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ื“"ืจ ืฆื™ืงื™ ื›ื”ืŸย - ืžืจืฆื” ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื”; ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืกื˜: tsiky@zahav.net.il

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ืชืงืฆื™ืจ
ื”'ืขืฆืžื™' ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช. ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืฉื—ืœื• ื‘ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืื– ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ืฉื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื“ืข ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืฆื•ืจื”, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืฆื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืื ืกื” ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื”ื—ืžืงืžืง ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื“ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™. ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืื—ื– ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื”ืžืžืงื ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื ืื“ื™, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจ-ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื”ืžืฆืข ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื•ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื•ืงื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ื—ืงืชื•, ื•ื”ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืข ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืืกืชื˜ื™. ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืžื” ืืฃ ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื–'ืื ืจื™ื ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ "ื”ืจืื™ื”" (showing), ื•ืœื ืฉืœ "ื”ื’ื“ื”" (telling). ื”ื“ืจืžื” "ืžืจืื”" ื•ืœื "ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช", ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืœืคืขื•ืœื•ืช, ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืชื•ืš-ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—:ย ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ื ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™, ื“ืจืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ืช, ื™ื—ื™ื“-ื—ื‘ืจื”,ย  ืกื•ืœื™ืคืกื™ื–ื, ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช

ืžื‘ื•ื
ืจื‘ื•ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™, ื”ืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืื’ื“ื™ ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™ (ืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืคืจืช, 1975; ืฉื•ื”ื, 1989; ืฉืงื“, 1992; ื™ืขืจื™, 2005; ื›ืกืคื™, 2005; ืฉื•ืืฃ, 2005; ื ื’ื™ื“, 2013). ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืžื—ื–ืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืงืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื•ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœืืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืงื•ื ืงืจื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืขื•ืžืง ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ ื•ืคืกื™ืคืก ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืขื ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื“ืื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื›ืœืื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ืกื’ื ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืœืชืคื™ืกืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™, ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืฉืœื”ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื•ืžื™ื ืืžื ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืœืงื•ืžื™, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืœื›ืืŸ; ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืืฉืœื™ื” ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืชื”.

ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืฉืชืงืคืช ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™, ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื›ื™ ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืืกื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช. ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ (ืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื•ื”ื, 1989; ืฉืงื“, 1992; ื‘ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™, 2002; ื ื’ื™ื“, 2002; ื™ืขืจื™, 2005; ืฉื•ืืฃ, 2005) ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื›"ืžืกื›ื•ืช" ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื™ื, ืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืจื•ืžื–ื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™, ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืžืฉืชืงืคืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” "ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš" (1961), ื•ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื“ื "ืฆืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช", ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืขื ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื• ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืืœื•ื ื™, ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื (Hume), ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืœ"ืฆืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช" ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื“ืขื”. ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืชื›ืชื‘ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœืœื•ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ื’ื•ืจืกืช ื›ื™ ืœ"ืื ื™" ื™ืฉ ืžืจื›ื– ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™, ื•ื”ืžืžื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช ื•ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ "ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™" ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืคืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™. ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื—ื•ืคื ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ื›ืš ืฉืœืคืจืงื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืฆื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื’ืžื ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™; ืœืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื; ืœืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื ืื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืจื’ ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ืืœื™; ื•ืœืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื›ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืืœ ื”ืื—ืจ, ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”"ืื ื™" ืœ"ืืชื”". ื–ื”ื‘ื” ื›ืกืคื™ ย ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ื•ื‘ืฆื“ืง, ื›ื™ ื”ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืืžื ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ืœืš ืจื•ื— ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืขื ืฃ ื”ื“ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ื ืืœื ืืœ ื”ืขื ืฃ ื”ืคื•ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ ืืช ื”ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ื–ื ื”ืจื ืกื ืกื™ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช. ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืœื›ืš ืื‘ืงืฉ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฉืชืงืคืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ื–ื• ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœ "ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ืช" ื”ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื›"ื™ืฉ" ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ืกื’ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ืช ืคื•ืจื˜ืจื˜ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™.

ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื” ื•ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžื ืกืจืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื“ื - ืžื”ื•? ืื›ืŸ, ืฉืืœื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช. ื”ืื“ื โ€“ ืžื”ื•. ื•ื™ื•ืจืฉื” ื ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘, ืงื•ืœื’ื™ื, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืงื‘ืช: ื›ืŸ, ื ื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื™ื! ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืงื•ืœื’ื™ื! ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืคื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช! ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘ ืื’ื• ืจืขื ืŸ, ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื”, ืื•ืคื™ ื‘ืฉืœืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉืช! ืื—ืจืช ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ.
(ืืœื•ื ื™, "ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช", 95)

ื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื“ื ืžืขืฆื‘ ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื™ืจื” ืœืžืื‘ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืกื• ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื›ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžืจื’ืข ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ืืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื (ืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื, 2002; Taylor, 1992; Foucault, 1998; Marx and Engels, 1998), ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื• "ื™ืฉ" ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ื—ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื• ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ื ื™ื˜ืฉื”, 1997; ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ, 1998; Sartre, 1956; Heidegger, 1962).

ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื‘ โ€“ "ืื›ื–ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืš" (1953). ืืฃ ืฉื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื• ืžืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืกื™ืจื‘ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื›ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืฉื ื™ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืชื•ืจื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”. "ืื›ื–ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืš" ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื™ืจื‘ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื”ืกืก ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืื ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืžืจื“ ื‘ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืจื—ื‘ืขื. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื ืžืชื•ืืจ ื›ืืกืคืกื•ืฃ ืขื“ืจื™ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”, ื™ืจื‘ืขื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ื“ืžื•ืช ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ืกื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืคื™ืชื—ื” ื‘ื” ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ืช.

ืืœื•ื ื™ ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืจื‘ืขื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื›ืจื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: ื”ื›ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืœืžื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ; ื•ื”ื›ืจื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™. ืœื™ืจื‘ืขื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืข ืœื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืžืจื“. ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื‘-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืืจื• ื›ืื“ื ืฉ"ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ืจืช ืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคืจื˜ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืœืœ, 'ื”ื•ื' ื•ืœื 'ืื ื™' " (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ, 2000, 15). ื™ืจื‘ืขื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜, ื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืžื™ื•ืกืจ, ื‘ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช. ืืžื ื ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืกื™ื™ืขื” ืœื• ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื™ื—ื“ื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืคื’ืขื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ืืœ ื•ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•.

ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™, "ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš" (1961), ืฉืืœืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™, ื•ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืช ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื“ื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืžื’ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืžืกืžืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ (ืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื•ื”ื, 1989; ืฉืงื“, 1992; ื™ืขืจื™, 2005; ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, 2013), ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขื•ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืขื“ ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ืกื›ืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ืžื—ื™ื– ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ืžื• ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืŸ.

ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื”, ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ืจืกื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ "ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืžืœืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื", ื ืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืฆื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื โ€“ื•ื ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” "ื”ืžืœืš ืขื™ืจื•ื! ื”ืžืœืš ืขื™ืจื•ื!". ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืฆืœ ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ ื–ื”ื• ื™ืœื“ ืฉื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื‘"ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš" ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืืกื•ื ื”, ื”ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื›ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ืžืขื•ื•ืช. ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจืกืŸ, ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืฆืขืง "ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืจื•ื" ื”ื•ืคืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืœืš ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื›ืจ ืžื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ื›"ื ืฆื™ื’ ื”ืืžืช", ื–ื•ื ื— ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื• ื•ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ืขื•ืจื•. ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืคืชื— โ€“ ย ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ื”ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืืกื•ื ื”, ืฆื•ืขื“ ื‘ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืื– ื ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” "ื”ืžืœืš ืขื™ืจื•ื, ื”ืžืœืš ืขื™ืจื•ื".

ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื“ ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืงืจื ืขืœื™ื” ืชื™ื’ืจ, ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื’ื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืช "ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช" (1963); "ื“ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื–ื”" (1969) ื•"ืื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื’" (1975). ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื”ืจื™ืชืžื•ืก ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขืžื• ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืžืจื“ ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื™ ืืœื ืฉืืฃ ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื• ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืœ-ื–ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ืฉ"ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, ืขื•ืœื ื›ืžื ื”ื’ื• ื ื•ื”ื’".

ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”"ื›ืœื” ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื”ืคืจืคืจื™ื" (1967) ืืœื•ื ื™ ืืฃ ื ืขื–ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื“ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืคื”; ื”ืฉืคื” ื ืชืคืกืช ื›ืžื“ื™ื•ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืคื ื™ื ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉืžืข ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืขืœื™ืœื”, ื”ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืืงืจืื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช ืžื˜ืงืก ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื—, ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื•ื•ื” ื›ื—ืžื ื™ืช. ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื™ืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืฉื“ืจืช ื›ืœืœื™ื ื•ืื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ืก ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ืœืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ ืžืžื ื•. ื”ืจืžืงื•ืœ ืžืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ body-ego, ื”ืžืชื—ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืืœ ื”ืžื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืชืจ/ืืกื•ืจ, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ/ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ืžื•ืขืจืš/ืœื ืžื•ืขืจืš, ืืžืช/ืฉืงืจ.

ืืคืฉืจ ืืคื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื’ื™ืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืืœ ื”ืคื ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ืจื‘-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื“ืื™, ื›ืžื•ืœื“ืช; ืœืขืชื™ื ื›"ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื" ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ืœืื“ื ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื; ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื›ืžื‘ื ื” ืžื™ืชื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ืื•ืจื—ื•ืชื™ื” ื›ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื ื˜ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ื”ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืงื‘ืข ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืกื“ืจ ืžื ืจืžืœ ื•ืžืžืฉื˜ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื™ื“ืื™ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื–ื ื•ื— ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื™ื™ืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื™.

ื•ืื›ืŸ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืขื™ื ื”ื™ืคื™ื ื‘"ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš" ืืœื•ื ื™ ืคื•ื ื” ืืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื“ืจืš ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื–ื•ื ื•ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืืช ืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคึตืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืฃ ืืช ืงื”ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื—ืชื• ืฉืืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื”ื ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช, ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ื ืจื™ืช ื•ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื•ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืžื•ื™ "ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”", ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื:

ืื ื™ ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉื’ื ืืฆืœื›ื ื™ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ื‘ื’ื“ ื›ื–ื”... ืขืจื˜ื™ืœืื™... ืžื•ืคืฉื˜... ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืฉื˜ื ืืฅ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ... ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืฉื˜ืื ืฅ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ...ย  ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžืฆื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืฆื ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืขื ื”ืžื ื•ืŸ, ื•ื“ื’ืœ, ื•ื›ืžื” ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช โ€“ ืื•ื™ ืœื• ืœื–ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” [...] ืงื”ืœ ื ื›ื‘ื“, ืœื ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืฆืืช ืœื’ืœื•ืช. ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืกืชื™ื• ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื•ืข ืœืฆืืช... ืœืคืจื•ืฉ... ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ ื”ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ื”ื–ื” [...] ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ (52-51).

ืืฃ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื“ื›ืื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืืœื•ื ื™ ืœืจื•ืžื ืžื ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื˜ืจืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“, ื–ื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืžืœืžื“ ื›ื™ ืืœื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืกื›ื ื” ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ (ื•ื™ื ืงื•ื˜, 1971) ื•ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืกื’ื•ืจ ื•ืกื•ืœื™ืคืกื™ืกื˜ื™. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืืงื–ื™ืกื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืฉื”ืื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช, ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช, ื”ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ืžื–ื™ืงื” ืืœ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช (ืจืื• ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื’ื™ื, 2002; ืกื™ื’ื“, 2003), ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ืื“ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื’ ื•ืืžื‘ื™ื•ื•ืœื ื˜ื™, ืฉื›ืŸ "ืื“ื ืฉืœื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื" ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘"ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš", "ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื. ื•ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ื™ื" (44).

