bein-hamilim-banner

ื—ืœื™ ื’ื•ื™ืœื™ - ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”, ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื
rachelgw01@gmail.com

ย 

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ
ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืขื–ืจ ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื“ ืชื›ื ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ื”ืื™ืจ ืชืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ืœ, ื™ืœื“ืช ืื•ืžื ื” ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ, ื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”. ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืื• ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื, ืฉื”ืœืš ื•ื”ืขืžื™ืง ื•ืกื™ืคืง ืœืชื‘ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ื›ื• ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—:ย ื™ืœื“ื™ ืื•ืžื ื”, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”, ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืžื—ื‘ื•ื/ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื›ืžื—ื‘ื•ื.

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
ื‘ืขืช ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื‘ืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื“' ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ืกืžื™ื ืจ ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื. ืชื‘ืœ, ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืช 10, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื•ืžื ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืช ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ืืช ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืจืง ืœื ื—ืฉ โ€“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื ืžืฆื ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืขื‘ืจื”, ื•ืืžื” ื”ืื•ืžื ืช ืžื™ืื ื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื”. ืชื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื—ืฉืคื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื, ืืš ืืœื• ืจืง ื”ืขืœื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืœื ืกื™ืคืงื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื ืคื’ืฉื” ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืขื ืืžื” โ€“ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื” - ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื—ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื”, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืืชื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”. ืชื‘ืœ ื ืคื’ืฉื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื“ื™ืจ ืขื ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžื˜ืขื ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”. ื”ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืžื ื”, ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื, ืœืงื—ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ืืช ืชื‘ืœ ืœืื•ืžื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืœื” ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืืจื—ืช ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื”.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืขื ืชื‘ืœ ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขืฆืžื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื ืชื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฆื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื” ืจืืชื” ืืฆืœื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืจื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืชื›ื›ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช. ืชื‘ืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ. ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ืื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ; ื”ืื›ื–ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื›ืขืกื™ื ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืžื•ืจืชื”, ื ื‘ืœืขื• ื›ื•ืœื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืกืกืช ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ืืœื™ื™ ืœื—ื“ืจ, ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืชื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• 28 ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืคืจืฉื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.

ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืชื‘ืœ ืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ื“ ืžื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ื•ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืกื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืœื‘ื™ (ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื”), ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื ืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ืฉืืœื” ืžืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื™, ืœื ื ืขื ืชื” ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื™ ืื• ื”ืฆืขื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžืจื—ืง. ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื’ื ืื ื™ ื ื™ื“ื•ื ืชื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ "ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืชื™ื’ืžืจ".

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื” ืžืคื ื™ ื ื˜ื™ืฉื”, ืขื ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ืžื•ืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืืœื”, ื‘ื—ืจื” ืชื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช - "ืžื•ืจื” ื•"ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”". ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื™ื™ืขื“ื” ืœืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื—ืจื’ื ื• ืžื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•. ื›ืื•ืช ืœืคืชื™ื—ืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืชื‘ืœ ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื—, ื˜ื•ืฉ ืžื—ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืžืžืคื’ืฉ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ืžืกืชืขืคืช ื•ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืงื• ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช.

ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืชื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ืจื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืœื™ืœื“ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื›ื”. ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”"ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ" ืขื–ืจื” ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืชื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœื™ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื™ืช; ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื‘ืกืก ืœืขืฆืžื” ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื˜ืจื ื–ืžื ื”.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” ืืคืฉืจืชื™ ืœืชื‘ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื” ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื” โ€“ ืžื™ืœืืชื™ ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืœื ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืงืฃ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืชื‘ืœ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื ื™ืกื—ืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืชื‘ืœ ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• โ€“ ืืช ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืชื™ืืจืชื™ ื›ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจื• ื›ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื‘ืœ, ืืœื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉื—ืœื” ื‘ื•.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ-ืžื—ื‘ื•ื
ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช", ื”ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžื’ื“ ืฉื•ืคืš ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื "ืžื—ื‘ื•ื" ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืงื“ื. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื•ืช, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื’ื“, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื ื”ืงืœื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื. "ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœื™ ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืื• ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ืงืฉื”", ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžื’ื“ (ืžื’ื“, 2001, 23โ€“27)

ื•ื–ืืช ืžืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช: ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” (ื”ื™ื ืชืงื•ืช ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช) ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืœืื• ื”ื›ื™ ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช. ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื˜ื–, ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื˜ืจื ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื• ื”ืชืขืœืœื•ืช ืื• ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื•ืืฃ ืœืฉื›ื•ื— ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”.

