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ืžื™ืจื™ืช ืืจื–ื™ ืคื“ืœื•ืŸย - ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”: mirit.arazif@gmail.com

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ืชืงืฆื™ืจ

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื›ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืœืืชื ืขืœ ื‘ืžืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืžื ืฉื•ื. ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื”ย ืฉืฉ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจย ืžืืช ืœื•ืื™ื’'ื™ ืคื™ืจื ื“ืœื• (1921), ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืกื’ืจืช ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื•; ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื•ืช (ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ) ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืืช "ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ" ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืคืฉื•.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—: ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ืฉืฉ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจ.

ื”ืงื“ืžื”

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœืคืœืก ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืืœ ื ืคืฉื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ื–ื•. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืฉ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจ (ืคื™ืจื ื“ืœื•, 1921) ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื ืคืœืื” ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ. ืžื—ื–ื” ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืฉ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ืžืช ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื ื”ืœืช ื—ื–ืจื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื’ื™. ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืชืŸ; ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื™ืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืคื ื™ืžื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื ืคืฉื•. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ืžืฉืืœื” ื–ื”ื”: ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ, ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื ื˜ืฉื• ืื•ืชื, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืžืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”.

ย ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืจืื•ืช, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช, ื ื™ืชื•ืง ืจื’ืฉื™, ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ืื“ื™ืจ ืœืžืžืฉ ืื•ืชื•, ื ื›ื— ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื“ืจืš ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ื•ื“ืจืš ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœื›ื• ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื ืคืฉื™ ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช. ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื• ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื‘ืžืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืืกืคื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืงื˜ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื”. ื”ืงื“ืžืชื™ ืœื”ื ืกืงื™ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืงืฆืจื” ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื. ืื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื•ื ื• ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.

ืžืกื’ืจืช ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช

ืœืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื”, ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื‘ื—ื•ื ื”. ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืขืžื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืžื™ ืฉืœื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื• (ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, 2004). ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ, ื•ืœื• ื‘ืžืขื˜, ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืชืœื•ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื”:

ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืฆืžื— ืขืœื™ื™ ื›ื“ืจืš ืฉืžื˜ืคืก ืžืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ืขืฅ ืืœื•ืŸ. ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืฉื ื›ืจืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ืœืฉื“ื™, ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื—ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™. ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•, ืฉืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ื”ื—ื ื™ืงื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ ืจื•ื— ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ื ืœื ืฉืœื™: ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ... ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ืจื” ื ื’ื” ืขืœื™ื™. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ื•ืจืข ืชื—ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื–ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื™... ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืœืขื™ื˜ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ ื’ื ื›ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• (ืกืœื•ืžื•ืŸ, 2004, 17).

ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•.

ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช

ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ื›ื’ื•ืจื ืœืžื—ืœื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžืจืคื. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืจืื•ืช, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื“ื ืœื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ืœ"ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืคื•ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื–ืืช ืื‘ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื ื•: "ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืคืฆืขื ื• ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ืจืคื" (Dayton, 2005).

ื™ืืœื•ื (2006) ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขืฆื ื”ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ื‘ื”ื:ย (1) ื”ืคื—ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื”ย ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืฉื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•, ื™ื—ื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื ื™ืชื ื•ืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ;ย (2) ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืชย - ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื, ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืขืžื•, ื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงืœื”. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื’ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ (sharing), ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืืœื• ืฉื”ืขืœื” ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ (ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช). ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื (ื•ื™ืœื™ืก, 2000);ย (3) ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•ืชย (ืืœื˜ืจื•ืื™ื–ื) - ื’ื•ืจื ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืŸ ืžืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื“ื•. ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืื” ื”ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื“ืจืš ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื’ื• ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ (ืืจืฆื™, 1992);ย (4) ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจย ืžืชืงึตืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืชย - ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื•ืžืงื ื” ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืงื ืช;ย (5) ืงืชืจื–ื™ืกย - ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆืขืจ, ื›ืขืก ื•ื‘ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช. ื’ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื ื•ื›ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื’ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช (ืืจืฆื™, 1992).

ืขืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื•ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืœืืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ

ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”

ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ื™ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื“ืจืš ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช (Greenberg, 1974). ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื–ืจืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ, ื”ืžืจืื”, ื”ืื’ื• ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข, ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ (ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, 2013).

ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœย ื”ื›ืคื™ืœย ื”ื•ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืื• ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื• (ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, 2013). ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ, ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื—ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื”, ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื, ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ (ื ื”ืจื™ืŸ, 1985). ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, ื”ืžืจืื”, ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื• ืžื”ืฆื“. ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• (ื•ื™ืœื™ืก, 2000; Dayton, 2005). ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื›ืš,ย ื”ืžืจืื”ย ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื, ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช, ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื (ืฉื).

ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื•ืย ื”ืื’ื• ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืจื ื•, ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ, ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ "ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข" โ€“ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื ื• ื•ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื (Moreno, 1939). ืœืขืชื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืžืœืื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื”ืื’ื• ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข (ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜) ืžื•ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžื. ื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื“ื—ืงื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ (ื•ื™ืœื™ืก, 2000).

ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ืย ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช (Dayton, 2005; ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, 2013). ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืขืžื•, ื•ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื ื›"ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข", ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ (ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, 2013). ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืœื ืจืง ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื•ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” (Dayton, 2005), ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžื”ื’ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ (kellermenn, 1994; Dayton, 2005). ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ื›ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืชย ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง. ืขืœ ืคื™ ืืจืฆื™ (1992), ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•. ื“ืจืš ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืื• ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื "ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื", ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ, ืœื ื”ืœ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื ืขื“ืจื•ืช, ืื• ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื™ืฉ ืืชืŸ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคืชื•ืจ, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื (ื ื”ืจื™ืŸ, 1985; ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, 2013).

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ

ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืืžืช, ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื•ื›ื™ื (ื•ื™ืœื™ืก, 2000), ืขื ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืชืช ืœื”ืŸ ืžืขื ื” (ืงืจืค, 1994) ื•ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืงืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ (ืžื•ืจื ื•, 1939).

ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคืจืžืจ (Farmer, 2005), ืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”. ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืฉืจ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™, ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ื™ืžื•ื, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื– ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืคื•ื’ืฉ. ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืžืกืชื™ืจื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืกื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ืืœื• ืฉื—ื•ืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื•ื›ืื‘ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื, ืื•ืชื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืฉืชืงื•, ื•ื”ื•ืคืขืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื–ืจื– ื”ืขืœืื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืจื“ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ย ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืกื•ื’ ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ (ืฉื).

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื›ืขืก ืขืฆื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ื›ื—ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืคื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื‘ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ืชืงืข, ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉืงืฉื” ืœืฉืืช, ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืจื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ืช (kellermann, 1994; Starr, 1977; Dayton, 2005; Farmer, 2005). ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฅ ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื ื’ืจืžืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช. ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืคืง ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื• (Farmer, 2005).

ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ื˜ืงืก ืคืจึตื“ื” ืฉืœื ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชืงืŸ ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชื•ืงืŸ ื•ืœื ื ืืžืจ. ื›ืฉื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื›ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืขืจืš ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืงืœื” ื•ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” (ืฉื). ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ โ€“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ืžืฆื‘ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื ื•. ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ื‘ื• ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืจื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืืฃ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื—ืžืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืฆืžื• (kellermann, 1994).

ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืžื’ื•ืœื ื’ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘"ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•". ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”. ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื•ืข ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชื–ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื•ืื” (Starr, 1977). ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" (rehearsal for life), ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืกื˜ืืจ (ืฉื), ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื” ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘"ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืœืงืจืืช ืžื™ืžื•ืฉื. ืกื˜ืืจ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืืœืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืœื‘ืžื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืจื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืžื™ื”ื” ืœืžื•ื•ืช, ื•ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื (ืฉื).

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื (Farmer, 2005).