ื‘"ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช", ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื•ื ื™ืคืืฆื™ื•ืก ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื” ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ "ืืคื•ืจ, ืืคื•ืจ, ืืคื•ืจ [...] ื”ื‘ื’ื“ ืืคื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ืชื™ื ืืคื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืœื‘ ืืคื•ืจ" (1963, 32). ื”ื•ื ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืœื”ืฉืชืงืข ื‘ืžื•ื ืื“ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื•ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš "ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื•". ื•ืื•ืœื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื•ืœื ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืขืฉื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื”ืงื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื™ืคืืฆื™ื•ืก ืœื”ืกืชื’ืจ ื‘"ืžื•ื ืื“ื” ื ื˜ื•ืœืช ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช" ืžืชื‘ืจืจืช ื›ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื˜ืจื’ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืขืฆืžื™ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืกื’ื•ืจ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืืœื ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง. ื’ื ื‘"ืื›ื–ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืš", ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžื—ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ืฉื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ื ืื“ื”. ื™ืจื‘ืขื, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืžืœื˜, ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช. ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืžื‘ื•ืฆืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื™ืืœื™ื™ื.

ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื "ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™" ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœืื™ื ื’ (2000), ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ื”"ืขืฆืžื™" ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ื ืื“ื™ ืื›ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื˜ืจื’ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืชืคืงื“ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ื ืจื™. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื•, ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืœื“ืœื•ืช ื•ืจื™ืงื ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืื™-ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื•ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ืœืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช ื•ื˜ืจื ืกืฆื ื“ื ื˜ื™ืช. ื’ื ืœื˜ืขื ืช ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ (2004), ื”ืฉืชืงืขื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ื ืื“ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช "ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™" (deadness), ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘, ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืžื“ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™. ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื–ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืชืงื™ืขื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื–ืจื™ืžื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืžื–ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืกืคื™ืงื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื ืื“ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืชืงื™ื ื”.

ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™: ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช, ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”

ื•ืœื ืื•ึผื›ึทืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ?
ืœึธืฆื•ึผืจ ืฆื•ึผืจึธื”? ืœื‘ืจื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื ื•ืกืฃ?
ื™ืงื•ื ืื—ืจ, ืืฉืจ ื™ึทื“ึฐื‘ึผึดื™ืจ, ื™ึดืฉืึฐื—ึทืง ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื•?
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืžืฆื ืฉื•ื‘ ืชึนื”ื•ึผ, ื”ื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ?
( "ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช", 56)

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืกืคึตืจื” ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืื• ืžืจื—ื‘-ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ื‘ืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืœื–ืžืŸ; ืื ื™-ืื ื—ื ื•; ืขื•ืœื ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™; ืื ื™-ืื—ืจ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืงืจื™ืืชื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ืงื•ื˜ "ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ืช ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 2004, 16), ื’ื ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืกืจื‘ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืื• ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™, ื•ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืื“ื ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื• ืœื ื•ืข, ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื— ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช. ื‘ืชื ื•ืขืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืกืคืง ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื—ืกืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.

