืชื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืืžื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืžื ื—ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืชื ื•ืขืชื™ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืœื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืกื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ื•ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ.

ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื™ (ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช) ื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžืฉืฆืคื™ื ื•. ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื”ื•ื• ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ืจืš modelling ื–ื•ื’ ืžื•ืœ ื–ื•ื’. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื™ื ื• ืงืœืืกื™, ืืš ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืคื ืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืื“ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื–ืจื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืจื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืฉืช ืฆื•ื•ืช-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช, ื›ืžืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœืŸ. ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื ืขื“ ื•ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ, ื•ืžืกื™ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœืžื”.

ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืฉื•ื ืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื• ืœืงื ืื” ื•ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืืš ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืข ืœืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื. ืขื•ื“ ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ืŸ ื ื”ื ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื—ืง (ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”). ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืŸ ื ื”ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื—ืง ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ืœืจืงื•ื“.

ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืŸ ืœื–ื•ื–, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื›ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช; ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื ืื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื•ื—ืจื“ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื•ืคืŸ? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื— (state of mind) ืฉืขืžื• ื ื™ื’ืฉื ื• ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ: ื”ืœืš ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื” ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืžืœื ืื—ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืœ ืืฃ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฆืข ืืžืคืชื™, ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืš ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ, ืžืกืคืง ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ื ื•ืฉื, ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืฆืข ืืžืคืชื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.

ืชืงืฆืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืžืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืืžืจ ื–ื”. ื ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืจืง ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืื• ื“ืจืš ืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.

ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช (ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช), ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืชืจืžื” ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ื’ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื›ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™.

ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื›ื” ืžืชืกื›ืœืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื™ื; ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื–ื•; ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืขืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืœื”ืชืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”.

* ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืคืจื•ืค' ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื“"ืจ ืขืžื™ืช ื™ืจื•ืกืœื‘ืกืงื™, ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื•ืœืฉื’ืฉื’; ืœืฉื•ืชืคื™ื™ ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื”: ืคืจื•ืค' ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“"ืจ ื™ืจื•ืกืœื‘ืกืงื™ ื•ืชืžืจ ืœื‘ ืื–ื•ืœืื™, ืฉืขื‘ืจื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื”; ืœืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืžื™ืจื™ ืฉืจื™ืจ ื•ืœืฆืœืžืช ืื•ืจืœื™ ืจื–; ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช: ืœืชืžืจ ื“ืกืงืœ, ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื ื•ืขื ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ื. ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื”, ืžืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื”ืกื™ืขื•ื“, ื”ื”ื•ืจืื”, ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื•ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” (ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”); ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” (ืžืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื, ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืœืกืœื™ ืงื•ืœื’'); ื•ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

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ืื ื–ื™ื™ื”, ื“ื™ื“ื™ื™ื”, 2004. ื”"ืื ื™ ืขื•ืจ", ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืื•ืจื™ืช ืจื•ื–ืŸ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ืืจื™ืงืกื•ืŸ, ืืจื™ืง ื”ื•ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ, 1974. ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืื•ืจื™ ืจืค, ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื”: ืกืคืจื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.

ื‘ื›ืจ, ืื™ืชืŸ, 2001. ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืžืงื•ื: ืื ื•ืจืงืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ื•ืœื™ืžื™ื” โ€“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžืื’ื ืก.

ื”ืจืžืŸ, ื’'ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื•ืื™ืก, 2005 [1992]. ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื—ืœืžื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืชืœื™ื” ื–ื™ืœื‘ืจ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื•ื•ื“ืก, 1996 [1975]. ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ื™ืืœื•ื, ืืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 2006. ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™: ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžืŸ, ืื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”: ื›ื ืจืช, ื–ืžื•ืจื”-ื‘ื™ืชืŸ, ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.

ืžื˜ืจื™, ื™ืขืงื‘, 2005. ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืคืฉ: ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื ืคืฉื™, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ: ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ืžืงื“ื•ื’ืœ, ื’'ื•ื™ืก, 1998. ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ: ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืกื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืžืจื™ื ืงืจืื•ืก, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.

ืงืคืœืŸ, ื—ื™ื•ืชื”, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ืจืืœ ื•ืจืขื™ื” ืื‘ื™ืžืื™ืจ-ืคืช (ืขื•ืจื›ื•ืช), ย 2010. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ืื“ื™: ืžืคื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”, ื—ื™ืคื”: ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”.

ืฉื—ืจ-ืœื•ื™, ื™ื•ื ื”, 1989. "ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ: ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”", ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ (1): 25โ€“31.

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[1] ืชื™ืชื›ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžื ื—ื•ืช.