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื”: ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื›ืœืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืชื™ื” โ€“ ืžื–'ื•ืจื™ืช, ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื“ื™ืกืชืžื™ืช โ€“ ื•ื‘ืžื ื™ื” ื“ืคืจืกื™ื”. ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืงืฆืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืžื—ืœืช ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืžืจืงื ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™, ืžืงืฆืชื ืขื‘ืจื• ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื ื—ื”, ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื—ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ืช. ืœืจื•ื‘ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื•ื• ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.

ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื ื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืŸ: ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืฉืจ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื’ื• ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืžืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื ืขื“ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืžืฉืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœื”, ื•ืœื• ืจืง ืœืฉืขื” ืงืœื”, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื— ื•ืžืชืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืืžืคืชื™ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”, ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ืช.

ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ืœื”ืœืŸ ืืฆื™ื’ ืจื’ืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.

ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืžืจืคืื™ื ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”

ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžื—ื–ื”ย ืฉืฉ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืชย ืžื—ื‘ืจ (ืคื™ืจื ื“ืœื•, 1921) ืžื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ืžืื™ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ื– ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืŸ ืžื—ืคืฉื•ืช ืงืฉืจ, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืœ โ€“ ื ืจืื•ึผืช. ืœื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื˜ืจื’ื™, ืžื ื•ืชืง ื•ืฉืกื•ืข ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคื™ื—ื• ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”. ืžื—ื–ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื”, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžึฐื›ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื•ืชืง ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืกืคืจ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื.

ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื’ื•ืจื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”:

ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื™ื ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื™. ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ืจืื•ืช ื•ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืžื•ืœ ื›ื™ืกื ืจื™ืง. ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ื• ื”ืฉืคืœื” ื•ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื›ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืฆื• ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจืื• ืื•ืชื.[1]

ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืงืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืฉื” ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืขืœื• ืžืชื•ืš ื›ืš:

ืขื“ื™ ื ืจื“ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื›ืฉื ื•ื•ื” ื“ื™ื‘ืจ. ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขื– ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ื•ื•ื” ื”ื›ื™ืจ "ื”ื™ืจื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช" ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœื—ืฉ ื•ื’ื•ืคื• ื›ืคื•ืฃ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื ืกื” ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื’ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ 48 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช.

ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืจืคืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช, ื ืชื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืคืง ื•ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื›ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ืช, ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืจืง ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ื“ ื’ื ืืฆืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื• ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉื ื›ื—ื• ื•ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื. ื”ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคื•ื’ื’ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื ืชื ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื ืฉื™ืžื” ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื ื”:

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื™ืขืœ ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืื‘ื“, ื•ื—ืœื™ ืขื ืชื” ืœื”: "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉืืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืฉื•ืจื“ืช, ืชืจืื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื ืฉืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœืš" - ืืžืจื” ืืช ื–ื” ืœื™ืขืœ ื•ืœืขืฆืžื”.

ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื, ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง ื•ื›ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ืงืกื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฆืืช ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉืขื” ืงืœื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื”ื•ื–ืžื ื” ืœืฉืžืฉ "ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข" ื•ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื›ื—ื” ืืช ื›ืื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืžืžืฉ ื–ื™ื ืงื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืกื ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ืžื”. ืื• ื›ืฉื ื™ืœื™, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื”ื ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ืงื‘ื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ืžืฉื” "ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข" ื›ืคืจื— ื”ืจืงืคืช, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ (sharing) ื”ื•ื“ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืœืจื’ืข ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ื™ื, ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืข.

ืงืชืจื–ื™ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืกืš ืจื’ืฉื™. ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืžืขื˜ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ืจืงืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™, ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืœื” ื•ื‘ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. "ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืคื•ืฆืฆืชื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืคืฆืข ืขื ืžื•ื’ืœื”", ืืžืจื” ืฉื™ืจ, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืขื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื›ืขืก ืขืœ ืืžื”; "ื•ืื™ืš ื•ื™ืชืจืช ืขืœื™ื™...?" ืฉืืœื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื›ืื‘ ื“ื•ืžืข ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ืขืกื” ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืฉื”ืชืื‘ื“ื”.

ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื•. ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื– ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืขื–ื•ื‘ ืžื™ืœืื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœื, ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ "ื”ื“ื•ืคืง", ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ. ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืชื•ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืขืกืงื” ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ:

ืจืŸ: ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืืคื•ืจ ื›ื”ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื’ื•ืคื™. ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื‘ืข ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืœื‘ื“ื•. ื—ืœื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื”: ืฉืœื™ ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื•ืœื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœื ืฉื•ื. ืจื•ืช ืืžืจื” ืฉืฉืœื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ื—ืœื™: ื•ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ืœื”ืชืงืœื—. ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื ื”ื ืช.

ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžืฆื“ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ, ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื•ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ืจืื•ืช ื•ื”ืงืœื”. ื”ืงืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื›ืื‘ื ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืชืงื•ื•ื”:

ืฉื•ืœื™: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื ื—ืช ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”, ื•ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฆืื” ืžืžื ื™.

ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”

ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ืื• ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืื•ืจืŸ ืคืขืœืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”.

ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ื•ื” ื•ืขืชื™ื“: ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”

"ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช", "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ" โ€“ ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื”. ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืชืคืกื• ืžืงื•ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜. ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืชื‘ื™ื ืืชื” ื”ืงืœื” ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ, ืœื—ืœื•ื ื•ืœืฆืืช ืœืจื’ืข ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื™ื™ืืฉ ื•ืžืชืกื›ืœ.

ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœืฉืชืฃ ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืชื“ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื. ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื”ืขืœืืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืขื ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขื– ืœืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ "ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“" ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช:

ืจื‘ืงื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ "ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืขื‘ืจ" ื•ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”: ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉื™ืขืจ ืงืฆืจ ื•ืงื•ืคืฆื ื™, ืื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฆื•ื—ืงืช, ืžืœืื” ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืจื•ืงื“ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื‘"ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืขืชื™ื“" ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืืจื” ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืชื™ืขืจืš ืœื›ืฉืชืฆื. ืคื ื™ื” ืื•ืจื• ื›ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืขืžื”.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืื•ืจื”, ื‘ืช 35, ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ. ื›ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ "ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืขื‘ืจ" ืชื™ืืจื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ื™ืœื“ื” ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืช ื•ืขืœื™ื–ื” ื•ื ืจืืชื” ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื” ื•ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“, ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื ืื‘ื™ื” ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืื–, ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“. ื‘"ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืขืชื™ื“" ืืžืจื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืขืฆืžื”, ื•ืœื• ืœืจื’ืข ืื—ื“, ืœื—ืœื•ื. ืœืกื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื‘"ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืขืชื™ื“" ืœืœื™ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืœืœื™ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื”; ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” โ€“ ืœืœื™ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื”: "ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื–ื›ืจื™ ืžื™ ืืช. ื•ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื™ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš". ื•ืœืœื™ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื: "ืืœ ืชื•ื•ืชืจื™". ืชื›ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.

ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื”

ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืขืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื• ืื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื• ืชืคืกื• ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื›ืขืก, ืคื—ื“ ื•ืืฉืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ืœื’ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”. "ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื”", ืืžืจื” ืœื™ ืฉืจื™ืช, ื‘ืช 30, ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื˜ืจื™. "ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™", ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื‘ื‘ื›ื™. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื” ืœื‘ืžืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื•ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ื˜ืขื•ื ื” ื•ื’ื“ื•ืฉื” ืžื“ื™. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœืื—ืจื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืื–ืจื” ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื” ืืชื• ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”:

ื‘ืขืœ: ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ืชืืฉืคื–ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื“ื•ืื’ ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.

ืฉืจื™ืช: ืืชื” ืœื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ? ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื”! ืืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืงื˜ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื•ืžืขืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื™.

ืฉืจื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื”, ื‘ื›ืื‘, ื‘ื›ืขืก ื•ื‘ื›ื™. ื›ื›ืคื™ืœ, ื”ื’ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืคืจื•ืง ื›ืขืกื™ื ืฉืœื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื•.

ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ื—ืจื” ืฉืจื™ืช ืœืคืชื•ื— ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ืขื–ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื•ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” "ืืช ื”ืžื•ื’ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื". ืœืกื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื”: "ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘", ืืžืจื” ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.

ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื“. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืง ืื•ืชื, ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืงืœื”, ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.

ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื

ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื’ื ื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืขืœ ื‘ืžืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”. ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื“ ืฉืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื. ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืฆืืช ืœืจื’ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื—ืœื™ ื ื›ื ืกื” ืจื•ืขื“ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ืื™ื•ืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืฉืชืจืื” ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื”, ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื‘ื” ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื ื” ืจืืฉ ื•ืจืขื“ื”. ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ืคื™ืœ ื•ืžืจืื” ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”.

ืžื™ืจื™ืช: ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืืœื• ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื•.

ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื” ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื•. ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” (ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื”. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื›ืืœื• ื”ืขื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื ืžืฉื ืชื). ืฉืžืชื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื”, ื›ื™ืกื ืœื’ื•ืฃ, ื›ื™ืกื ืœื ืฉืžื” ื•ื›ื™ืกื ืœืฉื›ืœ. ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื’ืข ื•ืžืงืœื—ืช ื•ืœื ื•ื™ืชืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื "ืชืฉืชื“ืœ". ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืคื ื• ืืœื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื ื” ืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืขื–ืจื”.

ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื’ืขื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืœื™ืื•ืจื”. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœืœื‘ืŸ, ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœื” ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ.

ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจืงื ืฉืœ ืขืจืคืœ ืกืžื™ืš ื•ื“ื—ื•ืก ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื•ืคื”. ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื” ื›ืคื™ืœ, ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ "ืื ื™ ืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืื™ื™ื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”". ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื”. ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื™ืื•ืจื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื ื” 25 ืฉื ื™ื.

ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœืฆื‘ืข ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื™ืืจื” ื›ื ืงื™ ื•ืฉืงื˜ "ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ื•ืช", ืœื ื™ื“ืขื” ืœืžืงื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ (ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ื›ืคื™ืœ, ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืžื•ื“ื” ืœืงื™ืจ ืžื›ื•ื•ืฆืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื”. ื›ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื—). ืขื ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื™, ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื” ื›ืคื™ืœ: "ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืืŸ ื•ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื™, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื ื‘ื ื•ื—". ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื ื” ื•ื—ื–ืจื” ืื—ืจื™.

ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”, "ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ", ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืฆืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ื ื™ื”ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. "ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช, ื ืจืื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื–ื”, ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื”, ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ื”", ืืžืจื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.

ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ

ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฆื•ื•ืืจ, ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ื•ืคืชื—ื” ื—ืœื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉืฉื›ื—.

ื›ืš ื”ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืขื ื“ืœื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื” ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ืช ืฉืœื ืชื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืชืฆื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ืคืขื ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืงืคื•ืื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื–ื•ื–. ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื” ืœืชืจื’ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘"ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" ืขืœ ื‘ืžืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื”, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืืช ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื‘ื ืชื” ืžื˜ื‘ื— ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื—ื” ืœื ื›ื“ืชื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื ื›ื“ื”, ื•ื–ื• ืืžืจื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืืจื•ื—ื” (ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื) ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืžื ื” ืœืฆืืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ืžื”, ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžื”ืฆื“ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื”. "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”", ืืžืจื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืžื™ื“ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืงื•ืคื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ืขื ืฉื•ืฉ, ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืงื•ื, ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขื ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื˜ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื•ื”ื•ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื” ืžืขื•ืฆืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื”.

ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘

ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืฉืคืœื”, ื”ื–ื ื—ื”, ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™. ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช. ืœืื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœืืชื’ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘, ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ืขื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืกืขื™ืฃ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœืชืืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืงืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™.

