bein-hamilim-banner

ืจื•ื ื™ ืงื•ื’ืŸย - ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช: koganroni@gmail.com

ย 

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ
ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ืืชืืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™) ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืฉ ืืฆื™ื’ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืกืžืœื™ื ืืคืฉืจื” ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—:ย ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื, ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื“ื•ื‘, ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™, ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ, ื˜ืœื™ืกืžื”, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื’ื•ืœื.

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”: ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœ
ื‘ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื ื™ืช "ืกื™ืžืŸ" (icon) ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื” ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช; ืื•ืช ืื• ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉื“ืจื›ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ืื—ืจ. ืœืขื•ืžืชื•, "ืกืžืœ" (symbol) ื”ื•ื ื—ืคืฅ ืื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื•ืกื›ื ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ; ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืจื™ื (ืื‘ื™ื ื™ืื•ืŸ, 1988). ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืงืจื™ื™ื˜ืœืจ ืžืกืžื ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืžืœื™ื (ืืฆืœ ืœื‘ื™ื-ืื•ืจ, 1993):

  • ื”ืกืžืœ ื›ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื.
  • ื”ืกืžืœ ื›ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืืžืช ืื• ืžืžืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
  • ื”ืกืžืœ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืืžื” ื•ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.

ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (1966) ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข. ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช, ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื—ืงื•, ื•ื”ืกืžืœ ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ืœื•ื ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืชื›ื ื™ื ืืœื”. ืœืคื™ ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื—ืงื™ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ืกืžืœ ืชืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ืชืคื˜ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ (ืžื’ื“, 2001).

ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคืจื•ื™ื“ ืฉืจืื” ื‘ืกืžืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข, ื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืฉื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกืžืœื™ื, ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ืœืชื•ื“ืขื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœืืคืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ (ื ืฆืจ, 2004). ื™ื•ื ื’ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœืขื™ืŸ - ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชืืคืฉืจ ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื (ืกื˜ื•ืจ, 1983).

ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ืช ืื—ืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ื™ื ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื. ื™ื•ื ื’ ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื, ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉืœื. ื”ืกืžืœ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื’ื•ืจื ืžืœื›ื“ ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืฉืงืœ ื ื’ื“ ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจื ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื ืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”"ืื ื™" ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ื‘ืจืื”. ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืœื›ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช ืงื•ืจื ื™ื•ื ื’ "ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”" โ€“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ (ืœื‘ื™ื-ืื•ืจ, 1993).

ืืžื™ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ื-ืื•ืจ (1993) ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืฆื ืช ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ ืœืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืกืคืงืฆื™ื”, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืžืœ ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืชืืžืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื.

ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”, ื”ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”. ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืกืžืœื™ืช ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื (ืฉื•ืจืง, 2002). ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ื›ื›ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืจืื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• (ืฉืœื™ื•, 1996).

ืคืจื•ื™ื“ (1966) ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืžืขื ื™ืง ืœืกืžืœ, ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช, ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ื™ืฆืจื™ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื“ื—ืงื•. "ื”ื ืก ื”ืงื˜ืŸ" ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืื ืœื™ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืกื•ืก ื”ืคืš ืœืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืกืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื‘ื™ื” ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ืคืจื•ื™ื“ ื’ืจืก ื›ื™ ื™ื—ืกื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื—ืกื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื: ื‘ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื˜ื‘ืขื• ืฉืœื• ืžื™ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช ืืฆืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” (ืืฆืœ ืฉื•ืจืง, 2002).

ื™ื•ื ื’ (Jung, 1967) ื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— "ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช" ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™. ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืกืฃ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืจื’ืข ื”ื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื•. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื“ื™ืื ื™ืช, ื™ื•ื ื’ ืจืื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื (ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืค "ื”ืฆืœ") ืืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.

ืœืคื™ ื™ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืœื˜ืขื ืชื•, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืกื•ื•ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคืš. ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ "ื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื•ื˜ืžื™ืช" ื›ืžื• ืื‘, ืื ืื• ื“ืžื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื—ืกื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ืžืขื›ื‘ ื”ืคื’ื ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช (ืžื ื™ื ื’ืจ ืืฆืœ ืฉืœื™ื•, 1996). ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืกืžืœ ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื. ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช (ืžื•ื“ืขืช) ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคืœื™ืช (ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช) ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ (ืฉื, 1996).

ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื—ื“ ืžืกืžืœื™ ื”ืคืจื™ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื” (ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื’ืœื ื”ื ืคืฉื™). ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ืœืžื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื ื™ ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื›ื›ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืžืกืžืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ ื•ื”ื™ืฆืจื™. ืœืคื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืœื›ื™ืžื™, ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ืจืง ืžืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื™ืชืืคืฉืจื• ื”ื”ืชื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ (ื ืฆืจ, 2004).

ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
ืงื•ื•ืืœื• ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืก (ืืฆืœ ืœื‘ื™ื-ืื•ืจ, 1993) ืžืชืืจื™ื ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื›ืžืกืคืงืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžื•ื’ื ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื•ืฆืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื“ืจืš ืืžื ื•ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืœืœื ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื”ืžืœืœื”. ื ืื•ืžื‘ืจื’ (ืฉื) ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืงื ื™ืฃ (McNIff, 1992) ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขืžื•. ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ (imaginal other), ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื•ืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื•. ืžืงื ื™ืฃ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืืš ืœื ื›ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื•; ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืœื ืจืง ืžืชืฆืคื™ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืืœื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’. ืœื•ื™ืŸ (Levine, 1995) ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™. ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืขืฆืžื•. ื‘ื›ืš ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื ื” ื•ื”ื˜ืžืขื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”. ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืช. ื”ื“ื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื•, ืืœื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื•ืžืขืžื™ืง. ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ "ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื" ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.

ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (1995) ืžืชืืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ โ€“ ื”ืขื ืงืช ื›ื•ื— ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ื”ืคื™ื›ืชื• ืœ"ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ". ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื˜ืœื™ืกืžื”. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ "ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืœื" (embobodied image): ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืžื’ืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ื”ืขื ืงืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ื•ืฆืจ. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”"ืกื™ืœื•ืง". ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•. ืขืฆื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืื™ื ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืืช ื“ื—ื™ื™ืชื• โ€“ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ (ืฉื).

ื“ืืœื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขืžื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืœ ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคืกื™ืง ืœื“ื—ื•ืชื”. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืžืžื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ื’ื ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืœืœื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืฉื (ื“ืืœื™, 1995).

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ: ืื•ืจืŸ, ื™ืœื“ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื”
ืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืจืŸ (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™) ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืื—ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืžืจืคืื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืคืจื˜ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ 50 ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ื ืžืฉืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ืชื™ื™ื. ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ืคื ื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืคืงื“ื” ืื•ืชื•.

ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ
ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื”-6.5 ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืœืžืจืื”, ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™, ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ื•ื ืžืจืฅ. ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืžื•ื ื” ื—ืžืฉ ื ืคืฉื•ืช. ื”ืื ื•ื”ืื‘ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”-40 ืœื—ื™ื™ื”ื. ื”ืื ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืขื” ื•ื”ืื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืขืกืง ืขืฆืžืื™. ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืืš ืœื ื ื™ืฉืื•. ืœืื•ืจืŸ ืื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืื— ื‘ืŸ 17.

ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืงื™ื ื”, ืืš ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 4 ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืื™-ืฉืงื˜ ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™. ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืŸ 5 ืื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืช. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 6 ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื' ื•ื”ื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ื’ืŸ ืœืฉื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจื’ืฉื™.

ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ืจื’ืฉื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื•. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื”. ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืฃ ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื ืžื•ืš ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ืชื•ืืžื•ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืจืฅ ื‘ื–ืขื ื•ืืฃ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืกื™ื›ื ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”: ื–ืจืง ื—ืคืฆื™ื, ื”ื›ื” ื•ื—ื ืง ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.

ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช: ื”ืคื ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคื•ืกืงื•ืช ื•ืืžืจ ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ "ืื ื™ ืืงืคื•ืฅ ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ". ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืจื˜ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš, ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื“ ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.

ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืงื‘ืขื” ืชื“ืžื™ืชื• ื›ื™ืœื“ ืืœื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืžืžื ื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช, ื‘ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืคื ื•ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจื™ื ืื• ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช

ย 

ย "ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื"

ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ืื•ืจืŸ ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืœืคื™ื•. ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช, ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืจื”. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื•ืจื•ื“ ืขื ืžืฉื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืงื•ื ื›ื™ื™ื” ืกื’ื•ืœื” โ€“ ื›ืฉื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ, ื“ื—ืฃ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืืช ืงืฆื” ื”ืžืขืจื•ืš ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื•ืœืจื’ืข ืงืฆืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื ืจืื” ืฆื•ืขืง. ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื—ื•ืจืฅ ืœืฉื•ืŸ. ื‘ื“ื—ื™ืคืช ื”ืžืขืจื•ืš ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื”ืฆืขืงื” ื”ืื™ืœืžืช ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื™, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืงืกืคืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉ ืฉื‘ื”, ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช "ื”ืฆืขืงื”" ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืžื•ื ืง. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœ"ืฆืขืงื”" ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ืง, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื ื—ืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื”. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืขืฉื” ืžื”ืœืš ื“ื•ืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ืืคื•ืจื” ื•ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืœืงื— ื’ื•ืฉ ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ืขื˜ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื”ืืคื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ. ืื•ืจืŸ ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— "ืœื”ืขืœื™ื" ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ; ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืืกืคืจ ื–ืืช ืœืืžื•.