ื”ืกืคืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื—ืฆื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช, ื–ื• ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœื• ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœืขื˜ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื• ืžืกื›ื” ืื• ืชืคืงื™ื“. ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ื’ื•ืคืžืŸ (2003), ื–ื”ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช, ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื•ืœ ืงื”ืœ. ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืจ, ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ืืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืจ ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ ื•ืžื’ื•ื—ืš, ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš ื•ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช. ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžืชืžืฉืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื–ื™ืงืชื ืœืžื•ืœื“ืชื, ืœ"ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื" ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืืœื™ื”, ืœืจื•ื— ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื (Zeitgeist) ื•ืœืกื“ืจื™ื ื•ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื— ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”ื ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ. ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœืžืจื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื—ื•ืชื™ื”, ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื• ืœื”ืชื ื›ืจ ืœื”; ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ืžืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืจื˜ื•ืชื ืžื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื›ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื›ืชื ืื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื. ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืืš ื•ืจืง ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™; ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื• ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชื™ื™ืš, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืืžืฅ ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ "ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ื–ื‘ืช" ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.

ื‘ืฆื“ื™ ื”ืžืกื›ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืžืขืœื™ื” ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื”, ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžื•ื ืื“ื™, ืืฉืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืกื ืช ืžืคื ื™ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ืœื ืœืชืงืฉืจ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“, ืœืฉืชื•ืง. ืœืขืชื™ื ื”ื”ืฉืชืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ืื“ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืืคื™ืกื˜ืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืกืคึตืจื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืœืกืคืจื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืชืžื˜ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืคืกื™ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกื›ืžืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ "ืฉืคื” ืคืจื˜ื™ืช" ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื™-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™, ื”ืžื ื•ืชืง ื•ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ื ืจื™.

ื‘"ื›ืœื” ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื”ืคืจืคืจื™ื", ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื’ืฅ ืžืชื•ืืจืช ื›ืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืžื™ ื”ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืฉื’ืจื” ืืคื•ืจื™ื "ืงื•ืจื ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื! [...] ืžืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”! [...] ืงื ื‘ืฉืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื ื•ืกืข, ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื, ื‘ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืฉ..." (37). ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ, ืคืขื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ืชื›ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ืืฉืœื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื™ืœื“ ื“ื•ื”ืจ ื•ืฆื•ื”ืœ; ืœืฆื™ื™ื“ ืคืจืคืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฆื“ ืคืจืคืจื™ื ืืœื ืžื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืื”ื‘ื”: "ืฉืจืœื•ื˜ื”! ืฉืจืœื•ื˜ื”, ืคืจืคืจื™ืช ืคืจื•ืขื”! ื ื ืœืžืกื•ืจ ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ืฉืœื•ื ืœืคืจืคืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ" (ืฉื, 8). ื’ื ื‘"ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช" ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื•ื ื™ืคืืฆื™ื•ืก ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืชืคืจ ื”ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”: ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืืคื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืคืœื™ืงืก ื•ืืŸ ืฉื•ืื ืง, ืžื•ืจื” ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชื• ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื•ื ื™ืคืืฆื™ื•ืก ืืฉืจ ืื ื•ืก ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืฉืขืชื•.

ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืœื™ืคืกื™ื–ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืžืฆืžืช ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™, ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืื™ืจื™ื ืกืคึตืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื™ืฆื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ืคืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœืœื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžืงื™ืคื”, ืืœื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื–ื”ื• ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจ-ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฆื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื” ื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ืืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ. ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ืคื•ืจืฆื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื’ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชืŸ. ื‘"ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš", ืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžืœืš ืงืกืคืจ, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืงื—ื•ืช, ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ืจื•ื; ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื™ื™ืฃ ืžื”ืงืจืงืก ื”ืžื’ื•ื—ืš ืฉืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ืจืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืืœื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืœื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืขื’ืข ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื”ื’ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืœื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘"ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช" ื™ืฉ ืกืฆื ื” ื ืคืœืื” ืฉื‘ื” ืคืจื“ื™ ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื–ื•ื ื” ืžืจื™ื˜ื” ื•ืื– ืžืชื‘ืจืจืช ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืคืจื“ื™ ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื™ื”ืชื• ื”ืขื–ื” ืœืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื•, ื•ื”ืื‘ ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืœืžืจื™ื˜ื”.

ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืื ื™-ืืชื”" (2007) ืžื“ืžื” ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจ-ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื™ื—ืก ื“ื™ืื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกืคืกืœ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื ืžืฆื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื–ื™ืงืช ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช, ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืขื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ืžืžืฉื™ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืชืคืงื“ ื›"ืืชื”", ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื—ืฉืฃ ืœืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช. ื’ื ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜ (2005; Kohut, 1977), ย ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื–ื•ืœืช ืขืฆืžื™" ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื›ื›ืœืœ ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื–ื•ืœืช. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื”ืœืจ, ื”ืžื ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื—ืœืฆื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• (Mahler and Pine, 1975), ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜ ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืœืขื“ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉ"ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืชืœื•ืช (ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”) ืœืื™-ืชืœื•ืช (ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”) ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื™ื ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช (ื•ืื™ื ื” ืจืฆื•ื™ื”) ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”, ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•, ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™" (ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜, 2005, 107).

ืžื”ื“ืจืžื” ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ืช ืœื“ืจืžื” ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ืช: ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™
ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื‘ื–'ืื ืจ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœืžื‘ืข ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืจื‘-ืฉื›ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”, ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ื”ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื. ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื—ื•ืชืจืช ืžืขืฆื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืกื“ืจ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืžื” ื ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ, ื”ื–ืžื ื™ ื•ื”ืžืขื•ืจืคืœ, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžื ื•ืžืงืช ืื• ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™ืช. ืžื—ื–ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืœื ื• ืžืฆืข ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ ืœืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื•ืžืชื›ื•ื ื ืช. ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืงืœืืกื™ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ืงื“ื™ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื•, ืœื—ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ืื•ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื‘ืžื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืงืฉืจื™ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื ืขื” ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืžื™ื ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื‘ืฆืข "ื‘ื™ืŸ" ื•"ื‘ืชื•ืš" ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ื™ืจื”, ื ื–ื™ืœื”, ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืžืชืขืฆื‘ืช ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”, ืžืชืžื–ื’ืช ื•ืžืชื ืชืงืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืื•ืชื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืื—ืช ื”ืžื ื™ื—ื” ืืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›"ืžืกืžืŸ-ืขืœ" ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช, ื™ื”ื ื–ื” "ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™" ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ื”ืœื ืžืชืงืฉืจ; ื”ืฉื“ื” ื”ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™; ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™; ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ืชืคื™ืกืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื‘ืฉื "ืขืฆืžื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ืช", ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœืช ื›ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืžืฉืš ื•ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.

ย 

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ย 

ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืž', 2004. ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžื•ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืชื•ืœืขืช ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ, ืž', 2000. ืคื ื™ ืื“ื: ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง.

___, 2007. "ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื”", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื”ื "ืœ, ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื—: ืขื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ืขืžื™ื“ืชื• ื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื”ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืœื‘ืกืงื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง, ืขืž' 93-5.

ื‘ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื™', 2002. "ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช: ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™", ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: 590-567.

ื’ื•ืคืžืŸ, ื', 2003. ื”ืฆื’ืช ื”ืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืฉ' ื’ื•ื ืŸ, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ: ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ื“ื•ืจืงื”ื™ื™ื, ื', 2002. ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™' ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื ืžืจื•ื“.

ื”ืžืื™ืจื™, ื™', 2013. ื”ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื™: ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืœื•ื™ื ืก, ืชืœ ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืจืกืœื™ื ื’, ืขืž' 131-91.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“"ื•, 2004. ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™' ืžื™ืœื•ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ื™ืขืจื™, ื ', 2005. "ืžื‘ื•ื: ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื˜ืงืก ื ืฉื›ื—", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื”ื "ืœ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช), ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื,ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื•ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื: ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ย  ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืขืž' 32-9.

