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ืœื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื“ื˜ย 

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืžืฆื’ืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื›ื ืกย  ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•, ื™ืคืืŸ, ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2009.

ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื’'ื•ืจื ืืœ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ืจืš 19, ืžืก' 1, 2010 , ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.

ย 

ืžื‘ื•ื

ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืื•ืกืฃ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ, ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื• ื”ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืขื–ื™ืช. ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช.

ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•.ย  ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืžืชื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื•ืจื“ื™ืืœื™, ื”ืžืกืžืœ "ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื" (ืืœื™ืื“ื”, 1991, ืขืž'143). ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื”ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืœื™ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ื ืื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืชื•ืš ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ืŸ. ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ย ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืœื™ื“ื”, ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช, ืื• ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ืืกืคืชื™ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืคื™ืกื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืŸ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ืจื•ืช. ื›ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆื“ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ื—ื“ืจื™ื ื”ืกืคื™ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ืื•ืชื” (ื‘ืฉืœืจื“, ืขืž' 113, 1994).

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช: ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืคืฅ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืื—ืจ; ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช; ื•ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ (ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื“ืคื” (ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื). ืœื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฆื“ืคื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื•ื ื”, ื›ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื’ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืœื‘ืฉื• ืื• ืชืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื›ืงืžืขื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืื ื• ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ืกืงืืœื•ืคึผ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืคื” ืœื‘ื“ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ (ืื• ืงื•ื ื•ืก), ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ ืื• ืื‘ืœ. ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžืกืžืœืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืกื›ื ื” ื•ืื™ ื ื•ื—ื•ืช. ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช: ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช, ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืžืžื—ืงืจ ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืืฆื™ื’ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ืžืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“, ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช, ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ืขื“ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจืœื”.

ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช - ื”ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืช

ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืกืชื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœืจื“ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉ"ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ืขื“ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืžืงื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื‘ืก ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช" (1944, ืขืž' 105). ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-100,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ 35,000 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืช. ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื”, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื“ืŸ ืคื—ืžื ื™ (ืงืœืฆื™ื•ื ืงืจื‘ื•ื ื˜)ย  ืฉื”ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื” ืžืคืจื™ืฉื” ืžืฉื›ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื”. ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื” ื’ื“ืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืชื”, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ืœื ืกื™ื’ื” ื•ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”. ืื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืช ื›ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื—ืกืจ ืฆื•ืจื”, ืขืœ ืฆืœื—ืช ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื—, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื”. ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืื• ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืžืœื•ืกืงื” ืžืชื” ื•ืื– ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”. ื•ืื ื• ืžืฆืจืคื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืกืฃ ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ .

ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื. ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืจืš ืฉื‘ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœืžื”, ืจื’ืœ ื•ื’ืœื™ืžื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืื•ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืคื™ ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ื”ืœื‘ ื•ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ืคื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช. ื”ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช (ื™ื•ื ื™-ื•ื•ืœื•ืก, ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื•ื“ืก) ื”ื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื” 60,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื. ื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆื“ืฃ ืฉืœื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื•ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™. ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื•ื ื” ืฆื™ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ื™ื•ื ื’ ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื›ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ืฉ"ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืจื›ื–" (ื™ื•ื ื’, 1989, ืขืž' 28). ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืžืฆื ืœืคื ื™ื•. ืืœื™ืื“ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืืฆื˜ืงื™ื, ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืคืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืœื™ื“ื”, "ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืชื”, ื›ืš ื”ืื“ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืจื—ื ืืžื•" (1991, ืขืž' 133). ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ืœื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ื‘ืฉืจ, ื”ืชื•ืงืคื•ืช ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืจื“ื•ืœื”", ืฉืืชื” ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื” ืื—ืจืช, ืžื—ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืจืขืœ, ื•ืžืฉืชืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื”.

ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™-ื•ื•ืืœื•ืก, ื”ืฆื“ืคื•ืช, ืขืย  10,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื ื”ื, ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›- ืงืœืื, ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจ ื•ืžื•ืกืœ. ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืฆื“ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจ. ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื•ืฅ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ื™ื ืžื”ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืกืงืืœื•ืค.

ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื• ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื”ืกืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉืœืžื•ืชื”. ื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžืชืคืจืงืช ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืกืœื™ืœื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื ืฉืืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืœืชื™-ืฉื‘ื™ืจ. ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื• ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœืฆื™ืจ ืื’ื•-SELF. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื“ืคื” (ื‘ื™-ื•ื•ืืœื•ื•) ืžืชื”, ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื” ื ืคืจื“ื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื ืกื—ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื ืคืœื˜ื• ืžื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžืกืข ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ ืืจื•ืš ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื‘ื™ืŸ 500 ืฉื ื” ืœ-2,000 ืฉื ื”. ืœื ื ื“ืข ืืœื• ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชื• ืžื–ืงื ื”. ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื›ื•ืื‘ ื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืขื•ืœื ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ืืคืœ ืžืชื—ืช ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืœื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื’ืœื•ื™. ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืœืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื, ืœื›ืœื‘ื™ ื™ื, ืœื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืื“ื.

ืืจื›ืื•ืžืœืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช

ืœืคื ื™ 100,000 ืฉื ื” ืงื™ืฉื˜ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืืช ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช, ืชืœื” ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื•. ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืจืื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืฆืื• ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืชย  ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆืื• ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช, ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื โ€“ ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืžืœืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื โ€“ ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื—ืคืฆื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืœื ื• (ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, 1985; ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ-ืžืื™ืจ, 2008; ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ-ืžืื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืื ื“ืจืžื™ืจืฉ, ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ, 2009). ื”ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืจื›ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 100,000 ืฉื ื”. ื”ื ื”ืชื’ืœื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืขืฆื•ื ื–ื• ืžื–ื•: ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืจื•ืงื• ื•ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช. ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’: ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืžื• ื ืกืจื™ื•ืก ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืกื•ืœื•ืก. ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืจื™ื, ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื’ื“ ื›ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ (ื‘ืจ-ื™ื•ืกืฃ-ืžืื™ืจ, 2005; 2008). ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžืขืจื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื”ื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืžื•-ืกืืคื™ื™ื ืก ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืจื’ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 40 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืจื•ืชื™ื”ื. ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืืœื” ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ื•ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ืกืžืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™. ื”ื ื’ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ย  ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืžืกื—ืจ. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืชืœื• ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœืจื•ื•ืงื•ืช ืื• ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื, ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™, ื›ืงืžืข ืื• ืžื–ื›ืจืช, ืื• ื›ืกืžืœ ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœืชืœื™ื™ื”, ืืฉืจ ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืจื” ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื ืงื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื•ืคื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื”ืขืจืฆื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืœืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช, ื•ืฉืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• (ื”ื ืฉื™ืœื•ื•ื“, 2004). ืžืฆืื• ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืกื—ืจ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, ื•ื›ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืืœื™ื. ืืœื™ืื“ื” (1991, ืขืž' 125-150) ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ื—ืคืฆื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื. ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ื›ื•ื—, ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ืช. ืœืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ โ€“ ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฆื“ืคื” โ€“ย  ื™ืฉ ื—ืœืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™, ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื” ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื ื•ืฉืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ืœืจื—ื, ืจื—ื ืฉื‘ื ืžื”ื™ื.

ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื”ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™, ืกืคื•ื ื“ื™ืœื•ืก ืคื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ื, ื•ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ, ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื’ื™ื’ืืก, ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืืœื™ื. ืฉืชื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื ื™ื“ื•ื’ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืืงื•ืื“ื•ืจ, ื•ืžืฉื ืžื›ืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคืจื•. ื”ื ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื•ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจื” (ืงืœืืกืŸ, 1998). ืืœื ืฉืื›ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื ืกืคื•ื ื“ื™ืœื•ืก ืฉืœื ื‘ืขื•ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขืœื”, ื•ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•-ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช. "ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื›ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช-ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจืš ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืื‘ื•ืช" (ื’ืœื•ื•ืงื™, 2005). ื‘ืื•ื‘ืœื™ืกืง ืžืฉื ืช 600 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืจื•, ื ืจืื™ืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื“ืคื” ืกืคื•ื ื“ื™ืœื•ืก ื‘ืฉืžืืœื•. ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืกืคื•ื ื“ื™ืœื•ืก ืžืฉืžืฉ ืกืžืœ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืœ, ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ (ืคืื•ืœืกืŸ, 1974). ืขืœ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื™ืื•ื˜ื™ื”ื•ืืงืŸ, ื‘ืŸ ื›-2,000 ืฉื ื”, ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื”ืืœ ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงืื™ ืงื•ืืฆืœืงื•ืื˜ืœ, ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืฃ ืœืชื•ืš ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (ืงืœืืกืŸ, 2008). ื‘ืขืฆื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืชืื™ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ื›ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื” (ื’'ืงืกื•ืŸ, 1917). ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื ื ืฉืฃ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื—ืœืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื•ืœ ืขืžื•ืง ืฉื ืฉืžืข ืœืžืจื—ืง. ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ืช ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื–ื” ืœืงื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืžืฉืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืข. ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื”, shankh ,ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืงื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืžืชื—ืช ืœื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื–ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ ื•ื‘ื™ืคืŸ ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”. ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1,200 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื, ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉืฃ ืœืชื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืœื™ื ืื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืข ืกืขืจื•ืช.

ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื ื•ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ื ืฉื™ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืจืื”

ืื•ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจืžื™ืงื” ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื‘ืจื ืืจื“ ืคืœื™ืกื™ (1510- 1589) ื™ืฆืจ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืคื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืฆื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื”ืงืจืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœื•. ืคืœื™ืกื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืง ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื. ืœื“ืขืชื•, ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืคื™ืชื— ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืืœื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืœื™ื•ืคื™ ืืœื ื’ื ื›ื”ื’ื ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื ืงื™ืจื” ื™ืฉืจื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืงื‘ ืฆื“ืคื” ืกืœื™ืœื™ืช(ื‘ืฉืœืจื“, 1994). ื‘ืืžืกื˜ืจื“ื, ื‘- 1768, ื’'' ื‘' ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ (1735-1820), ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืกืคืจ ื•ืฉืžื• "ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืจื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื•ื ืื• ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช". ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช (ื‘ืฉืœืจื“, 1994, ืขืž' 12). ื‘ืฉืœืจื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืฆื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื (1994, ืขืž' 114).

ื”ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืืงื•ื‘ื™ (1968, ืขืž' 44) ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ื ืฉื™, ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ื-ืขืฉืจื” ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžืงื ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ. ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื˜ื”ื•ืจ: 1. ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข, ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ; 2. ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื; 3. ืื“ืžื” ื•ื”ืจื™ื; 4. ื™ืขืจ ื•ืขืžืง; 5. ืžืขืจื”, ื”ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื. ืœืคื™ ืจืฆืฃ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื•ืฆืง ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื”, ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข.

ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ (1991, ืขืž' 45 ) ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ื ืฉื™ ื›ืืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“, "ืœื ืจืง ื ื•ืชื ืช ื•ืฉื•ืžืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืžื›ืœ, ื’ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื—ื–ืจื”". ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ืฉืคื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืจื•ืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื•ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื”. ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช, ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื•.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ - ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ ืžืงืจื”

1.ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช (ืžึดืงื‘ืฅ): ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืฆื“ืคื•ืช (ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืขืจืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื), ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ

ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืืคื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™, ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื•ืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช: ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข - ืขืœ ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืฉื ืคืœื˜ื•ย  ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืฉื ืขืจืžื• ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช, ืื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžื™ื“ืŸ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื‘ื™ืย  ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” โ€“ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“, ืžืขืœ ืื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื•ืคื”.