ย 

ืžื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืจืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื ื•ืื™ืžื, ื™ืœื“ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื. ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืŸ ื•ืžื™ืงื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•. ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื: "ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื". ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืงืจื—. ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื•ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื (ืœื‘ืŸ, ืกื’ื•ืœ, ืฉื—ื•ืจ) ืฉืจืจ ืงื•ืจ "ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื". ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ืขืฆืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืงืจ ืฉืฉืจืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื. ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื” ืžืกื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงืฉืจ, ื”ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ "ื›ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืงืจื”" โ€“ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื’ืข, ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืื• ืงืฉืจ, ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื‘ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื—ื“. ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืช, ืœืœื ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืื• ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื”ืงืจื— ืคื™ืจืฉืชื™ ื›ืจืฆื•ืŸ "ืœื”ืงืคื™ื" ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืชื–ื•ื–ื”.

ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขืชื™ื ืืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ืคื ื” ืืœื™ื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: "ืžื“ื•ืข ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงืจ?"

ย ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืจ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ ืฉื ืฉื‘ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ื•ืขืœื™ื–ื”. ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื ื”ื’ ืœืกืคืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ื™ื. ื•ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืขื™ืžื” ืฉืฉืจืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ื‘ืœื˜ ื›ื™ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื˜ืจื“ ืžืจืขืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื”ื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืžื’ื™ืจื” ื ืขื•ืœื” ืื• ืจืขืฉ ืžื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืื• ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืœื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช "ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ", ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ืš ื•ื—ื•ืจืฅ ืœืฉื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื: ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืœื ื—ืฉ ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื”. ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืœื™ื™ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช.

ย 

ย ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื โ€“ ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืขื‘ืจ

ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืกืชืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื™ื—ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”. ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชืงืฆืจื”, ืืš ืืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื—ืช: "ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขืฆื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช". ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืืฃ ืฉืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืจื™ื” ื™ื, ื™ืฆืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืฆื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ืฉืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ ื ืขืœื, ื•ืื•ืจืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืฃ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™. ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืฃ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ืงื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ืขืฆื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.

ย ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืกืžืœ ืœื ืคืฉ (ื‘ืจื•ืก-ืžื™ื˜ืคื•ืจื“, 1998). ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ืช ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžื‘ื˜ืืช ืืช ื”ืœืš ืจื•ื—ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื•ืœื ืคืจืกื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ. ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” (ืืจื‘ืœ, 1999). ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•, ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืื‘ื“ื• ืœื•.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื—ื“ืจื” ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืจืจื• ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช: ืžื•ืช ืกื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื•ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ื—ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืคืื” (ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”). ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขื ื”: "ื ื—ืžื“, ืงืฆืช ื ื—ืžื“". ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืœื• ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื•ืขืฆื‘, ื•ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืœื”ื‘ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ, ืื—ื– ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ื•ืคื ื˜ื– ืื™ืš ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžืจืคืื” ืืฉืจ ื’ืจื ืœืคื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืฆืจ ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™. ื›ืฉื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœืื•ืจืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืขื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื“ื™ื, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืคืœืฆืช ืขื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื”ื“ื• ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื• ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืชื•.

ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ืœื ืžืฉืงื™ืข ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช "ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ"; ืขืชื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื•ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื•.

ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช "ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื" ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช. ืขื“ ืœืื•ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื "ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื", ืืš ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืงืฉืจ ืื• ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื›ืขืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืŸ. ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื, ืฉื ื™ืกื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืœืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.

ย ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉืชื ืชื”. ื›ืขืช ืœื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื—ื™ืง ืืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืงื•ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•, ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ื•ืฉ ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ืžืฉื—ืงื• ืขื ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื. ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœืฉืชืฃ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘"ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ" ืฉืœื• ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื‘ืชื• ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื”. ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืขืฆื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื—ืœื” ืชื ื•ืขื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืกืฆื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืขืก ื•ืžื•ื•ืช.

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช: "ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ", ืฉื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขืœื™ื (ื•ืจืื” ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืกืคืจื” ืœืื™ืžื), ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉืœื‘ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœืฉื—ืง ืขืžื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื•ืœืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื "ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื" ืกืคื™ืจ ืœื™ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื™ ืฉืฉืžืข ื‘ืจื“ื™ื• ืฉ"ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืช ืžื–ื”". ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื "ืžืชื™ื ืžืงื•ืจ". ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื™ื’ืœื• ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืฉื ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืฉื ื”ื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ; ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืงื• ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ "ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื ืงื•ืจ" ื•ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืื—ื“ ืžืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื‘ืฆืง ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™, ื•ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื: "ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื". ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื—ืฉืชื™ ื›ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื•ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืžื—ื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ื›ืœ ื•ืžื•ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื ื• โ€“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ "ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช" ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•.

ย 

ย 

"ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื•ื‘"

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืขื‘ืจื” ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืงื‘ ื—ื’ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืง ื”ืกืชืžื ื• ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื“ื•ืช: ืคืจื“ื” ืžื”ื’ืŸ ืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื™ืชื” ื' ื•ืคืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืžื ื™ (ืขืงื‘ ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ). ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืืช ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื•ืฆืคื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื โ€“ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื™ืืœืฅ ืฉื ื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืœืชืžื™ื“. ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืขื•ืจืจื” ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืŸ. ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืคืš ืื•ืจืŸ ืžื™ืœื“ ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืงื“ ืœื™ืœื“ "ื—ื•ืœื”". ื“ืื’ื” ืจื‘ื” ืจื™ื—ืคื” ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ืžืฆื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื• ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช. ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ ืœื ื‘ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืงื• ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื“ืขืชื•. ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื‘ื“, ืœืœื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ืžื—ืœื”". ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขืœื• ืืช ืžืคืœืก ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ืฉึดื—ื–ืจื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ื”.

ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”, ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ืืช "ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื•ื‘". ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ, ื—ื, ื™ืฆืจื™ ื•ืกื•ืขืจ ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘. ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ื—ืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื–ืขื. ืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”"ื–ื•ืขืžืช" ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืŸ. ื›ืขืช ื ื•ืงื–ื• ื›ืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ืขื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืžื”ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื.

ย ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื‘, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ"ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื", ื”ืชื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื ื•ืกืคื• ืขื•ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืขื ืชื” ืœืื•ืจืŸ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืฉืžื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื”ื ื—ืฉ ื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.

ืื•ืจืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ืœื“ื•ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ืื’ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ื”, ืขืฅ ืจืขื™ืœ, ืขืฆื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžืื›ืœ, ืื™ ืขื ืื•ืฆืจ ื•ืกื™ืจื”. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืชืจื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืชื•ืืจ ื›ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืกืข.

ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ืงืฉื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืง ืฉืœ "ืืจืฅ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื". ืื•ืจืŸ ืืฃ ืขื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆืข ื•ืžืจื— ืขืœื™ื• ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื”. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ื.

ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ื“ืจืžื”, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืฉืœืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘: ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืœืš ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื“. ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื• ื—ื‘ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ืœื• ืื•ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืื– ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ืžื”. ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืชืงืข ืื•ืจืŸ ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžืžื ื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื•ืช, ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื ืฉื ื•ื–ืœ ืžืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื›ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืกืขืช "ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ".

ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ืžื™ื (ื—ื•ื, ืื“ื•ื, ื›ืชื•ื), ืฉืชืืžื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืฆืจื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื•ืืช ื”ืœืš ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืจืจ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.

ย ืขืœื™ืœืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ืœื ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ืช, ื•ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื ืคืฉ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื. ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘, ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ืง, ื”ืจืคืชืงื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ืจื, ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืจื“ื”, ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืื‘.

ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ื• ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขืกื™ืงื• ืืช ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ืœ. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืขืฅ ืื“ื•ื ื•ืืžืจ: "ืื“ื•ื ื–ื” ืขืฅ ืจืขื™ืœ, ืžื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืžืช; ื”ืขืฅ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืจืขื™ืœ", ืื• ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืฉื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืžืฆื: "ื–ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘, ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ื— ื•ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืง". ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ืœ ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืกืžืœื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืขื "ื”ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ืœื™ื" ื”ืืกื•ืจื™ื ืœื• ืขืงื‘ ืžื—ืœืชื•.

ย ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ืงื™ืจื•ืช: ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืงืจ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืช ื•ืงื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ืœืงื— ืžื™ื ื™ืื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื“ืจืก ืื•ืชื ืขื ืžืฉืื™ืช, ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœืฆืช ื›ืชื•ืžื”, ื•ื–ื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจืช ืืช ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื™ืจื“ ืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื. ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื“ืงื™ืจื” ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ื“ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ื“ืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืกืžืœื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื“ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžื—ืœืชื•.

ืื—ืช ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืฉื“ืงืจื• ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœืฆืจื•ื—. ื›ืฉืกื™ืคืจ, ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืจื—ื”: ืฆืจื—ื” ื“ืงื” ื•ืฆื•ื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฆื•ื•ื— ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืคืขื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ื—ื” ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืœื•ืœ. ืขืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื• ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™, ื•ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ืฆืจื—ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžืžืฉื™ืช.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉืชื ืชื” ืœื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ืจ, ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ื–ืขื ืจื‘. ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืขืก ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืงื™ืคื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืคื ื• ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ื›ืœืคื™ื™. ืœืžืฉืœ ืคืขื ืฆืขืง ืขืœื™ื™: "ืชืคืจืงื™ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืงื• ืฉืœืš! ืื ื™ ืฉื•ื ื ืื•ืชื•, ื‘ื ืœื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื•!!" ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื–ืจ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉืื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืงื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืจื‘. ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืคื ื˜ื– ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ, ืœืฆืขื•ืง, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช, ืœื”ื™ืžืจื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ื•ืœื”ืขื™ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ.

ืคืขื ืืžืจ: "ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœืคื” ืžืกื›ื ื™ื, ืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืื•ื›ืœ". ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืืœื™ื™ ื•ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ "ืื•ื›ืœ" ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืช, ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื’ื ืื ื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“, ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื”ืคืš ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ืžืœืš ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื", ื•ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื”, ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื’ื ืื ื™ ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœื™ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื”.

ย ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืื—ืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชืจื™ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืข ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืš. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื—ืคืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ืขื ืžืงืœ ืืจื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืงืœืงืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ืฃ ืฉืœื’ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ . ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ืืžืจ: "ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื™ื™ื”ืจืก ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื". ื‘ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืืžื™ืจื” ื–ื• ืœื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืจืก ืชืชื’ืฉื ื•ื™ื—ื–ืจื• ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื•ืง.

ืœืขืชื™ื ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœืื•ืจืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืงืฉื” ืขื ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ: ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืžื’ืขื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืžืžื ื•, ื•ืคืขื ืืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ืก ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•.

ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื”ึดืจื‘ื” ืื•ืจืŸ ืœืฉื—ืง ืืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืงื•ืคืกื” ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื. ื”ืชืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืขืœืชื” ืžืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื›ื ืฉืœื˜ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ืœื‘ ืื“ื•ื ืืจื•ืš ื•ืฆืจ; ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื“ื•ื‘. ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง, ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื ื—ืฉ ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ื‘"ื›ืŸ" ื•"ืœื" ืขืœ ืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื• โ€“ ืื ืฆื“ืงืชื™ ื”ืœื‘ ื ื™ืฆืœ, ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ืœื—ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ืžื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืžืช. ืœืจืฉื•ืชื™ ืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ืกื•ืคืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ืœื™. ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืฉืืœ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœืžืฉืœ: "ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื?" "ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืœื™?" "ื–ื” ื—ื™ ืื• ื‘ืงื‘ืจ?" ื ื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืคื›ื• ืื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืกื“ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ. ืœื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืกืชื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืกืคืง, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืขื ื™ืชื™ ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช. ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืขื ื™ืชื™ "ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ" ื•ื”ืœื‘ ื ืคืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื•ืœ ื•ืžืช. ืืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื” ื’ื ืืฉืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื“ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืžืื›ื–ื‘ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื›ืชื™ืช ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื—ืฃ ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื•, ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื•ืืช ื”ืืฉืžื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืชื• ืฉื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.

ื”ื–ืขื, ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ืงื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื›ืœื”. ืœืขืชื™ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืžื ืœื ืืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืจืŸ, ื•ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืจืก ืชืชื’ืฉื. ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืœ ืฉื”ืชืคื–ืจ ืžืืจื’ื– ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื•ื ื›ื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืœืœื ืžื™ืœื™ื. ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืืฆืœื™, ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืกื•ืขืจืช ื–ื•.

ย 

ย 

ืื—ืจื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจ

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื "ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื•ื‘", ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืขืจื™ื, ื ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื“ ื—ื•ืคืฉืช ื”ืงื™ืฅ. ื›ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ืฉื‘ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื” ื—ืœื” "ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืžื“ืจื’ื”". ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื— ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื "ืžืชืชื™" ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจืื•ืชื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื‘ื˜ื ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืืš ืขืชื” ืฉื ื‘ืฆื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื•ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืขืฅ, ื’ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื ื“ื”. ื›ืขืช ื”ืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื ื–ืงืง ืœื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™. ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื›ื ืกื• ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืง โ€“ ื•ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช.

ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืชื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ืื•ืจืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื“ืจื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื—ึตืžืจ. ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ืœื—ึตืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ย ืžืจื’ืฉ, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ื—ึตืžืจ ื“ื—ื” ืืช ืื•ืจืŸ. ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืžื•. ื”ื—ึตืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื• ืžื”ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™ืช. ื”ื ืœื™ (2003) ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื—ึตืžืจ ื›ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืจื’ืจืกื™ื”. ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ืจืื” ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ "ืื ื™" ืื—ืจื™ื.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ืื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืœืงืจืืช ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืงืฉืช. ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ื, ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืชื ื”. ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ (2002) ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืงืฉืช ื›ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืœืื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ืื—ืช ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ืงืฉืช ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืกืžืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ. ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืจื˜ ื•ืื ื’ืœื”ื•ืจืŸ (Rhinehart and Engelhorn, 1984) ื“ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงืฉืช ืฉื“ืจื›ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช (wholmaking) ื•ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืชืช ืœื™ ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžืกืข ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ.

ื‘ืชื•ื ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ื™ืชื” ื' ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ื”ืชืงืคื™ ื”ื–ืขื ื—ื“ืœื• ื•ืœื ื ื™ื›ืจื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืื• ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื•ืžื—ื ื›ืช ื”ื›ื™ืชื”, ื ื—ืฉืคื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื˜ื™ ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ืชืชื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ื ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืืจ ื›"ื™ืœื“ ืจื’ื™ืœ", ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ืื—ืจืื™.

ย 

ย 

ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ื”ืกืžืœื”

ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื” ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืฉืคื” ืฉื“ืจื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืคื—ื“ื™ื, ืชืกื›ื•ืœ, ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื•ื›ืื‘. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื• ืฉื™ื—. ื ืื•ืžื‘ืจื’ (ืืฆืœ ืœื‘ื™ื-ืื•ืจ 1993) ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™, ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื“ืจืš ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžืกื•ื“ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฉืœื™ื• (1996) ืžืชืืจ ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืจืื™ ืžื”ื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช. ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืกื•ื’ ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”. ื’ื•ืคื ืžื•ืชืื ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืงืฉื”. ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขื•ืจื ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืขื‘ื” ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ืžื”ืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื– ื•ืœืื’ื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื (ืืจื‘ืœ, 1999). ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกืžืœ ืœืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื— ืกื‘ืœ (ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ, 2002).

ืื•ืจืŸ, ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ "ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™", ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืงืฉื”. ืขื•ืœืžื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืฆืฃ ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ ื•ืžื•ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืจื™ื• ื”ืชืงืฉื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืคื—ื“ื™ื•, ื•ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื™ืงื” ืžืžื ื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืืœื™ืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืžื ืขื” ืžืžื ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•.

ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื” ื”ืžื•ืชืื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื–ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื™ื: ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืจื” ื•ืœื ืžื–ื™ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืคื ื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื•, ื•ืืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ื. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื•ื•ื™ืจ (1995) ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ ืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜; ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืžื•ื“ื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืœืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืื—ืจ.

ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืœืกื˜ืœื™ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™, ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืฆื‘ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืงื•ืจ. ื”ืงืจื—, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืžื—ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืžืกืžืœ ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื โ€“ ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื•ื–ืœื™ ืžืกืžืœื™ื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืงืคื•ืื™ื ืžืงืคื™ืื™ื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื–ื•. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืงืคืื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื™ืจื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื”. ื”ืงืจื— ื”ื•ื ืกืžืœ ืœืงืคื™ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช, ืงื• ื—ื•ืฆืฅ ื ื•ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืช-ื”ื›ืจื”. ื”"ืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™", ืฉื”ืชื‘ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื™ืฅ ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ื”ื“ื”ื“ ื’ื ื‘"ืงื•ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื™" ืฉื—ืฉืชื™ ืื ื™ ืžืื•ืจืŸ; ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื™ืก ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ "ืœื”ืงืคื™ื" ืืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืคื—ื“ื™ื• ื•ืœื ืœื‘ื•ื ืขืžื ื‘ืžื’ืข. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื—ืงื”, ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืื ื™ืช. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช: ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช. ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ืขืžืงื” ื•ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืคื•, ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฉื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื. ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื’ืข ื•ื ืชืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ืื•ืชื•.

ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื˜-ืื˜ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™. ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืฉื: "ืื‘ื" "ืื™ืžื", ื•ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืฆืฅ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืื• ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืงื•, ื™ืœื“ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื™ื’ืœื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืชื.

ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืคืฆื™ืข ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืจ ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื’ืข ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืื•ืจืŸ ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื ืงื•ืจ ื•"ืฉื›ืืŸ ื—ื ื•ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ื—". ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืงืฃ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ืœื ื—ื–ืจ ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ืœืžื ื›"ืขื•ืœื ืžืช".

ื‘ื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืงืจื™ื™ื˜ืœืจ (ืืฆืœ ืœื‘ื™ื ืื•ืจ, 1993), ื ืจืื” ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”: ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื”ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ื; ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืžืžืฉื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจื•ื™; ื•ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืชืืžื” ื•ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•.

ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืชืงื™ื ื”. ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ (1971) ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™" โ€“ ืชื—ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืกืžืœ, ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ื”ืืฉืœื™ื”. ื‘ืคืจืง ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืจืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ื›"ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™", ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืœื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื•ืจืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœืคื ื˜ื–, ืœืฆืขื•ืง, ืœืฉื—ืง, ืœื”ืชืงื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืจื’ืจืกื™ื”. ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืžืฉ "ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ" ื”ืฉื‘ ื•ืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ืžื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ืœืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ืžื•ืคืจื“ ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื’ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™. ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืกืžืœื™. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื˜ื ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืก ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืจืŸ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ืฉื•, ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื•ื ืขืžื ื‘ืžื’ืข ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื•. ืœืื•ืจ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืืœื™ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืืœื•.

ืœื“ื•ื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ื›ื—ื™ื” ืžืจืคืืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื—ื•ื ื•ืื“ืžื”, ื•ืžื ื’ื“ ื”ื•ื ืกืžืœ ืœื—ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื, ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื” ื›ืžืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืืฆืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกืžืœ ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ืœืœื•ื—ืžื™ื, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกืžืœ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ื™ืื ื’ (ื‘ืจื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ืคื•ืจื“, 1998). ื‘ืžืงืจื ื”ื•ื ื ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืกืžืœ ืœื›ื•ื—: "ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืจื™ ื’ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื›ื” ืขื‘ื“ืš" (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–, ืœื•). ื›ื—ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืœื“ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื’ืœื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข. ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื”ืคื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ื” (Biederman, 1994).

ย ื”ื•ืคืขืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืกื™ืžื ื” ืืช ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื. ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ "ืคื ื™ื" ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ื–ืขื, ื›ืขืก ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื–ื™ืจืช ืงืจื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื•ื‘, ืฉื ืขืฉื• ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช.

ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘, ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ ื•ื”ืืœื™ื, ืึดืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื ื›ืขืก ื•ื–ืขื. ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืคื’ื™ืข ืขืงื‘ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื“ืจ ืฉื›ื›ื• ื”ืชืงืคื™ ื”ื–ืขื ื•ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื‘ื’ืŸ; ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื”, ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื ื•ืงื–ื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื, ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืขืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื“ืจ. ื™ื•ื ื’ ืจืื” ื‘ืกืžืœ ื›ืžืฉืงืฃ ืžืฆื‘ ืงื™ื™ื, ืืš ื’ื ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ืชืžืžืฉื” (ืืฆืœ ื ืฆืจ, 2002). ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืกื™ืžืœ ืืช ื”ื–ืขื ื”ืœื ืžื•ื•ืกืช ืืš ื˜ืจื ื ื•ืฆืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.

ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย ย  ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื” ืฉื—ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืื•ืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืจ (ืื•ื›ืœ-ื›ื•ืœ). ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื‘ื”ื–ื ื” ื•ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ืœ. ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœ, ืืš ื˜ืขืžื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืจืง ืœื•. ืœืžืฉืœ: "ืœื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืžืœื•ื— ื•ืœื• ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืง". ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื›ืื•ืžื ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ืจืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœืชื•.

ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ, ืฉืืžืจ ืฉ"ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœื‘ื“", ืืฃ ืฉืชื•ืืจ ื›ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื›ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืžืžื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘.

ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืžืื‘ืง ื—ื•ืกืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืืฉืžื”, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืข ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื• ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช. ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืฆืจ (2004), ืฉืืžืจื” ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช "ืฆึดืœื™ื™ื" ืžืฆื“ื• ื”ืืคืœ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™, ื›ืš ื’ื ืื•ืจืŸ ื ืคื’ืฉ ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืืœื•.

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื™ืฆื ืœืžืกืข, ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืขื™ืจื•ืช. ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืข โ€“ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื”"ืคืจื™ืžื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื”" ื”ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืขื ืฆื“ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืชื• ื”ืืคืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฆึดืœื™ื™ื. ื ื•ืฆืจ ืžื’ืข ืฉืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืืจ ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”, ื›ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืžืกืข ื•ืฉืœ ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืคืชื™ื—, ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื™ (ืืฆืœ ืœื‘ื™ื-ืื•ืจ, 1993).

ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืกืžืœ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืชื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืœื˜ืงืกื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช (Biederman, 1994). ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืชืจื“ืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ื‘. ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืชืจื“ืžืช ืื•ื’ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืืฉืจ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ืขื“ ื›ืฉื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ืชื›ื•ื ืช ืื’ื™ืจืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, ืืš ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฆืจืš ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืœืฉื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื ื–ืงืง ืœืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืจืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื˜ืงืก ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืชื•ืง ื•ื”ื›ื—ืฉื” ืœืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืื•ืจืŸ ืžืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ (ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช) ืœื“ื•ื‘, ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ืจ ื•ืคื™ืกืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ืœื•ื™ืŸ (Levine, 1995) ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™: ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื• ืืš ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืžืขืžื™ืง. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžื, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ โ€“ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื” ืืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื.

ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ืคื›ื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื˜ืœื™ืกืžื”. ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ (1995) ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืœ"ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื’ื•ืœื", ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš. ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืชื•, ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืง ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ื•ืฆืจื•. ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื”"ืกื™ืœื•ืง". ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•.

ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื”ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื–ื•ื’. ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจ. ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš, ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืจืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœืžืœืœ ืื•ืชื•, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ "ืกื™ืœื•ืง"; ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื—ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ืฆื“, ื•ืื•ืจืŸ ืœื ื ื–ืงืง ืœื”ืŸ ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื›ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.

ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืฉืช ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืžืกืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ โ€“ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืžืกืžืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืช ืžืกืข ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืืฆื™ื”.

ย 

ย 

ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื

ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืจืŸ ื›ืฉืคื” ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช. ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื• ืœื‘ื˜ื ืชื›ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœื‘ื˜ืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™.

ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืขื ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืจืชืงืช ื•ืขืฉื™ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืืš ื’ื ืžืืชื’ืจืช ื•ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืคืชื—ื• ืœืคื ื™ื™ ืคืชื— ืœืžืฆื•ืงื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืงืจืงืข ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™. ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืงืคื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืจืŸ ื•ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื.

ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืขืกืง ืื•ืจืŸ ื”ืขืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉื—ืง, ืœืคืชื— ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ย 

ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ืื‘ื™ื ื™ืื•ืŸ, ื', 1988. ืžื™ืœื•ืŸ ืกืคื™ืจ, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื”ื“ ืืจืฆื™.

ืืจื‘ืœ, ื', 1999. "ืคื™ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื", ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื 21: 62-95.

ื‘ืจื•ืก-ืžื™ื˜ืคื•ืจื“, ืž', 1998. ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืกืžืœื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ื›ืชืจ.

ื“ืืœื™, ื˜', 1995. "ืืžื ื•ืช ื›ืชืจืคื™ื”: ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื˜' ื“ืืœื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช: ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”, ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—, ืขืž' 45-5.

ื”ื ืœื™, ื“', 2003, ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื™ืžืจ: ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื' ื›ืฅ, ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—.

ื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืค', 1995. "ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช: ื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืื ื™ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื˜' ื“ืืœื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช: ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”, ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—, ืขืž' 149-128.ย ย ย ย ย 

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“"ื•, 1971. ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™' ืžื™ืœื•ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

ืœื‘ื™ื-ืื•ืจ, ื', 1993. "ื”'ื˜ื•ื‘' ื•ื”'ืจืข' ื›ืกืžืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“", ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช 1 (1): 56-46.

ืžื’ื“, ื', 2001. ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช: ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืŸ: ื ื•ืจื“.

ื ืฆืจ, ืจ', 2002. "ืกืžืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืกืžืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ: ืขืœ ื”ืกืžืœ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืžื ื•ืช", ื ืคืฉ 12: 32-28.

___, 2004. ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืืœื›ื™ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ: ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื, ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืŸ: ืžื•ื“ืŸ.

ืกื˜ื•ืจ, ื', 1983. ื™ื•ื ื’, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืจ' ืžืจืงืก, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ.

ืคื™ืฉืžืŸ, ืจ', 2002. ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ: ืืกื˜ืจื•ืœื•ื’.

ืคืจื•ื™ื“, ื–', 1966. ืžื‘ื•ื ืœืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื”, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื—' ืื™ื–ืง, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.

ืฉื•ืจืง, ื’', 2002. "ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื", ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื” 18: 67-63.

ืฉื‘ืจื™ืืŸ, ื’', 1995. "ื”ืฉืขื™ืจ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื•ื”ื˜ืœื™ืกืžื: ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช", ื‘ืชื•ืš: ื˜' ื“ืืœื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื (ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื), ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช: ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื”, ืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื™ืืœื™ืง: ืื—, ืขืž' 148-128.

ืฉืœื™ื•, ื', 1996. ื”ืžืจืคื ื”ืคืจื•ื•ืชื™: ื—ื™ื•ืช-ืžื—ืžื“ ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืจืืคื™: ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืฆ'ืจื™ืงื•ื‘ืจ.

ย 

Biederman, H., 1994. Dictionary of Symbolism, New York: Factson File

Jung, C. G., 1967. Symbols of Transformation, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Levin, E., 1995. Tending the Fire, Toronto: Palmersto.

McNIff, S., 1992. Art as Medicine: Creating a Therapy of the Imagination, Boston and London: Shambhala.

Rhinehart, L., and P. Engelhorn, 1984. โ€ŸThe Full Rainbow: Symbol of Individuation,โ€ The Arts inย Psychotherapy 11: 37-43.

ย