ื›ืกืคื™, ื–', 2005. " 'ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืงืœื™ื“ื•ืกืงื•ืค. ืœืš ืชื—ื–ื™ืง ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™, ืžืžืฉื™, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ื–ื”': ืคื•ืื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” 'ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช' ืœื ื™ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื”ื "ืœ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช) ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื, ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื•ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื: ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืขืž' 121-110.

ืœืื™ื ื’, ืจ"ื“, 2000. ื”ืื ื™ ื”ื—ืฆื•ื™, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“.

ื ื’ื™ื“, ื—', 2013. ื”ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื’ื•ืŸ โ€“ ืขืœ ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช: ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืชืื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™, ื—ื ื•ืš ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืงื™ ื’ื•ืจื‘ื™ืฅ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืกืคืจื, ืขืž' 47-21.

ื ื™ื˜ืฉื”, ืค', 1997. ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื–ืจืชื•ืกื˜ืจื, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™' ืืœื“ื“, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืฉื•ืงืŸ.

ืกื™ื’ื“, ืจ', 2003. ืื›ืกื™ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื: ื”ืžืฉืš ื•ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง.

ืขืคืจืช, ื’', 1975. ื“ืจืžื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืฆ'ืจื™ืงื•ื‘ืจ.

ืงื•ื”ื•ื˜, ื”', 2005. ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืจืคืืช ื”ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื' ืื™ื“ืŸ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืงื™ืจืงื’ื•ืจ, ืก', 1998. ืื• ืื•, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืžืจื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืžืื’ื ืก, 1998.

ืฉื’ื™ื, ื', 2002. "ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉื™ื— ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื' ืฉื’ื™ื ื•ื ' ืื™ืœืŸ (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ย ย ย ย ย  ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืกืขืจื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืขืž' 292-248.

ืฉื•ืืฃ, ืง', 2005. "ืขื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ: ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื• ืฉืœ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘", ย ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื ' ื™ืขืจื™ (ืขื•ืจื›ืช), ืขืœ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื•ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื: ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื”ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืืœื•ื ื™, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, ืขืž' 55-39.

ืฉื•ื”ื, ื—', 1989. ื”ื“ืจืžื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ: ืืชื’ืจ ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืžื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืื•ืจ ืขื, ืขืž' 60-35.

ืฉืงื“, ื’', 1992. ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื–ื•ืช: ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื›ืชืจ, ืขืž' 226-201.

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Foucault, M., 1998. โ€ŸTechnologies of the self,โ€ in: P. Rabinow (ed.), Ethics, Subjectivity and Truth: Essential Works of Foucault 1954โ€“1984, London: Penguin Press, pp. 223โ€“251.

Heidegger, M., 1962. Being and Time, New York: Harper.

Kohut, H., 1977. The Restoration of the Self, New York: International ย ย ย ย ย ย  Universities Press.

Mahler, M. S., and F. Pine, 1975. The Psychological Birth of the Human Infant: Symbiosis and Individuation, New York: Basic.

Marx, K., and F. Engels, 1998. The Communist Manifesto: A Modern Edition, London: Verso.

Sartre, J. P., 1956. Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology, New York: Philosophical Library.

Taylor, C., 1992. Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity, Cambridge: Harvard University.

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ืื›ื–ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžืฉื›ืœ, 1997.

ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืžืฉื›ืœ, 2004.

ื“ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื–ื”, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžืฉื›ืœ, 2000.

ื”ื›ืœื” ื•ืฆื™ื™ื“ ื”ืคืจืคืจื™ื/ื”ื ืคื˜ืจ ืžืชืคืจืข, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจืง: ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2009.

ื”ื ืกื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืžืฉื›ืœ, 2002.

[*] ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉื ื™ืชื ื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื‘ืจ-ืื™ืœืŸ, ื‘ื›ื ืก "ื ื™ืกื™ื ืืœื•ื ื™: ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื ื’ื“ ืžื•ื•ืช โ€“ ื‘ืžืœืื•ืช 90 ืœื”ื•ืœื“ืชื•", 8 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2016.