ย 

ืงืจืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœื ืจืฆืชื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื”, ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืจืข ืžืื•ื“. ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉืœื”ืชืงืœื— ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžืคื—ื“ืช ืฉืžื ืชื™ื—ื ืง. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ืฉื‘ืื” ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช. ื—ืจื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื”ืชืงืœื— ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื“ื” ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื” ื•ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ืื ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžืชืงืœื—ืช ืืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ืืžืชื™ืŸ ื•ืื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘, ืงืžื” ื•ื”ืœื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงืœื—. ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืงืœื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืืžืจื” "ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”", ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ืœืื—ืจ ืžืคื’ืฉ ื–ื” ืงืจืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื, ืืš ืžื”ืœืš ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•; ื”ื•ื ื—ืจื’ ืžื”ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืžื™ืฉ ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื•. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืžืื™ ื•ืžื—ื–ื” โ€“ ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• "ื‘ืžืื™" ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืคืš ืœืฉื—ืงืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืžืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืื™ื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืง ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืงืœื—ืช. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ืช, ื–ื• ื”ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืจื™ืคื•ื™.

ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืงืจืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขื ื ืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืข ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืงืจืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื“ืจืš ืžื’ืข ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื”, ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘. ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืืœื™ื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื” ื•ื”ืคื ืชื” ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื” ืžืžื ื™. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืœืžื” ื‘ื”ืคื’ื ืชื™ื•ืช ืžืงื™ื•ืžื™ ื•ืœื ืขื ืชื” ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืžื”. ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ืžืขื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืœื” ืžื”ืขื™ืŸ. ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื ื•ืœื ื–ื–ืชื™, ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“. ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœื•ืžืจ, ืžืฆื‘ื” ืงืฉื” ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื™ืืฉ. ื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื ืชื”. ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืขืžื•ื“. ืื—ืจื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื ื” ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“. ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืฆื“ ืžื™ื˜ืชื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื™ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื“. "ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘", ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”. ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื”; ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื›ืžื” ื›ืื‘ ื•ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื”. ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื™. ื”ื™ื ืงืžื” ื•ื ื›ื ืกื ื• ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืชืคื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืคื™ื” ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.

ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื

ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืžืŸ ื”ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื. ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืงืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืงืฉื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื” ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืคืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืื—ื– ื‘ื•, ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืžืงื ื” ืขืจืš ืœืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•: ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื”ื ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืคื™ื”ื, ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืœื•ื ื•ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ. ืœื ืื—ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžืœื ื‘ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจื™ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืฉื, ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืจืงืคืช, ืื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ืžืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ื” ื“ืœื™ื” ืขื ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื ื™ืฆืื” ื•ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื, ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžื“ืžื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืงื™ื•ืžื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืื’ื•, ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืœ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช. ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืœื• ืื™ื ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกืชื ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื”ืคืชื™ืขื• ื•ืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”.

ื“ื™ื•ืŸ

"ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•", ื›ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืกื•ืœื•ืžื•ืŸ (2004, 26) ื•ื›ืš ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื”. ืขืœ ื”ืคืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื’ื™ืฉืจืชื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืœืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืขืœื• ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ืžืœืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจืžืจ (2005) ืœืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ืขืฆื‘, ื™ื™ืื•ืฉ, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืงื•ื•ื”, ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื; ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืฆืžื”. ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื“ืจืชื™ ืขืกืงื” ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ื–ื• ืืฉืจ ืชืชืขืœื” ืžืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœื” ื•ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืœื—ืœื•ื ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื• ื”ืงืœื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืชืจื—ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ืชื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื.

ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื™, ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื™ื˜ื™, ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœืงื•ื ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื” (ืคืจืžืจ, 2005) โ€“ ืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื’ื ื”ื ืืช ืฉื’ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ืชื•ืคืขื” ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื”. ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืฉืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” (ื ื”ืจื™ืŸ, 1985; ืืจืฆื™, 1992; ื•ื™ืœื™ืก, 2000). ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ืืคืฉืจื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืคืชื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืงืคื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืืช ืฉืฉื›ื—. ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื˜ื” ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžืคืชื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื™ืกื, ื•ื›ืฉื“ืœื™ื” ืจืืชื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื’ื•ืคื” ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.

ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื— ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื—ืจื“ื”. ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื ืจืืชื” ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื›ื™ืคื•ืฃ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื•ื˜ืื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœืœื” ืฉื™ื—ื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืขื ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื—ืฆื™ื ื” ื•ืœืชืช ืœื” ืงื™ื•ื ื ืคืจื“ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงืœื”, ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ืคืขื•ืœื” ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืžืชื ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื—ืช ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ืจื“ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืœื”ืชืงืœื—. ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื™ ืžืจื•ื•ื— ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื›ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ื—ืจื“ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ื•ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื ืงื˜ืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื” ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.

ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืคืœื™ืื• ื‘ื›ื•ื—ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืขื ืžื—ืœื” ืงืฉื” ื–ื•. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœืคื•ืจืงืŸ ืจื’ืฉื™, ื—ื™ื–ืงื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืชื” ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ: "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืคืชืื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื™, ืืœื ื›ืžื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ". ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืืคืฉืจื” ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื” (ื•ื™ืœื™ืก, 2000), ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื”, ืื• ื›ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉืชื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ืžืจืื” ืืคืฉืจื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื–ื•ื– ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆื“ื” ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ืงืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ืจืฆื• ืœืฉื—ืง (Dayton, 2005).

ื”ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื•ืœืขืฆืžื. ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื›ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื—ืงืจื• ย ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืืชื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื“ื—ืงื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ (ื•ื™ืœื™ืก, 2000). ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื›ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื”ื ื™ืฆืื• ืœืจื’ืข ืžื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื, ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืคืจื— ื”ืจืงืคืช, ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช, ื•ื–ื›ื• ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ; ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉื”. ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ (Kellermenn, 1994; Dayton, 2005). ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืึตื, ื›ืขืก ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ื›ืœืคื™ื” ื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ื•ื›ืš ืขืœืชื” ื’ื ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื ื™ื”ืœื• ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืžื•ืคื ืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื (ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, 2013), ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื (ื ื”ืจื™ืŸ, 1985). ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉ ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืžื•ื•ืช, ื ื›ื“, ื™ืœื“ื”, ืจื•ืคืื™ื โ€“ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื ื”ืจื™ืง ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืจืคืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื. ื›ืš ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื˜ืขื ื” ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืฉื—ื–ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื ืœ"ื›ืืŸ ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•" (Dayton, 2005) ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืœ ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืจื’ืฉืช ื”ื“ื—ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ื ื˜ื™ืฉื” ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื ืžื ืขื• ืžืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ื”ื›ื•ืื‘ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืคืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื”ื.

ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช (ื™ืืœื•ื ื•ืœืฉืฅ', 2001) ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื ืจืื• ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ื”ื™ืจื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืื—ื“ ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜, ืืฉืจ ืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืฆื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜; ืื• ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืื’ื• ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช, ื›ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ืฆื“ ื–ืืช ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•ืช, ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื•ืช, ื”ืคื—ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืคื’ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช (ื™ืืœื•ื ื•ืœืฉืฅ, 2001) ื ื›ื—ื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ื ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ื• ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข, ืฉื”ืฉื›ื™ื—ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ื™ื ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ื ืชื™ื ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืง ื•ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืœืชื” ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืืœื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™, ื•ืื•ืœื ื”ืงืชืจื–ื™ืก ื ื›ื— ืจืง ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืžืžืกืš ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื (Farmer, 2005). ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื• ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื›ื™ ืžืชืคืจืฅ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื›ื™ ื”ืชื ืงืชื” ืžืžื•ื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจื” ืืฆืœื” ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื• ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื• ืขื ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™. ื”ื”ืงืœื”, ื”ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื—ื“ื“ื• ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช.

ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™, ื”ืงื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืฉื•ืช ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ื›ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืœื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืœื”. ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืืคืฉืจื” ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉืช, ืืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื˜ืข, ืืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืฆืจื”, ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืคืจื•ืง ื•ืœื”ืชืื‘ืœ, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืคืชื™ืข ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื, ืœืฆืืช ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขืžื•, ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ.

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืืจืฆื™, ืข', 1992. ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.

ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ืŸ, ืฉ', 2013. ื”ืžื’ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื”, ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—.

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[1] ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœืงื•ื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื•ืจื‘ืื˜ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช.