bein-hamilim-banner

ืจืงืคืช ืœื™ื ืง-ืกืงื•ืค; ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ืžื ื—ืช ืžื•ืกืžื›ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’"
rakefetlink@gmail.com
ย 

ืชืงืฆื™ืจ

ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™: "ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™". ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื”, ืฉืคื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืœืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ื™ื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•: ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ; ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืืกืงื•ืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื“ืจืš ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœ ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜; ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืชืืจ ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื•ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.

ืžื™ืœื•ืช ืžืคืชื—: ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’, ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื”, ื™ื•ื ื’, "ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื".

ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™, ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ืคืฅ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืกืคืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืคืจืฉื•ืช "ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ" ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช, ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ืžืœืื•ืช ืงืกื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช. ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ืงื•ื•ื™ื, ื›ืชืžื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืคืขื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืœืงืจื•ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื™ื, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื–ื• ืฉื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ื ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ึผื ืขื™ื ืžืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืžื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžื•ื•ืชืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉืคืช ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืœื™ ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื›ืžื•ืกื•ืช. ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืขืฆืžื™ ืกืžืœื™ ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืคื ื™; ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข, ืงื•, ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื˜ืคื•ืจื™, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชืขื“ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื•ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืฉืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžืŸ (ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”), ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžึฐื›ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™.

ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ืืžื ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžืฆื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ืœืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื.

ืงืืจืœ ื™ื•ื ื’ (1954) ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื, ืฉื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื "ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื". ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื ืฉืกื‘ืœ ืžื”ื. ื‘ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื—ื–ื” ื™ื•ื ื’ ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขื–ืจื” ืœื• ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื ืžืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื’ืข. ื‘"ืกืคืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื" ืคื™ืชื— ื™ื•ื ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ืืจื›ื™ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ืชืช-ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ. ืœื ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ืชื•ืจืชื• ื›ืื—ืช ืžืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ืงืชื™ ืžืœืงื™ื•ื“ื™, ืžืื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืžืชืืจืช ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ (Malchiodi, 2013): ย 

ื‘-2009 ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ "ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืื“ื•ื" ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ื’, ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™. ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ืช ื”ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”. ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื”ื ืขื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื™ืชืจ, ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™.

ืžืœืงื™ื•ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”: ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืžื˜ืคืœ ืืžืคืชื™ ื•ืจืคืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืขื™ื’ื•ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื ืจื’ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืืžื ื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื ืชื” ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ โ€“ ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ืคืฅ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื—ืคืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ (ืฉื).

ื‘ืกืคืจื” ื”ืงื ื•ื ื™ "ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™" ืœื•ืฆ'ื™ื” ืงืคื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื” (Capacchione, 2015) ืžืชืืจืช ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™. ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืขื–ืจื” ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช.

ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื’ืกื™ืกืชื” ื•ืžื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื™ ื’ื ืื ื™, ื›ืงืคื™ืฆื™ื•ื ื”, ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืงืฉื”. ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉื™ืžืฉืชื™ ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™. ื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืคืจื“ื”, ื•ืžืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจืช ื•ืœื•ืžื“ืช ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืจืชืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืขื–ืจ ืœื™ ืœืคืชื— ืกื›ึตืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื”ื‘ืขื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื”.

ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ืืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืชย ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ย (Internal Journey Journaling) ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืื—ื‘ืจ ืกื›ืžื” ื–ื• ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื•ืืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื” ื”ืžื“ื’ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช.

"ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™" Internal Journey Journaling; IJJ))

ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื–ืจืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ื•ืชื™ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ืคืจืงื˜ื™ืงืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื” ื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื–ืืช: ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืฉืืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ: ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื? ื‘ืฉืืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ืœื•ืžื” ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื‘ืงืฉืช ืขื–ืจื”. ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืขืœื” ื”ื™ื”: "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ, ืชื’ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืชืขื–ืจื™ ืœื™". ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืกื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ "ืื ื™ ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”?" ืžืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืืœื• ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ืกื›ืžื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื”ืชืจืคื™ื” ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช. ืืœื• ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ (IJJ):

  • ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช. ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ (ื™ื•ืžืŸ) ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™.
  • ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ-ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช.
  • ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืขื ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื” ื”"ืžื—ืงื”" ืืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ.
  • ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืืจืš
  • ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœย - ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืชื”

ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช - ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ-ื™ื•ืžืŸ
ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื ืฆื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคืกื” ืื• ืชื™ืงื™ื™ื” ื•ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื. ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื•, ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื–ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื ืื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฆืข ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™, ื›ื–ื” ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• โ€“ ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•; ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื—ืคืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืœืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘"ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 1995ื‘, 36). ืขื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ื’ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ (ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื), ื‘ืžืฉืš ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื. ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืœื—ืคืฅ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืžืŸ. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื“ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืงื“ื; ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ; ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœืงืฉืจ ืฉื ืจืงื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคืจื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืช ื”ื’'ืœื™ ืคืœื™ื™ื˜

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคืจื™ื ื˜ ื‘ืคืœื˜ืช ื”ื’'ืœื™ ืคืœื™ื™ื˜.

ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžืชืืคืฉืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืฃ ื•ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช. ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™. ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื ืฉืžืจืช ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื’ืžืจ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื—ืคืฅ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื•ื™ืงืจ.

ย ืขืœ ืคื™ ืงืžื™ื ื’ืก (Cummings, [n.d.]) ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“. ืงืžื™ื ื’ืก ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ืžื™ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืŸ ืฉ"ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื—ื™ื•ืช". ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื”ืกืคืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื—ืคืฅ ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื• ื ืขืฉืชื” ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื™ื“, ื•ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื“ืขื• ืœืงืจื•ื ื‘ื•. ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื˜ืคื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ืชื•ืช, ื”ืžืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ืžื›ื™ืœ ื™ื“ืข ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ื•ื“ืชื™. ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ืกืคืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“. ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื™ื’ื•ืฉ. ื›ืืฉืจ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ืชื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ - ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืชืจื’ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช
ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื ืชืžื›ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืžืœื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ "ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช", ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ (1995ื‘, 66) ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.

ืื—ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’" (voice dialogue). ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ืื ื™ ื”ืืœ ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืืฉืชื• ืกื™ื“ืจื” ืกื˜ื•ืŸ (ืืฆืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื™, 2006). ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืžื’ื•ืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืชืŸ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื ื—ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช (ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช). ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ืขื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื.

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” 1 ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื

ื“ื•ื’ืžื” 2 ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื

ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื.

ืœืžืฉืœ: ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืขื ื“ืžื•ืช ืื• ื—ืœืง ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’, ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ืงื•ืœืื–'. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื˜ื ื•ืœื”ื ื›ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื. ื‘ืฉืคืช ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ โ€“ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ืœืง ืื• ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžืชืจื’ืžืช ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™, ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ืืš ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืื™-ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ืืชื”.

ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืขืœืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื ื•ืช "ืœืชืจื’ื" ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช. ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœ"ืชืจื’ื•ื" ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช.

ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ: ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื”
ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”. ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื” ืœื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ื ืคืฉ, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™" ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ย 1995ื‘, 73). ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื—ื™.

ื‘ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื—ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืืงืจื™ืœื™ืง ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืžืŸ.

ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื”ืŸ: ืงื•ืœืื–', ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคืจื™ื ื˜, ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ืœื™ื ื•ืœื™ืื•ื, ื”ืชื–ื•ืช, ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืžื™ื, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืงืจื™ืœื™ืง, ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช ืงื•ืœืื–' ืžื•ื ื—ื™ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืขืœืืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข.

ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจืงืข, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื“ย -ย "ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช". ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืคืจื™ื ื˜, ื ื–ื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืชื–ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืœืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืงื•ืœืื–' ื•ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ื. ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื™ื‘ื—ื ื• ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื’ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื•ื™ืงืฉืจื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื‘ื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืฉืงื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืžื“ืžื” ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื ืคืฉ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืืฃ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืืœื”. ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืคืœ-ืžื•ืจื”. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืœื• ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชื›ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื• ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื ืจืงืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื”, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื›"ืžื•ืจืช ื“ืจืš" ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื—ืง; ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื ืชืคืก ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ (ืฉื, 66).

ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™

ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ืจืงืข ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ื•ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื, ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช, ืงืจืขื™ ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”. ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืจ, ืืš ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื”.

ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืืจืš
ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืืจืš. ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืชื—ื ื‘-50 ื“ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ื‘ื• ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื” ื•ืจื‘ืข ืขื“ ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™. ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ "ืœืฉื—ืง". ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืืžื•ืจื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืจืฆื•, ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื "ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜" ื‘ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืœื ื—ืฉืฉ (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 1995ื, 79).


ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ: ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืชื”
ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ โ€“ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืžืฉืœื•. ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื•, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ืจืื•ืชื•. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืงื˜ ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ืจืฆื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉื ื“ืจืฉืช ืืชื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืœืžืกืข ืคื ื™ืžื™. ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ื, ืžืฆื™ื™ืจ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช "ื“ืฃ ื ืคืฉ" ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื” ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ืฉืื™ืžืฅ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœื•, ืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ื›ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืจืคื•ื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืœื‘ื“ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ื—ืกืจื•ืช ืœืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™.

ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืžืขืฆื ื”ืงืฉืจ ืืชื• ื”ืชื ืขื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื“ื. ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืชื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืœืื•ืชื• ืืžืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื ื–ื›ืจ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืžืืคืฉืจ ื”ืฆืชื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช.

ืžื˜ืคืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”/ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ืชืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข ืืฆืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื›ืžื”ื™ื ืœื”.

ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ื—ื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ืืžืจื” ืื—ืช ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช: "ืืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื” ืขืฉื™ืช ืœื™ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช!! ืœื ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื”". ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื”.


"ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™"(IJJ): ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื”

ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืื ืกื” ืœืชืืจ ืืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช IJJ. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš ืื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ ืืช ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ืœืฉื ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื• "ืœืฉื—ืง" ืื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื "ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 1995ื‘, 122-35).

ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ย ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช (ืฉื, 120). ืžืจื—ื‘ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืื-ืชื™ื ื•ืง. "ืžืจื—ื‘ ื–ื” ืงื ื” ืœื• ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 1995ื, 118) ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช "ืœืฆืืช ืžืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ืžืœืื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ-ื”ืชืืžื” ืžื“ื•ืจื’" (ืฉื, ืฉื). ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ื˜ื™ ืงื•ืกืžื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžืกื•ืคืงื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ (ืขื•ืœื ืคื ื™ืžื™) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื (ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™). ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ (ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื ืฉืžืจืช ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื•ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืฅ), ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ืฉืžืจืช ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื—ื™ื™ ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช.

ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœ"ืชืจื‘ื•ืช" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 1995ื‘, 114). ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™:

ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื-ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืืœื™ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช: ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช: ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื•ืœื™ืš ืืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”: ืžืฉื—ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื‘ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืื ืœื™ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื›ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื›ืœืœืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื (ืฉื, 69).

ืืกืงื•ืจ ื›ืขืช ืืช ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช IJJ ื•ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘. ืื ืกื” ืœื”ืงื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืœื• ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื-ื™ืœื“ ืฉืชื™ืืจ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ืฉื, 73).


ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช: ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืื• ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืฉืžืฉื• ืœืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง: "ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื”ืื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉื™ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืฉืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช" (ืฉื, ืฉื).

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืฉืชืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื›ืื—ื“. ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืื™ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ โ€“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ; ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืืฃ ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•. ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืจื—ื, ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืืžื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžึฐื›ืœ ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™: ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ื“ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืื• ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ืงืฉื” ืื• ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื‘ื“? ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื’ื•ื“ืœื, ื”ืžืจืงื ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืชืคื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“. ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืจื—ื", ืื• ื›ืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™, ืฉืœืชื•ื›ื• ืžืชืขืชื“ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืง ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื—ืคืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ" (ืฉื, 35) ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœ "ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™" ืฉื™ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.


ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ื”"ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื”" ื›ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ "ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื"
ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื“ืจืช ืžื”ืœื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง, ื”ืื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžืื’ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ "ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืงืกื•ืžื”" (Deri, 1983, 245) ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื. ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง, ืฉืืžื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื• ื•ื™ื“ืขื” ืœืกื ื›ืจืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืชื™ื ื” ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•, ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืคืชื— ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื "ืฉื“ื” ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื" ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช (ืฉื,ืฉื).

ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™" ืžื“ืžื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ "ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืงืกื•ืžื”". ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง-ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” "ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื” ื ืคืœืื”" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 1995ื, 42) ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฉืคืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ื ืœืžื“ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฉืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื ืื” ย ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื ืคืฉื•; ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืชื—ืชื• ืฉืœืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช, ืžืฆื™ืข ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื”. ืื•ืจืš ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืชืจื›ื– ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื• ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช "ื”ืžืฉื—ืง", ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”.

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• "ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื”", ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืื’ื™ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช; ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžืชืคืชื—, ื›ืš ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื• ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืžื•ื ื—ื™ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื”ืœื›ื™ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.


ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืคื’ืฉ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ "ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช"

ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœื” ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” "ืœืกืœื•ื— ืœืขืฆืžื”" ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžื™ืœื“ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช; ื”ืกื“ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ืช ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ.

ืฉืœื‘ ืย - ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืงืข ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ (ื”ืชื–ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข, ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ื’'ืœื™ ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืขื•ื“). ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ืœืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข.

ืฉืœื‘ ื

ืฉืœื‘ ื: ืจืงืข ืžืงืจื™ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื–ื•ืช ื“ื™ื• ื•ืฆื‘ืข ืืงืจื™ืœื™.

ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ย - ืื ืขืœืชื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉื”ื ื—ืชื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ.

ืฉืœื‘ ื’ย - ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืชื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ืขืœื” (ืžืชื•ืš ื–'ื•ืจื ืœื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”). ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืžืฉืš ืขืœื™ื™ืช ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช.

ืฉืœื‘ ื‘

ืฉืœื‘ ื’

ืฉืœื‘ ื’: ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืืกื•ืฆื™ืื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžืจืช ืขืฅ ื•ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืจื—ื•ืง ื›ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืขืœื•. ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื“ื‘ืงื” ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ื’ื–ืข ืขืฅ. ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ื“ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช, ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”.

ืฉืœื‘ ื“ย - ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื˜ืžืขื•ืช ืื• ื”ื‘ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืงืข. ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืœื™ืžื“ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืืœื•. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.

ืฉืœื‘ ื“

ืฉืœื‘ ื“: ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื—ืจื” ืœื”ื˜ืžื™ืข ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืจืงืข ื•ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืืช ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื—ืฃ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคื•ืš. ื”ืขืฅ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื›ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืจืก ืฉื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื’ืจื; ื”ืจืก ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืชืงืŸ. ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉืชื” ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืฉืœื‘ ื”ย - ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื”ื ื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื•. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื”, ืืš ื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื’ื ื” ื•ืืคืฉืจื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื. ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื”ืชื ืขื” ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ืงื˜ืขื” ืื• ื ืขืฆืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ืžื•ืงื“ื.

ืฉืœื‘ ื”

ืฉืœื‘ ื”: ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื”ื˜ืžื™ืขื” ืืช ื”ืขืฅ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ืชื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื“ืžื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉ ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžื ืคื ืคืช ื‘ื™ื“ื”. ื”ืชื•ืกืคืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœื‘ืœื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขืฅ, ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ืฉืจ. ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ืืช ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื”. ื™ืฉื ื” ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื–ื• ืจืง ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืœื•ื‘.

ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื”ย ืœืžื˜ืคืœ ืื• ื”ืžื ื—ื”,ย ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืื• ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื•. ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกื™ืžื‘ื•ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืœืชืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื•ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื›"ืžื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš" ื•ืืฃ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•. ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช โ€“ ืฉืœ ืื-ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืง-ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื•ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื”ืชืื, ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืื•ืชื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ืœ, ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืœืชืกื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ โ€“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ืช. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžืชืงื“ื, ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืžืชื–ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืืช ื”ืฆืขื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืชืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื”. ืžื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืจื•ื›ืฉ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื’ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืš ืขืฆืžื™ ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช.


ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืœืœื ื”ื ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื "ื”ื™ืžืฆืื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•. ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืื•ื”ื‘, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืืžื•ืŸ, ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื• ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ" (ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, 1995ื‘, 74). ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืฆื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืช ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™, ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืฉื™ืฆืจ ื™ื—ืกื™ ืืžื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ, ืœื•ืงื— ืืชื• ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•. ื’ื ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื“ื•, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”. ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›"ืžื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš" ื”ืžืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื‘ืงืฉืชื•. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช "ื—ืคืฅ ืžืขื‘ืจ" ืจื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื. ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืžืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืžืฉืœื•. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ืงืœืžืจ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.


ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื
ืขืœ ืคื™ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืึตื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืฉื—ืง. ื›ืขืช ื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ื ืฉืœื• โ€“ "ื›ืš ื ืกืœืœืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื" (ืฉื, ืฉื).

ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื”, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ืื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉืคืช ื”ืžื™ืงืก ืžื“ื™ื”, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื›ืฉื“ื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืื• ื”ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช, ืกืคืจื™ ืืžืŸ ืื• ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื•ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื—ื“. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื• ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ, ืืœื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจื‘-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืชืช ืœืื—ืจ, ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืกืคืจื™ ืืžืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืคืจ, ื•ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ืžื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืื™ืฉื™. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื–ื• ืžืขืœื” ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื•ืจื‘ืช ืขืฆืžื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืžืฉืงืคืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืื—ืจ ื›ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜.

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื’ืœื™ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืœื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืกื™ื’ื” ืœืฉืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ื–ืงื•ืง ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืœื•ืช ื•ืžืชืงืฉื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืฉื” ืœืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืง ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืจื˜ื ื™ ืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื™ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช

ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืชืจื’ื ืฉื™ืจ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฉืš ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคืช ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืคืกืงื” ืžืžื ื•. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ืฉื ื›ืจืš ืœืกืคืจ ืืžืŸ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื• ื™ืฆืจื” ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขืœืชื” ืชื›ื ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ืช.

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื”: ืื™ืจื ื”
ืื™ืจื ื” ื”ื™ื ืึตื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืžื•ืชื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื”. ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ื•ืืจืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืื•ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ.

ืื™ืจื ื” (ืฉื ื‘ื“ื•ื™) ื‘ืช 36, ืื ืœืฉื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื (ื‘ื ื™ 10, 11). ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”. ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืฉืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืงืจื” ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง. ืื™ืจื ื” ืขืฆืžื” ืขืœืชื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืจื•ืกื™ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 11, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 14 ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื”. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืกื•ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื ืงื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืœืื—ื™ื”. ื’ื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ืจื ื” ื“ื•ืื’ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ืื•ื›ืœ, ืžืงืœื—ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”, ืืš ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื, ืื”ื‘ื”, ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง. ืื™ืจื ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืขื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžืกื•ืจื”, ืืฃ ืฉืœืชื—ื•ืฉืชื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืชืžื•ืจื” ื›ืกืคื™ืช ื ืื•ืชื”. ื‘ืขืœื” ืžืชื—ื ืŸ ืฉืชืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ืœื‘ื“ ืขื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžืชืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ื‘ื”. ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื—ืช ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.

ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื” "ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉื‘ื™". ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืœื™ืœื“ื” ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื•ืชื”, ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืึตื ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”.

ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืืžืจื” ืื™ืจื ื”: "ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื™, ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื”?" ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ืจื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื•ื‘ืงืฉื” ืฉืืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”. "ืœื ื ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืื– ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘' " ,ืืžืจื”. ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืœื” ืœืชืคื•ืจ ืืช ื“ืคื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืžื ื” ืœืงืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื›ื”. ืื™ืจื ื” ืืกืคื” ืžื–'ื•ืจื ืœื™ื ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ืฉืœ ืื™ืคื•ืจ ื•ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™, ืฉืืœื” ืื•ืชื™: "ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืฉืืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ, ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš?" ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื”: "ืžื” ืืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช?" ื”ื“ืคื” ืื•ืชื™ ืžื™ื“ ื•ื“ืจืฉื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื“ืขืชื™. ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื™ืฉื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื–ื•, ืฉืื™ื ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืื‘ ื”ื”ื–ื ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื”, ื—ื•ืฉืคืช ืœืคื ื™ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื” ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช. ื”ื™ื ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื—ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื” ื•ืื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื”. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืกื›ืžืชื™ ืœื›ืš, ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.

ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืชืจื’ืœื ื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจืš, ื•ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื—ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจืš ืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ืื‘ ืจื‘ ืืฆืœ ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืจื ื” ื ืจื“ืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ื• ื•ืœื ื–ื›ืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืืชื” ืœื‘ื“ ืขืœื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ืžื•ื–ื ื—ืช ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ: ื”ื™ื ืžื˜ืคืœืช ื‘ืื—ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืคืฉ ืืช ืื“ื™ืฉื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืžื” ืืœื™ื” ื•ืืช ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื; ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื•ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืื—ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื” ืื™ืจื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื ื•ืชืงืช ื•ืœื ื”ืจืืชื” ื›ืื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื–ื›ืจื” โ€“ "ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช".

ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘, ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื™ื, ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืœืื–' ืฉื™ืชืืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืจืื• ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจืš. ืื™ืจื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื•ืืžืจื” "ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื”!"

ื‘ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฆืขื“ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืจื ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืืช ืขื–ืจืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘, "ื”ืื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ืื• ื›ืืŸ?, ื”ืื ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ?" ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฃ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื›ืฉืจืง ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ โ€“ ื“ื™ืจื” ืฆืคื•ืคื” ืฉืžื™ื“ ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืžืžื ื” ืœืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื”. ืขื–ืจืชื™ ืœื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–'ื•ืจื ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ืชืงืฉืชื” ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ.

ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื”ืŸ ืื™ืจื ื”, ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืžืคื’ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”. ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ื›ืจื–ื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœื•ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืคืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ.

ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืชืจื’ืœื ื• ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืœื—ื‘ืง ืื•ืชื. ืื™ืจื ื” ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื—ื‘ืง ืืช ื‘ื ื”. ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืื—ืจ ื•ืชืจื’ืœืชื™ ืืชื” ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืจืš ืื™ืฉื™. ื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืงืช ืืช ื‘ื ื”. ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”, ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื ืœื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืืš ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง. ืœืื—ืจ ืจื’ืข ื—ื™ื™ื›ื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื‘ืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” "ื—ื–ืง-ื—ื–ืง".

ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช, ื•ืื™ืจื ื” ื–ื›ืจื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื—ื‘ืง ื•ืืžืจื”: "ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”, ืชื’ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ ืื™ืš". ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืžื ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืชื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื‘ื ื” ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืชื™ื™ืฆื’ ืื•ืชื”. ืื™ืจื ื” ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ืืš ืžื ื•ืชืงื•ืช, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืงืฉืจ. ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจืš ื•ืืช ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉื—ืฉื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•. ืฉืืœืชื™: "ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”?" ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืื™ืจื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื” ืื•ืชื•. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืชื—ื‘ืง ืืช ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืจ ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš. ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืืช ื”"ืœืคื ื™" ื•ื”"ืื—ืจื™", ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื›ืจื’ืข ืžื›ืจื™ืข. ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืžื ื•ื™ืœื“ ื›ื•ืขืกื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื™: "ืชืขื–ืจื™ ืœื™ ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื–ื”", ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื” ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“.

ืžืคื’ืฉ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืจื ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืœื”, ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™. ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง โ€“ ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™; ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื ื›ื™ื— ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง.

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื” ืื™ืจื ื”

ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืื™ืจื ื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื•ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื” ื•ืขื–ืจื” ืฆืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืื•ืชื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื ื” ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืึตื ืฉืชื™ืชืŸ ืœื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” "ื”ื—ื–ืงื”" ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืžืืžื”. ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื” ื•ื‘ื”ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื’, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื”; ืœืœื ืžื’ืข ืžืžืฉื™ ืืœื ื‘ืžื’ืข "ื ืคืฉื™". ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื’ืข, ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง, ืกื™ืคืงื• ืœืื™ืจื ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื’ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ืกืจื” ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš.

ื—ืฉืชื™ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“, ื›ืžื• ืื ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืง. ื”ืื ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืฉืœื™ื”. ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื ื” ืœื‘ื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื ื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืžืจื—ื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.

ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืงืœืคื™ื ื”ืžืชืืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ืื™ืจื ื” ื‘ื—ืจื” ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืขืก. ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ื’ืฉื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ื”ืงื•ืœืื–' ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ. ืื™ืจื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื”ืจื’ืœื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื•ืืžืจื”: "ืชื’ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช".

ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื›ืขืก. ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื” ืื™ืจื ื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ืจืงื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื•ืขืกืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื•ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืžื ื™ ืขื–ืจื”. ืœืขืชื™ื ืฉืืฆื™ื™ืจ ืœื”; ืœืขืชื™ื ืฉืืชืŸ ืœื” ืขืฆื” ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื” ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื” ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื“ืžื•ืช ื›ื•ืขืกืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื” ืœื‘ื˜ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช. ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื•ืจืง ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ (ืงื•ืœืื–' ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืœืงื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื–ื•ืจื•ืช) ืžืฆืื” ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฆื™ืœืžื” ืืช ืฉื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืขืก ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืกื™ืคืจื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจืืชื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื• ืžื”ื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”. ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื” ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื•ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืขืก ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื, ืืœื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”, ืžื™ืชื ื” ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืขืก ืฉื—ืฉื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ.

ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืžืงืจื” ืื™ืจื ื” 2

ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื–ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ (1995 ื‘, 74). ืื™ืจื ื” ืขื‘ื“ื” ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื‘ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ื” ื‘ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื ื™ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ื”. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” (ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื–ืจื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื™, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืฉื•ื ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื™, ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื›ืฉืœื”) ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจื” ืœื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.

ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชืœื‘ื˜ื” ืื™ืจื ื” ืขื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœ, ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืžืขื” ื‘ืขืฆืชืŸ ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉืฉ (ื”ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื). ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื” ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช, ืฉื”ืชืขืฆืžื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืชื•ืžื›ืช.

ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื—ืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื” ื›ืœืคื™ื•. ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™, ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื• ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืช. ืื™ืจื ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืื ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืคืช ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ืจื”. ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื›ืขืก ืฉืืคื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจื’ืข ื•ื”ื™ื ืคื ื•ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”.

ื‘ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืื™ืจื ื” ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ โ€“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืคืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.

ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื” ื–ื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœืื–' ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™. ืื™ืจื ื” ื”ืชืขืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœืื–' ื‘ื“ืฃ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืกื’ืจ ืื•ืชื•. ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ื™ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืžืงื•ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ "ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ืจืงืคืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื›ื–"; ืืš ื”ืคืขื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืขื“ ื›ื”. ื”ื™ื ื’ื–ืจื” ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื• ืœืฆื“ ื–ื•, ืืš ืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช. ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœืชื™ ืœืžื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื”: "ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืžืชืื™ื". ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืจืฆืชื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืขื–ืจื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช. ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงืฉืจ, ืืš ืœื ืกื™ืžื‘ื™ื•ื–ื”. ืืช ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืœื‘ื“, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื›ืœ ืขื–ืจื”. ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืชื‘ื”: "ืœืฉื ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆืžืื•ืช". ื ื™ื›ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคื™ื™ืกื” ืขื ืขื‘ืจื”ึผ ื•ื™ื›ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ื›ืžืจื“ ื•ื”ืชืจืกื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืืžืฅ ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื ื˜ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื”, ื™ื›ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื ื” ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ื•ื•ื”. ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉ"ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœืืžื•ืŸ, ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“" (ืฉื, ืฉื).

ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉื ืจืงื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™, ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ืขื–ืจื• ืœืงื“ื ืืฆืœ ืื™ืจื ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืึตื-ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”-ืžื˜ืคืœืช; ื•ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช โ€“ ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื”.


ืกื™ื›ื•ื
ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช "ืชืจืคื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกืข ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™": ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ืžืŸ, ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช. ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ โ€“ ืืœื ืื—ื“ ืžืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ; ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ ืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ืคืœ.

ื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื›ื“ืจืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื”. ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจืื•ืžื•ืช, ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื›ื›ืœื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ ื ื•ืชื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื• ื•ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืžืกืคืงืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื•ืœื”ื™ืื‘ืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ.

ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืœื™ื™ ื™ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื: ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืŸ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’ ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช. ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืขื™ืŸ "ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืœื•ื•ื”" ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ืžืฆื™ืชื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ื˜ืกืืค ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ. ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืžืŸ ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ.


ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช

ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœื™, ื', 2006. ื”ืฉื“, ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืงืกื•ื: ืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•, ืฆืคืช: ืกืคืจื™ื.

ื•ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื˜, ื“"ื•, 1995ื. ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืžืจื™ื ืงืจืื•ืก, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ื›ื ืจืช ื–ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืชืŸ-ื“ื‘ื™ืจ.

___, 1995ื‘. ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื: ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื, ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘: ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“.

Capacchione, L., 2015. The Creative Journal, Ohio: Ohio University Press.

Deri, S. K., 1983. Symbolization and Creativity, New York: International University press INC.ย 

Malchiodi, C. A., 2002. The Soulโ€™s Palette, Boston & London: Shambhala.

____, 2013. Visual Journaling as Art Therapy & Self Care.

Jung, C. G., 2009. The Red Book, New York & London: W. W. Northon & Company.

Cummings, B., [n.d.]. โ€ŸThe Book as Symbolโ€: www.oxfordreference.com/view/

10.1093/acref/9780198606536.001.0001/acref-9780198606536-e-0007.