ืจื™ืคื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื•ืœืฉื›ื•ื—. ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืœื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœื—ื•ื•ืชืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืœื ื”ื”ืฆืคื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื”ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชื”ื•ื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืฉืขืกืง ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืชื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืืฆื™ื’ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืชื‘ืœ, ืืฆื™ืข ืœื”ื ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.

ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ: ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ืชื‘ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื–ื” "ืžื“ื“ื”" ืชื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื™ื–ืžื” ืžืฉื—ืง ืงืœืคื™ื, ื ืขืžื“ื” ืขื ื”ื’ื‘ ืืœื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ, ื ื™ื’ื ื” ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื•ืขื•ื“. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื—ื™ืง, ืจืฉืžื” ืžืฉื”ื•, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ืฉ, ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืืœื™ื” - ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื, ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘, ืœื ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ. ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืชื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื™ืงื™ื, ื ืขืžื“ื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื— ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ. ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื” "ืžืกื•ืจืช" ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืขื‘ื“:

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 2.ย ื”ืžื•ืจื” [ืชื‘ืœ] ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื— ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” [ืื ื™] ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืœื•ื—. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื›ื™ืชื” ืชืœืžื“ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข. ื”ื™ื ืžื–ืžื ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื™ื—ืช ื ื–ื™ืคื”. ืžื˜ืจื˜ืจืช ืื•ืชื”, ืžื–ื™ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฃ ืืฆื‘ืข. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื›ืชื‘ ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช: "ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื“ื ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื” ืžืžื ื™, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช". ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื”ื“ืงืช ื›ืžื” ื“ืคื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ืขืจื›ื”: "ื—ืœื™ ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ. ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื”". ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” [ืื ื™] ืงื•ืจืืช ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”.

ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืืฆืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ืขื ืชึตืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืชื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื™ืช ื•ื’ื—ืžื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืขืžืจืช ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื ื•ื–ืคืช ื‘ื”, ืžื–ื™ื–ื” ืื•ืชื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื ืžืชื’ืžืœืช ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืืš ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื”.

ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื‘ืจืจื” ืืœื ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืชื” ืคืขื•ืœื”. ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืื ืœื ืืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืืฉืืจ ืœื‘ื“, ื•ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืข - ืืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืœื‘ื“. ืืฃ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžืชืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืืชื”, ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื”, ืœืฉืžื— ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืจื›ืชื”. ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื’ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื”, ื”ื›ื ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžื•ืจื”.

ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื‘ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื” ืื•ืชืŸ - ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื–ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ืœื“ื” ื—ืกืจืช ืื•ื ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื ืืœืฆืช ืœืจืฆื•ืช, ืœื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ื•ืœืคื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืฉืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ืชื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉื”ืขื ืงืชื™ ืœืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉื˜ื•ื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืชื‘ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื•ืื•ืœื ืžืžืจื—ืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจืืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื”, ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืœืชืžื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” โ€“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื. ืื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื˜ืจืช ืืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืžืชื’ืžืœืช ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ื ื™ืขื•ืชื” ื•ืฉืชืงื ื•ืชื” ืื• ืžืขื ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ืช ืžืžื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœืžื•ืจื”:

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 5. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—, ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืจื›ืช ืœื›ื™ืชื” "ื”ื›ืชื‘ื”", ืืš ืœื ืื•ืžืจืช ืžื” ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืชื•ื‘. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ - 99, ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœ-100. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืกืจื‘ืช ื•ืžืขื ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉ"ืืžืจื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื›ื™ืชื”". ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืชืจื—ืงืช ืžื”ื›ื™ืชื” ืœืฆื“ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืžืกื“ืจืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื”, ืžืžืœืื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“. ื”ื›ื™ืชื”, ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืžืžืชื™ื ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”.