ื‘ืืชืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืฆื“ืคื•ืช, ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื™ืกื•ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื–ืงื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื”, ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจืช ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื›ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื” (ื”ื™ื™ืœื™,1990). ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืชืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืื• ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ื ืฉื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื• ืœืžืงืœื˜ื™ ืกืœืข ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ืกืช ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื˜ืงืกื™ ืงื‘ืœื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜. ื”ืŸ ืื›ืœื• ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืขื ื›ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆื“ืคื”. ื–ื” ืงื™ืฉืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืฉื ื™ ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช: ื“ื ื”ื•ื•ืกืช ื•ืฆื“ืคื•ืช.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื™ ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื ื—ืฉืคื” ื‘ืงื”ื•ืงื™ื”, ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื™, ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืฉื ื ืžืฆืื” ืขื™ืจ ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืž-120 ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืืœืฃ ืฉื ื”. ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืงื‘ืจ ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœ 272 ื ืขืจื™ื ืฉื ืงื‘ืจื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื ืฉื ื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื, ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืž-20,000 ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื ืจืื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ.

ืืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื”ืฆื’ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืฉืžื’ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช.

ื ื™ื ื”: "ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื"

ื ื™ื ื”: ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื

ืชืžื•ื ืช ื—ื•ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื ื”, ืื™ืฉื” ื ืฉื•ืื” ื•ืื. ื–ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืกื‘ืœื” ืžืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื•ืžื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื™ื ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ืืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™ืช. ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, ื•ืคื™ื–ืจื” ืฆื“ืคื™ื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื‘ื™ื ืืฃ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™ื•. ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ื™ืคื”, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืกืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื ื“ืจื˜ื” ืœืื‘ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ืฉื•ืื”, ืœื“ืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื–ื™ืœื• ื•ืœืกื‘ืœ ืฉืœื ืกื™ืคืจื• ืขืœื™ื•. ื ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื›ืžื” ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืึดืชืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื”ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœืจืฆื— ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื•ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื˜ืจืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช. ืฉืชื™ืงืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืœื” ืฆืœ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืกื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื. ื”ื“ืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื”ืžืจื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื›ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฆืžื—ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื”-ืขืฉืจื”, ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”, ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืขืฆื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ื ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืืช ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ืงื”ื•ืงื™ื”.ย  ืฉืชื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื ื‘ื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฆื— ื”ืžื•ื ื™. ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ืฃ ืจืง ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื›ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ. ื ื™ื ื” ืžื™ืงืžื” ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืื•ืœื™ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืžืชื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื•ื’ื ืœืขืฆืžื”.

ื“ืœืคื™ืŸ: "ืื™ ืขื ืฆื“ืคื•ืช"

ื“ืœืคื™ืŸ: "ืื™ ืขื ืฆื“ืคื•ืช"

ื”ืื™ ื”ืขื’ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื” ื”-15 ืฉืœ ื“ืœืคื™ืŸ, ืื™ืฉื” ื•ืื ื‘ืช 45 ืžืžื•ืฆื ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžืกืข ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืืจื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,ย  ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข. ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืื’ื™ืช. ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืื™ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืชื—ื™ื, ืื•ืœื™ ืจืžื– ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื ืฉืžืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” ืœืื™ ื”ืžืคืœื˜ ืฉืœื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ืœื ื ื’ื•ืข, ืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืื™ื•ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™. ื”ืื™ ืฉืœ ื“ืœืคื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื ืฉื™, ืžื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ืงืกื ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื•ืช ืกื™ืคืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœืืœืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช.

ื ื™ืจื”: "ืžืขืจืช ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื"

ื ื™ืจื”: "ืžืขืจืช ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื"

ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืชืชืจ ื”ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช. ื™ืœื“ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ื, ื›ืžื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช ืื• ืžื˜ืจื™ืงืก ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™. ื ื™ืจื”, ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ืืœื•ื”ื™. ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ืงืคืฆื” ืขื ื‘ืช-ื”ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฆื•ืœื•ืช, ื•ืžื™ืœืื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืช-ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืžืขืจื”, ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื‘ื” ืคืชื•ื—ื”. ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•. ืœืงืจืืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืคื™ืกืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ ืขืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืกืจืงื•ืคื’. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืœ ืœืœื ืžืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ื” ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื›ืžื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื• ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ: ืฉืชื™ืœืช ืคืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื™ืฅ ื”ืกืจืงื•ืคื’.

ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช. ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ืงื‘ืจ ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช. ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ืจ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช. ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช. ื”ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื›ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื—ืœื” ื•ืžืช ื‘ืขืช ืžืขื‘ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” (ืงืœืืกืŸ, 1998, ืขืž' 206). ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ ืžื”ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข, ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืžืืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื›ืกืžืœ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื ืคืฉ โ€“ ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืช ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื™ื•ืช, ืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื—ื™ื™ื (ืืœื™ืื“ื”, 1991, ืขืž' 143).

2. ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช: ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ, ืฆื“ืคื” ื•ืกืงืืœื•ืค, ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ื˜

ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ

ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื—ืจื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื›ืžื›ืœ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื— ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”, ืื• ื›ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ืจื—ื ืคื•ืจื” ืžืœื ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” (ืชืžื•ืจื”). ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™, ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื”ืกืคื™ืจืืœื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”. ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ืืคื•ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื” ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืกืœื™ืœ ืžืชืคืชื— ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ, ืฉื”ื ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื’ื ื™ื—ื“. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื˜ืขืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืฆื“ืคืชื” ื”ื™ืคื”, ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื” ื ื™ื“ื•ื’ื” ืขื“ ื—ื•ืจืžื” ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื” ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืกื›ื ื”. ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืคื” ื›ืžื›ืœ ืœืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื”. ื”ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืฉืจืคื• ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื” ื›ืžืืคืจื”, ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื”.

ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ 1

ืฉืื™ืœื”, ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”-16 ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืงืžื” ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ืขื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืก ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื™ื. ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ืคื’ื™ืช ืœืื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืืžื ื”. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื” ื•ืื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืฆืœ.

ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืœื™ื“ืชื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ื”, ืืœืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืคื”, ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื“ืคื” ืฉืœ ืกืงืืœื•ืค. ืืš ื ืจืื” ื’ื ืฉื”ืฆืœ ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ืฉืื™ืœื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฆืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืคืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ื” โ€“ ืืคืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืžืงืฆืฃ ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื” ืžื”ื–ืจืข ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉื›ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืื ื•ืก, ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื• ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืก ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื• ื’ืื™ื” (ื’ืจื™ื™ื‘ืก, 1992, 50 - 51). ืฉืื™ืœื” ืื”ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”, ืฉืœ "ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืก". ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”.

ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืื• ืกืงืืœื•ืฃ ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื›ืจื—ื ืคื•ืจื” - ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื, ื‘ืœื•ื˜, ื’'ื•ืœื•ืช, ืืœื™ื, ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”. ื”ืฆื“ืฃ ื›ืจื—ื ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื”ืื™ื“ื”, ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ืจื‘,ย  ืฉื—ืจืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช. ืจื™ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืœ, ืื—ืจื™ ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืจืื” ืฆื“ืคื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืคื•ืชืœื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืฆื“ืคื” ื•ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”. ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืฉืจื™ืจ ื•ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืคืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื“ืคื”. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฆ'ื™ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืคืชื™ื™ื ืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘. ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืจืจ. ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื ืก ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื—ื“, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ (ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื‘ืจื™ื’ื”ืจืกื˜, 1984).

ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ 2

ื“ื•ืจื”, ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืช 50, ืื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”, ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”-20 ืฉืœื” ืฆื“ืคื” ืžืœืื” ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื”, ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืฉื ื™ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ืจื—ื, ื”ืžืจื›ื–. ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื–ื•ื’ื•ืชย  ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื“ืฃ ื”ืจื—ืžื™, ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืžื• ืื ื™ืžื” ื•ืื ื™ืžื•ืก ื”ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“. ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ื™ืœื“: ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืกืงืจื ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ื›ืžื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืช.

ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ: ืื™ื•ื ื•ืคื—ื“

ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ: ืื™ื•ื ื•ืคื—ื“

ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื” ืžืืฆื•ืช ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช. ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืจ, ื•ื”ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื” ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื ื›ื™ื™ื. ืœื–ื›ืจ ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืคืงื™ื™ื. ืœืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ืœืง ื•ื”ื•ื•ืจื•ื“. ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื•, ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืŸ 35 ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœย  ืฉืœื• ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืœื-ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื—ืง. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื” ื•ืžืืคืจื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืœืฉืขื” ืงืœื”. ื”ืขื“ืคืชื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืคืชื•ื—ื”. ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืฉื”ื“ืœืช ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืกื’ื•ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉื‘ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืžื ื•. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืžืกึตื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื•ืช, ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื•ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื™ื ืฉืœื” ื•ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฆื™ื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื“ื”ื•ื“ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ, ื‘ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืขื ืง ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืžื•ืกืชืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉ. ื›ืืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”"ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ื” ื“ื ื˜ืื˜ื”", ื”ืžืกืžืœืช ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืกื™ืจื•ืก ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™. ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืœื• ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช.

ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ื˜

ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ื˜

ื”ืจื›ื™ื›ื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืจ, ืฉืžืฉืชืง ืืช ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื–ืจื™ืงืช ืจืขืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื. ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจื•ื˜ ื™ืคื” ืžืื•ื“ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืกืคื ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ ืฉื”ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื›ื™ืœื™ื. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืช 45 ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ ื”ืจื™ืง ืฉืœ ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœ. ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืื” ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™. ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืกื™ืžืœื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื•ื—, ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื. ืขืœื” ื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืชืช ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช. ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื“ืื’ื” ืœืืžื”, ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”.

ย 

3. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื”: ื–ื™ื•ื”, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”-17 ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื”

ื–ื™ื•ื”, ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ืช 45, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืขื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืœื—ืฅ, ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืืœื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืœืื™ ืกื›ื ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื•ื” ืขื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืื”. ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช, ื”ื ืขืœื• ืืจืฆื” ื•ื’ืจื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื”, ืฉืืžื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื›ื—ื”, ื•ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืœื ื—ื’ื’ื”. ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ ืฉื•ืื”, ื”ื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—. ืฉืžื—ื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื ืจืฆื—ื™ื. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื•ื” ืกืคื’ื• ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื-ืžื•ื“ืข. ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื” ืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืฉื. ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื• ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืกื™ื. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื™ืฆืจื” ืงื•-ืžืชืืจ ืฉืœ ืคืจืคืจ, ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืื ื›ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืœื‘ ืœื”ืคื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื: ื”ืงืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืคืจ ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” ืœืฆื“ ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ "ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช". ืœืฆื“ ื”ื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืงืจืื” "ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื". ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช: ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช, ื”ืื“ื•ื ืื”ื‘ื”, ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื• ื ื•ืฆื” ืขื™ื™ืคื” ื•ืžืฉื•ืคืฉืคืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ืžืชื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืคืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื• ืงืฆืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืคืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื” ืคื—ื“ ืžืŸ "ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื”". ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ืฉืœื” ืขื ืืžื” ื•ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœืขืฆืžื”.

ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืžืก' 6 - ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื•ืงื ื›ื™ื•ืช: ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ

ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ืžืก' 6 - ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขื ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื•ืงื ื›ื™ื•ืช: ืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ

ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื›ื•ื“. ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืชืงืฃ ื—ืจื“ื”. ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”,ย  ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ ืขืฉื•ื™ ื—ื•ืœ, ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืื™ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืœื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืงื•ืคืกืช ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืงืกื•ืžื”. ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ ืžื•ืงืฃ ืžืขื’ืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ื”ืงืฆ'ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืขืžื™ื. ื—ื•ื˜ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื•ื ื— ืžืขืœ ืœืคืชื— ืฉืœ ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืขืฉ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฉืžืคืจื™ื“ ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ื’ื ืคื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื• ืœื™ื“ื” (ื’'ืื ื’, 2009). ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ื—ื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื– ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืชื™ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฆืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืชื™ืืจื” ื˜ืงืก ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจ, ืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื“ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”. ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื ืœื‘ื“ ืืœ ื”ืคืกื’ื”, ื›ืฉื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืจื™ื ื›ืžืงื”ืœื” ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื”ื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช. ื–ื™ื•ื” ืชื”ืชื” ืจื’ืข ืื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืจืง ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืคื ื™ื. ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืฆื“ืคื” ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืŸ ืžื›ืœื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ. ื˜ืงืก ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืคื” ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคืจื• ืœื”ื›ืœืช ื“ื. ืกืคื•ื ื“ื™ืœื•ืก, ื”ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืจ ื”ืงื•ืฆื ื™, ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืžื‘ื•ืก ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช. ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™, ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืœ, ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช.

ย 

ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขื ืฆื“ืคื•ืช; ืžืกืคืจ 17, ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื•ื” ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื ืขื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื™ื™ืื•ืฉ. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ื•ืืกืคื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืœืจื›ืก ืืจื•ืš ื›ืžื• ืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ื—ืคืฆื™ื. ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื; ืฉื”ืกืคื™ื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžืชื™ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืื•ืชื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื. ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” ืฆื•ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืœื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ื’ืœื’ืœ ื”ื”ืฆืœื” ื ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ. ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคื ื•ืข ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ืช ืื‘ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช. ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื™ืœื“ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืฉื—ืงืช, ืœื ื‘ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืคืขื ืžื™ืœืื• ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉ. ื”ื™ืœื“ื”, ืกืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืืžืช, ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืคืจืกื•ื ื”, ืคื•ืชื—ืช ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช. ื–ื™ื•ื” ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื™ ืžืชื ื”, ื“ื™ืกืง ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืจืช ืงื™ืกืจื™ื” ืื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืงืืคื• ื•ืจื“ื”. ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืœื™ื. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื™ืคื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืื™ืš ื”ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.

4."ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™" (ืืœื™ืื“ื”, 1991, ืขืž' 142-3).

ืกืคื™ืจืœื•ืช ืžืคื•ืกืœื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื,(2 ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช: SAND SPIRAL WITH MARBLE' SAND SPIRAL WITH DIAMOND)

ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื”ืžืคื•ืกืœืช ื”ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื–ื• ื ืฉืืจืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ ื”ื›ื”ื” ื”ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™, ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืืžื ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ืงื˜ื•ื ื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”. ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ื“ื™ืœื’ื• ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืžื˜ืจื™ืืจื›ืœื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืคื™ืจืœืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื ื•ืขื” ืกืœื™ืœื™ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื›ืžื• ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื™, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ. ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื™ืœื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืงื• ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืจื›ื–, ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืขืงื•ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื” ืคื™ื‘ื•ื ืืฆ'ื™ (1170- 1250). ื™ื•ื ื’ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื ื” (ื™ื•ื ื’, 1989,ืขืž' 218). ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืจืš ืื™ืฉื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช: ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ื’ื•ืœื”, ื™ื”ืœื•ื ืื• ื˜ื•ื•ืก. ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื”, ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™.

ืกื™ื•ื

ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื. ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ืคืœื˜ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื. ืœืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืœืคื ื™ 100,000 ืฉื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื•ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืœืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื›ืกืžืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค ื”ื ืฉื™. ื›ื™ื•ื ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœ ื™ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืชื•ืš ืžื’ืฉื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื ื•. ื”ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื•ื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœ, ืื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”, ืฉืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืœื™ื“ื” ืกืžืœื™ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ื•ืœ. ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืœืคื™ ื”ื•ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื ืกืžืœื™ื ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื‘ืขื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”. ื™ื—ื“, ื”ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ื•ื”ืฆื“ืคื” ื ื•ืชื ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื•ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื™ื: ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื”, ื”ืงื•ืœ ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™. ืžื•ืœื•ืกืงื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื›ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื›ืงืžืขื•ืช ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื—ืคืฆื™ ืงื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ื ื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืœื™ืขื“ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืœืงืจืืช ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”.

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