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 6.ย ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ื›ืขืก ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— "ืื ื™ ื ื’ื“ื›ื". ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘', ืžื•ืจื” ืœื” ืœื”ืชื—ืฆืฃ ืืœื™ื” ื•ืื– ืžืขื ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” - ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื›ื™ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื™ืช ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืื ื™ ืจืง ื™ืœื“ื”, ืœืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืฉื˜ืจื”?" ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื—, ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืื•ืชื•, ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ "ืœื ืจื•ืฆื”" ื•ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื›ื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขื•ื ืฉ ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจืช "ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื™" ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ืขื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืœื ืชื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืฉื˜ืจื”, ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื ืจื’ืขืช. ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 14.ย ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืจื‘ื” ืœื ื–ื•ืฃ ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืืœืฆืช ืื•ืชื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื•ืงื”, ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื’ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื’ืŸ, ื—ื–ืง, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ ืœื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืคืช ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” โ€“ "ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ!" ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืจืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืžื—ื•ืง. ื”ื™ื ืžืคื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืจื™ืžื. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื•ื—ืฉืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืจืชืช ืฉืœื”.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืชื”, ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ื ื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื™ื™ืชื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”.

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 13.ย ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”"ืคืงืืฆื”"[โ€ ] ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื” ื‘ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื” ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืงืจื” ืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืจื‘ื” ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจืช, ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฆืื” ืืฉืžื”.[โ€ก] ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื” ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืฉืžื•ืช. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืชื“ื‘ืจ ืืชืŸ, ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื—ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขื ืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ืจื•ื•ื™ืช [ืื ื™]. ืจื•ื•ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื•ืฆืคื ื™ืช, ืžื–ืœื–ืœืช ื‘ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืžืชื—ืฆืคืช ืืœื™ื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืขื ื™ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื ื”ืœืช. ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืชื›ืœื ืืช ืจื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืจื•ื“ืคืช ืื—ืจื™ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจ.

ืžืคื’ืฉ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืฆืขื“ ืฉืœ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื ื’ืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฅ ืžืžื ื”. ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื•ื›ื™ื ืชื” ืื•ืชื” "ืคืงืืฆื”". ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืชืžื›ื” ื‘ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื™ืจืจื” ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื”, ืืœื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื” โ€“ ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืจื•ื•ื™ืช โ€“ ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื˜ืจืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชื™ืง ื’ื ืื•ืชื.

ื‘ืกืคืจื” "ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช: ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™" ืžื ืกื—ืช ืจื—ืœ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืžื ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ: ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ืื™-ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช. ืœืคื™ ืฆื•ืจืŸ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื•ื "ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉื‘ื ืืชื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ืœื”ืชืงืฉืจ ืืชื• ื“ืจืš ื–ื™ืงื” ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”'ื–ื•ืœืช' ื”ื‘ื ืืชื• ื‘ืžื’ืข" (ืฆื•ืจืŸ, 2009, 83). ื”ืื™-ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืžื ืกื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ืฆื•ืจืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• " 'ืžืงื•ื' ื‘ื• ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื•ืืฃ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื•" (ืฉื, 87). ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืชื‘ืœ ื›ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืคืจืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืชื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืชื•ืืจื• ืœืžืขืœื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืชืžืช ื”ื”ืฉืชืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื’ืœืžืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื˜ืจื’ื™ โ€“ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืคื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ โ€“ ืื•ืชื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื”; ื—ืœืงื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื–ื•ืœืช. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ื•, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœืžื ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ื ืข ืžืชื‘ืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ื–ื•ืœืช ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”, ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื”ืชืจืคื ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื”.

ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขื ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ - ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืชื‘ืœ ืกืžื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”"ืžื—ื‘ื•ื" ืฉืกื™ืคืงื• ืœื” ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ - ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ, ืขื•ื“ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ืื• ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื” ื•ืงื™ื“ืžื•, ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ืื’ื•ื“ืœ, ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”.

ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื”
ืžืžืคื’ืฉ ืœืžืคื’ืฉ, ืžืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ, ื”ืฉืชื›ืœืœื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื•ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœื™ื™. ืชื‘ืœ, ืžืฆื“ื”, ื ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื ืื‘ืงืช ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจื”. ื”ื™ื ืกืžื›ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœืชืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ืจืง ืžืฉื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืจื” โ€“ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ื™ื, ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืชื‘ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื“ืืจ ืฉืœื•, ื•ืชืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื—ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.

ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื’ื•ืœืŸ. ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื” ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืคืก ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื•ืžื, ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ื•ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื•. ื’ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืขื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืืš ื”ื•ื ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœืขืžื“ื” ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’.

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 18.ย ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื” ืœื›ื™ืชื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื›ืชื‘ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืชื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื’ื•ืœืŸ [ืื ื™], ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื’ื•ืœืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืืคืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงื•ืžื ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื• ื”ืงืœื•ืช. ืžืชืœืงื— ืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ืจื” ืื•ื—ื–ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ืฉืœื• ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ื›ื™ืชื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆืช, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจ. ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช, ื•ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืจื’ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื• ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ, ืื ื™ืจืฆื”, ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื”. ื›ืฉื’ื•ืœืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ืžืคื•ื™ืก ื•ืžื‘ื•ื™ืฉ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช.

ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืฉื“ื›ืช ืชืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื” ื•ืžืกืคืจืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื ื”, ืฉื™ื“ื›ื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืžื” ื™ืฉื ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื” ืืช ืืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ืœื—ืœืฅ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื” ืžื”ืืฆื‘ืข.

ย 

ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืœืŸ, ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืชื‘ืœ ื•ืื ื™ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื‘ืœ, ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืื‘. ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืžื•ืจื” ื•ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืฆื“ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื ื™ืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื’ื•ืœืŸ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืขืžืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ื•ืก ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื’ื•ืœืŸ.

ื“ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ื—ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ืื—ืจื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ืœืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ. ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ืžื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ืฉืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ืชืจ ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ โ€“ ืžื•ืจื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช. ื•ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื”:

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 8. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ื›ื ืกืช ื‘ืกืขืจื” ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืฉืœื˜ "ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื“'3". ื”ื™ื ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืคืจืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžืœืืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืคืช ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืขืชื™ืงื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืขืœ ืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื”, ื•ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื ืชื ื” ืœื”. ื”ืคืกืงืช ืื•ื›ืœ โ€“ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ืœืื›ื•ืœ. ืœืขืฆืžื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืœื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ื™ืœื“ [ืชื‘ืœ] ืœืงืจื•ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขืœื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืงื•ืจื ืœื” "ืขืฆืœื ื™ืช". ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชืœื•ื ื ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื–ืคืช ื‘ื™ืœื“. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืชื” ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื. ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืžื ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื” [ืื ื™] ืžื” ืœืœืžื“. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ืžื•ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ โ€“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื™ืœื“ ื•ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ื•ืจื”. ืชื‘ืœ, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื ืืœืฆื” ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”, ืžืฆืื” ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื˜ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืจื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื” ื ืžืฆืืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืงื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”-ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ, ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ, ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ืกื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”, ื’ื ืื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืžืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื–ื•.

ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื”, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื—ืœืง ื˜ืจื’ื™ ื‘ื ืคืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ. ืžื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” โ€“ ืชื‘ืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืชื•ืคืฃ ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื•ืงื” โ€“ ื•ื’ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœื—ื“ื•ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”. ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”, ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื—ื“ืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื• ื’ื ืชืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉื™, ืคื—ื“ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื›ื”.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ย 

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 9. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื ืขืžื“ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืœื•ื— ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช: "ื—ืฉื•ืš ืคื”, ืื™ืŸ ืคื” ืื•ืจ". ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื ื’ื™ื ื”, ืžืจื™ืžื” ื“ืจื‘ื•ืงื” ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื™ืš ืœืชื•ืคืฃ ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื•ืงื”. ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžืงืฆื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื’ื™ื ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“. ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื” ืœื ื’ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”. ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื‘ื•ืงื”, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืคืฃ ื™ื—ื“. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืจืงื•ื“ ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉืช ื•ืžืกืจื‘ืช. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ื— ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืคืจืก, ื•ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืืชื” ื™ื—ื“.

ย 

ย 

ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช, ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืชื‘ืœ, ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื”. ืžืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืืชื” ืžืฉื‘ ืจื•ื— ืจืขื ืŸ, ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืœื—ื“ืจ, ื•ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืคืงื” ืœื ื• ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืžื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื” ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืชื‘ืœ, ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ื›ืช ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ื”ื ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื—ื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืžืžืœืื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจืช. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื”, ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืื™ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• ื•ื ืขืœืžื•.

ย 

ย 

ืคืจื“ื” โ€“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ

ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ืชื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘"ืžื—ื‘ื•ื" ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” โ€“ ื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืคื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื—ื™ื–ืชื• โ€“ ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื’ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื‘ืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื”, ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ื•"ื›ืชื‘ื”", ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ โ€“ ืžื—ื–ื” ืœื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืืชื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืคืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“ื”.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 22. [ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื”] ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” "ืœื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืœื•ื", ื•ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื ื’ืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื” ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื” "ื‘ื”". ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืืœืช ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” "ืœืžื” ืืช ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื?". ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืžื•ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ืจืจืช ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช [ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ]. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจืช "ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืคื™ืจื”". "ืœืžื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”?" ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืฉื•ืืœืช. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืฉืกื‘ืชื ืฉืœื” ืžืชื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื”.

ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžืกืคืจืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ืกื‘ืชื ืœื ืžืชื” ื‘ืฉื•ืื”, ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ืžื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉืงืจืช ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืชื ื’ื“ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืฉืœื ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื. ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื™ืžื ืฉืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื™ืžื, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื™ื ื™ืช.

ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืกื‘ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” "ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื ื—ื•ืช ืคื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ 3, 2, 1", ื•ืื– ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื”.[ยง] ื”ื™ื ืคื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉืžืกืชืชืจืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื”. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืชื•ืงืคืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืชื ื•ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืื•ืชื”. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื” ืœืงื•ื ื•ืžืจืื” ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืคื’ืื˜. ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืžืชืคืขืœืช. ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืืžื” ืฉื™ืงืจื” ืœื” ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื‘ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” โ€“ ืื ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ืกื‘ืชื ืื• ืขื ืื™ืžื. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ื‘ืกื‘ืชื, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื‘ืงื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืื ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ื”. ืกื‘ื ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ. ื•ืื– ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื”ื•ื. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืคืœืช ืœืชื”ื•ื ื‘ืฆืขืงื•ืช "ืœืืืื" ื•ืžืชื”. ื”ืกื‘ืชื ืฆื•ืขืงืช ื•ืื•ืžืจืช, "ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉืจืง ื ืคื’ืฉื ื• ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช".

ย 

ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”"ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ" ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื‘ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืื” ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื, ืขืฉืชื” ืœื™ "ื‘ื”" ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ื•ืกืชื•ื ืžื”ืจื’ื™ืœ. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืฉื”ืชื ื”ืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ืœืช ื•ืœื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืื ื™, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืœ ืื—ืจ ืžื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื™, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืืชื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ ื’ื•ืœืŸ โ€“ ืืกืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื“ืจืฉื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ื”ืจืงืข ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ "ื ืจื“ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื”", ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื‘ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื”.

ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ืืš ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืชื‘ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื“ืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืžื•ื—ื‘ืืช ื‘ื ืคืฉื”. ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื ืืœืฆืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื” ืœืกื‘ืชื”, ืฉืคื•ื’ืฉืช ืœืจื’ืข ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชืžืกืจ ืืœื™ื”, ื™ื›ืœื” ืชื‘ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืฉื ื–ืงืงื” ืœื”ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘, ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื” โ€“ ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœ. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืกื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืกื™ืคืจื” ืชื‘ืœ ื’ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื•ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช, ืฉื ืคื’ืฉื• ืœืจื’ืข ื•"ื›ื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“".

ืคืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช, ืืœื ื‘ืขืœืช ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ื‘ืคื•ื’ืฉื” ืืช ืกื‘ืชื”ึผ, ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ื•ืืฃ ืœืื”ื•ื‘. ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช, ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืื•ืชื• ืžืคื’ืฉ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืจืง ืคืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.

ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœ"ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื”" ืฉืœื”, ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืชื‘ืœ ื ืขืœืžื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืขืกืงื ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ื.

ย 

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 23. [ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ] ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื•ืช ืงืœืคื™ื ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ืžืื™ืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขื–ืจื™". ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืฉื ืคืจื“ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ.

ย 

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื 24โ€“25. ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ื™ืชื”. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืชื‘ืœ "ื ื ืขืœื”" ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืคื ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฆืืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœืฉื—ืง ืžื—ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจืชื” ืœื™ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืงืจื ืœื™. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืชืจืก ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื™ืžื” ืžื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื•ืงืจืื” ืœื™. ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ โ€“ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ โ€“ ื•ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืชื”. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืืชื” ืงืฉืจ ืขื™ืŸ, ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืืชื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื” ืื•ืชื™. ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ื‘ืืชื™ ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืžื—ื‘ื•ื "ืžืชื•ื—ื›ื" ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ืจื™ืขืช ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช.

ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืื™ืžืฆื” ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื•ื‘ื ืชื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ. ืœืงื— ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื—ื“ืจ, ื•ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช, ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืืจื’ื– ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืฉื‚ ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžืœืก. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืื” ืฉื ื‘ืฉืงื˜, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืกื™ืžืŸ ืžืžื ื” โ€“ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ืขื” ืงื•ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื“ืœืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืžื›ื•ืจื‘ืœืช ื•ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ืช.

ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืคืจ "ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืขืœ", ื•ืชื‘ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืจื’ื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”.

ย 

ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ืื™ื, ืฉืืœื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกื” ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืชื‘ืœ. ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืคื” ืžืื—ื™ื–ืชื•, ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืกื•ืฃ-ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื’ืจืกื™ื” ืฉืชื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื”. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื‘ ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช, ื”ื ื–ืงืงื•ืช, ื”ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืืœ ืžืงื•ืžื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉื”ืกืชืชืจื” ื‘ืžื—ื‘ื•ื, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืชื‘ืœ. ื›ืžื• ืคืขื•ื˜ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื, ื›ืš ืชื‘ืœ ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื™.

ย 

ย 

ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื›ืžื—ื‘ื•ื

"ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ื›'ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™' ", ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืจื—ืœ ืฆื•ืจืŸ, "ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืœืงื•ืจื ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื—ื™ื”, ื”ืžืคื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืงื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช" (ืฆื•ืจืŸ, 2009, 21). ื›ืžื• "ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ", ืžื•ื ื— ืฉืชื‘ืข ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื•ืฆื•ืจืŸ ืจื•ืชืžืช ืœื”ืกื‘ืจ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืืœื™, ื’ื ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ "ื ืชืจื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” 'ืžืงื•ื ืžื ื•ื—ื”' ืœืื“ื, ื”ื˜ืจื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉืืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ" (ืฉื, 2009, 21โ€“22).

ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืžื—ื‘ื•ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืชืŸ ืœื—ื“ืจ; ื›ืœ ืื™ืžืช ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉืœื ืื ืกื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืžื—ื‘ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ืขืžื™ืงื” ืชื‘ืœ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืฆื ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœื ื™ื™ื—ืฉืฃ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจืคื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื™ื–ืชื• ื‘ืชื‘ืœ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.

ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื”, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืกื™ืคืง ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื—ื™ื–ื”, ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืขื–ืจื” ืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืชื‘ืœ ื•ืœืกืคืง ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื”. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขืžืง ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื˜ื•ืข ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ, ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืคืš ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™, ืœ"ืžืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™" ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขืžืงืช ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืขืœื™ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ืขืคืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืงื•ืจื ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื•ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย 

ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ 28. [ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”] ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžื›ื™ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืชื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœืช ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช. ืฉืชื™ ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืคืกืงื”, ืฉื•ืžืขื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช. ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื‘ืจื›ืช ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืคื ืงืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื”. ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืžืกืคืจืช ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื”-ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจ.

ย 

ย 

ย 

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืžื’ื“, ื', 2001. ืคื™ื•ืชย ื•ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ: ื ื•ืจื“.

ืฆื•ืจืŸ, ืจ', 2009. ื—ื•ืชืย ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช: ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืชืจืคื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื›ืจืžืœ.

ย 

[*] ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ืœื•ืคื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืจื›ื” ื”ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื ืขืžื” ืจื ืขืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช.

[โ€ ] ื”ืคืงืืฆื” ื”ื™ื ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื”, ืฉื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืžืื ืคืฃ.

[โ€ก] ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืชืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”.

[ยง] ื›ืืŸ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ืชื‘ืœ ืžื™ืœืื” ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื”, ื”ืื ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื™ืœืืชื™ ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกื‘ืชื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื.